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Jessl L, Oehlmann J. No effects of the antiandrogens cyproterone acetate (CPA), flutamide and p,p'-DDE on early sexual differentiation but CPA-induced retardation of embryonic development in the domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus). PeerJ 2023; 11:e16249. [PMID: 37901474 PMCID: PMC10601917 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Because a wide range of environmental contaminants are known to cause endocrine disorders in humans and animals, in vivo tests are needed to identify such endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) and to assess their biological effects. Despite the lack of a standardized guideline, the avian embryo has been shown to be a promising model system which responds sensitively to EDCs. After previous studies on the effects of estrogenic, antiestrogenic and androgenic substances, the present work focuses on the effects of in ovo exposure to p,p'-DDE, flutamide and cyproterone acetate (CPA) as antiandrogenic model compounds regarding gonadal sex differentiation and embryonic development of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). The substances were injected into the yolk of fertilized eggs on embryonic day one. On embryonic day 19 sex genotype and phenotype were determined, followed by gross morphological and histological examination of the gonads. Treatment with flutamide (0.5, 5, 50 µg/g egg), p,p'-DDE (0.5, 5, 50 µg/g egg) or CPA (0.2, 2, 20 µg/g egg) did not affect male or female gonad development, assessed by gonad surface area and cortex thickness in both sexes and by the percentage of seminiferous tubules in males as endpoints. This leads to the conclusion that antiandrogens do not affect sexual differentiation during embryonic development of G. gallus domesticus, reflecting that gonads are not target organs for androgens in birds. In ovo exposure to 2 and 20 µg CPA/g egg, however, resulted in significantly smaller embryos as displayed by shortened lengths of skull, ulna and tarsometatarsus. Although gonadal endpoints were not affected by antiandrogens, the embryo of G. gallus domesticus is shown to be a suitable test system for the identification of substance-related mortality and developmental delays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzie Jessl
- Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
- R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
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Wang T, Wang X, Zhao N, Liu Q, Song Z, Li J. Developmental regulation of the male urogenital papilla in the male marine teleost black rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (Hilgendorf, 1880)†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:461-473. [PMID: 37552063 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The male external genitalia of the black rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880) is a fleshy protrusion known as the urogenital papilla (UGP), which functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract for internal fertilization. It is not known which genes regulate the development of the UGP. The aim of this study was to identify key genes that regulate the development of the UGP in black rockfish and to determine the distribution of androgen receptor gene (ar) in the UGP. A total of 26 adult males and 560 juvenile fish were used in the experiment, in which we divided all normally developing juveniles into normal development and androgen groups. We added methyltestosterone solution (100 μg/l) to the androgen group-treated fish tank, soaked for 2 h per day for 38 days, and sampled 5~10 samples each time every 5 days during the culture process. Gene expression changes related to UGP were analyzed with tissue specificity between control and androgen groups during sex differentiation, adult male maturation, and the copulation stage (September to December) using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The expression of ar was also localized by two-color in situ hybridization in the UGP region of juvenile fish. Androgen treatment enhanced ar expression levels and the ar signal was stronger in the UGP region of both adult breeding fish and androgen-treated juvenile fish. This study provides insights into the regulation of the external genitalia of black rockfish and presents vital information for the artificial breeding of viviparous fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongcheng Song
- Weihai Shenghang Aquatic Product Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Weihai, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Svanholm S, Roza M, Marini D, Brouard V, Karlsson O, Berg C. Pubertal sexual development and endpoints for disrupted spermatogenesis in the model Xenopus tropicalis. Reprod Toxicol 2023; 120:108435. [PMID: 37400040 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2023.108435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Peripubertal models to determine effects of anti-androgenic endocrine disrupting chemicals are needed. Using the toxicological model species Xenopus tropicalis, the aims of the study were to 1) provide data on sexual maturation and 2) characterise effects of short-term exposure to an anti-androgenic model substance. Juvenile (2.5 weeks post metamorphosis old) X. tropicalis were exposed to 0, 250, 500 or 1000 µg flutamide/L (nominal) for 2.5 weeks. Upon exposure termination, histology of gonads and Müllerian ducts was characterised in detail. New sperm stages were identified: pale and dark spermatogonial stem cells (SSCs). The testes of control males contained spermatozoa, indicating pubertal onset. The ovaries were immature, and composed of non-follicular and pre-vitellogenic follicular oocytes. The Müllerian ducts were more mature in females than males indicating development/regression in the females and males, respectively. In the 500 µg/L group, the number of dark SSCs per testis area was decreased and the number of secondary spermatogonia was increased. No treatment effects on ovaries or Müllerian ducts were detected. To conclude, our present data provide new knowledge on spermatogenesis, and pubertal onset in X. tropicalis. New endpoints for evaluating spermatogenesis are suggested to be added to existing assays used in endocrine and reproductive toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Svanholm
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden.
| | - Mauricio Roza
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Daniele Marini
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia 06126, Italy
| | - Vanessa Brouard
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden
| | - Oskar Karlsson
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 114 18, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Berg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Uppsala 754 36, Sweden
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Ravele T, Fuku XG, Hlongwa NW, Nkambule TTI, Gumbi NN, Sekhosana KE. Advances in Electrochemical Systems for Detection of Anti‐Androgens in Water Bodies. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thompho Ravele
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Xolile G. Fuku
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Ntuthuko W. Hlongwa
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Thabo T. I. Nkambule
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Nozipho N. Gumbi
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
| | - Kutloano E. Sekhosana
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS) College of Science Engineering and Technology (CSET) University of South Africa Cnr Christiaan De Wet and Pioneer Avenue, Florida Roodepoort 1709 South Africa
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Wang T, Wang X, Zhao N, Liu Q, Song Z, Li J. Morphology of the urogenital papilla of the male marine teleost Black Rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii (Hilgendorf, 1880), and its role in internal fertilization. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21534. [PMID: 36373244 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
There are few detailed descriptions of the morphology of the male external genitalia, the urogenital papilla (UGP), of the Black Rockfish (Sebastes schlegelii Hilgendorf, 1880). The purpose of this study was to evaluate this organ histologically and to determine the time of development of the UGP in Black Rockfish. Twelve adult males, three adult females and around 500 juveniles were used in the experiment. The juveniles were divided into normal developmental and androgen groups. The androgen group was exposed to methyltestosterone (100 μg/L) for 2 h daily for 38 days. Samples (N = 10 per sampling) were randomly selected for analysis every 5 days from 30 to 116 days after birth. Parameters assessed included the type of epithelium, composition of connective tissue, muscular tissue, and the timing of UGP development. Differences in these parameters between normal developmental and androgen groups were evaluated. The results indicated that the UGP of the adult fish contains the sperm duct and ureter, which have the function of transporting sperm and urine, respectively. The androgen-treated juvenile fish developed the UGP earlier than the normal development group. This study provides a reference for understanding the external genitalia of other viviparous fishes by studying the UGP of the male Black Rockfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.,CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Xueying Wang
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Ning Zhao
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qinghua Liu
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Zongcheng Song
- Weihai Shenghang Aquatic Product Science and Technology Co. Ltd., Weihai, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS and Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China.,Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Lv J, Ge W, Ding Z, Zeng J, Wang W, Duan H, Zhang Y, Zhao X, Hu J. Regulatory role of dihydrotestosterone on BMP-6 receptors in granular cells of sheep antral follicles. Gene 2022; 810:146066. [PMID: 34838638 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2021.146066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-6 (BMP-6) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) affect steroid synthesis in follicles and regulate cell proliferation in the ovaries of female animals. However, little is known about granular cells (GCs) in sheep. We identified the key BMP-6 receptors, activin receptor-like kinase(ALK-6), and bone morphogenetic protein receptor type 2 (BMPRII) in sheep follicles using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Both ALK-6 and BMPRII were expressed in the GC layer, GC membranes, and cytoplasm. We evaluated ALK-6 and BMPRII expression at the follicular development stage using quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting to detect sheep GCs from large, medium, and small follicles (diameters of ≥5, 2-5, and ≤2 mm, respectively). The mRNA abundance and protein expression of ALK-6 and BMPRII were significantly higher in GCs from large follicles compared to those in GCs from small follicles (P < 0.05) and were the lowest in GCs from medium follicles. To assess whether DHT affects ALK-6 and BMPRII expression in sheep GCs, we cultured GCs from large follicles in vitro then incubated them with DHT (10-11, 10-9, 10-7 M). We found that 10-7-M DHT significantly inhibited ALK-6 and BMPRII mRNA and protein (P < 0.05). We further explored whether DHT regulates ALK-6 and BMPRII through the nuclear androgen receptor (AR) pathway and found that 10-6-M flutamide, a non-selective androgen inhibitor, partially relieved the inhibitory effect of 10-7-M DHT on ALK-6 and BMPRII expression. Thus, GCs in sheep antral follicles differentially expressed ALK-6 and BMPRII at various stages, indicating that BMP-6 plays different roles to some extent during the development of antral follicles, and that high concentrations of DHT can inhibit the expression of ALK-6 and BMPRII via the androgen receptor pathway in sheep GCs. The present study aimed to determine the expression of the main BMP-6-related main receptors, namely, ALK-6 and BMPRII, during the development of GCs in sheep antral follicles and a potential mechanism of DHT regulation in sheep GCs. Our findings lay a foundation for the further exploration of the effects of ovarian BMP-6 expression on follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Wenbo Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Ziqiang Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Jianlin Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Hongwei Duan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China
| | - Xingxu Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China.
| | - Junjie Hu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Gansu Key Laboratory of Animal Generational Physiology and Reproductive Regulation, China.
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Lopes C, Madureira TV, Gonçalves JF, Rocha E. Disruption of classical estrogenic targets in brown trout primary hepatocytes by the model androgens testosterone and dihydrotestosterone. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 227:105586. [PMID: 32882451 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic effects triggered by androgens have been previously shown in a few studies. Aromatization and direct binding to estrogen receptors (ERs) are the most proposed mechanisms. For example, previously, a modulation of vitellogenin A (VtgA) by testosterone (T), an aromatizable androgen, was reported in brown trout primary hepatocytes. The effect was reversed by an ER antagonist. In this study, using the same model the disruption caused by T and by the non-aromatizable androgen - dihydrotestosterone (DHT), was assessed in selected estrogenic targets. Hepatocytes were exposed (96 h) to six concentrations of each androgen. The estrogenic targets were VtgA, ERα, ERβ1 and two zona pellucida genes, ZP2.5 and ZP3a.2. The aromatase CYP19a1 gene and the androgen receptor (AR) were also included. Modulation of estrogenic targets was studied by quantitative real-time PCR and immunohistochemistry, using an HScore system. VtgA and ERα were up-regulated by DHT (1, 10, 100 μM) and T (10, 100 μM). In contrast, ERβ1 was down-regulated by DHT (10, 100 μM), and T (100 μM). ZP2.5 mRNA levels were increased by DHT and T (1, 10, 100 μM), while ZP3a.2 was up-regulated by DHT (100 μM) and T (10, 100 μM). Positive correlations were found between VtgA and ERα mRNA levels and ZPs and ERα, after exposure to both androgens. The mRNA levels of CYP19a1 were not changed, while AR expression tended to increase after micromolar DHT exposures. HScores for Vtg and ZPs corroborated the molecular findings. Both androgens triggered estrogen signaling through direct binding to ERs, most probably ERα.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
| | - José F Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Department of Aquatic Production, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, P 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto (U.Porto), Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
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Hashmi MAK, Escher BI, Krauss M, Teodorovic I, Brack W. Effect-directed analysis (EDA) of Danube River water sample receiving untreated municipal wastewater from Novi Sad, Serbia. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1072-1081. [PMID: 29929224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The release of a multitude of pollutants from untreated municipal wastewater (UMWW) to surface waters may have adverse effects on aquatic wildlife including endocrine disruption. For effect-directed analysis (EDA), a Danube river water sample downstream of emission of UMWW in Novi Sad, Serbia was extracted on-site and after processing in the lab was subjected to reporter gene assays which revealed pronounced estrogenic (ERα), androgenic (AR) and oxidative stress response (OSR). The sample was fractionated with reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) collecting thirty fractions at two-minute intervals. Biological analysis identified 5 ERα- and 3 AR-active fractions while none of the fractions showed considerable activity with regards to OSR. It appeared that OSR of parent sample (PS) distributed over all fractions. Chemical analysis of active fractions by LC-MS/MS and LC-HRMS/MS found female reproductive hormones (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3)) as cause of ERα activity while male reproductive hormones (testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT)) and gestagens (progesterone and medroxyprogesterone) were active in the AR bioassay. Designed chemical mixtures in concentration ratios detected in the active fractions were tested with the bioassays. The identified chemicals quantitatively explained the observed bioactivity with no substantial contribution attributable to xenobiotics. In terms of bioanalytical equivalent concentrations (BEQs), detected chemicals explained 5-159% of ERα-active fraction's biological effect and 31-147% for AR-active fractions. Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone were the compounds dominating the most of the effect in this study. In summary, androgenic compounds were found to be as potent as estrogenic compounds while OSR was found to be the cumulative effect of the mixture of many compounds present in the sample rather than the mixture effect dominated by individual chemicals. The obtained results stress the importance of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) to minimize the pollutant load from UMWW in order to reduce the risk of endocrine disruption to the aquatic life as well as to improve the status of receiving freshwater ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Arslan Kamal Hashmi
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Effect-Directed Analysis, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis (ESA), Worringer Weg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Beate I Escher
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Cell Toxicology, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Center for Applied Geoscience, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Krauss
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Effect-Directed Analysis, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivana Teodorovic
- University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 2, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Werner Brack
- UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Effect-Directed Analysis, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Department of Ecosystem Analysis (ESA), Worringer Weg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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Lopes C, Malhão F, Guimarães C, Pinheiro I, Gonçalves JF, Castro LFC, Rocha E, Madureira TV. Testosterone-induced modulation of peroxisomal morphology and peroxisome-related gene expression in brown trout (Salmo trutta f. fario) primary hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 193:30-39. [PMID: 29032351 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Disruption of androgenic signaling has been linked to possible cross-modulation with other hormone-mediated pathways. Therefore, our objective was to explore effects caused by testosterone - T (1, 10 and 50μM) in peroxisomal signaling of brown trout hepatocytes. To study the underlying paths involved, several co-exposure conditions were tested, with flutamide - F (anti-androgen) and ICI 182,780 - ICI (anti-estrogen). Molecular and morphological approaches were both evaluated. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα), catalase and urate oxidase were the selected targets for gene expression analysis. The vitellogenin A gene was also included as a biomarker of estrogenicity. Peroxisome relative volumes were estimated by immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy was used for qualitative morphological control. The single exposures of T caused a significant down-regulation of urate oxidase (10 and 50μM) and a general up-regulation of vitellogenin. A significant reduction of peroxisome relative volumes and smaller peroxisome profiles were observed at 50μM. Co-administration of T and ICI reversed the morphological modifications and vitellogenin levels. The simultaneous exposure of T and F caused a significant and concentration-dependent diminishing in vitellogenin expression. Together, the findings suggest that in the tested model, T acted via both androgen and estrogen receptors to shape the peroxisomal related targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lopes
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Malhão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Guimarães
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ivone Pinheiro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - José F Gonçalves
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Department of Aquatic Production, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), U.Porto - University of Porto, Department of Biology, Rua do Campo Alegre, P 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Eduardo Rocha
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tânia V Madureira
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), U.Porto - University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), U.Porto - University of Porto, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Microscopy, Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, P 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Shi H, Gao T, Liu Z, Sun L, Jiang X, Chen L, Wang D. Blockage of androgen and administration of estrogen induce transdifferentiation of testis into ovary. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:65-80. [PMID: 28148717 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Induction of sex reversal of XY fish has been restricted to the sex undifferentiated period. In the present study, differentiated XY tilapia were treated with trilostane (TR), metopirone (MN) and glycyrrhetinic acid (GA) (inhibitor of 3β-HSD, Cyp11b2 and 11β-HSD, respectively) alone or in combination with 17β-estradiol (E2) from 30 to 90 dah (days after hatching). At 180 dah, E2 alone resulted in 8.3%, and TR, MN and GA alone resulted in no secondary sex reversal (SSR), whereas TR + E2, MN + E2 and GA + E2 resulted in 88.3, 60.0 and 46.7% of SSR, respectively. This sex reversal could be rescued by simultaneous administration of 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT). Compared with the control XY fish, decreased serum 11-KT and increased E2 level were detected in SSR fish. Immunohistochemistry analyses revealed that Cyp19a1a, Cyp11b2 and Dmrt1 were expressed in the gonads of GA + E2, MN + E2 and TR + E2 SSR XY fish at 90 dah, but only Cyp19a1a was expressed at 180 dah. When the treatment was applied from 60 to 120 dah, TR + E2 resulted in 3.3% of SSR, MN + E2 and GA + E2 resulted in no SSR. These results demonstrated that once 11-KT was synthesized, it could antagonize E2-induced male-to-female SSR, which could be abolished by simultaneous treatment with the inhibitor of steroidogenic enzymes. The upper the enzyme was located in the steroidogenic pathway, the higher SSR rate was achieved when it was inhibited as some of the precursors, such as androstenedione, testosterone and 5α-dihydrotestosterone, could act as androgens. These results highlight the key role of androgen in male sex maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjuan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Gao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Deshou Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education)Key Laboratory of Aquatic Science of Chongqing, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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11
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Milsk R, Cavallin JE, Durhan EJ, Jensen KM, Kahl MD, Makynen EA, Martinović-Weigelt D, Mueller N, Schroeder A, Villeneuve DL, Ankley GT. A study of temporal effects of the model anti-androgen flutamide on components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in adult fathead minnows. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:164-172. [PMID: 27716581 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate temporal changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) treated with the model androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide. Reproductively-mature fish were exposed in a flow-through test to analytically-confirmed concentrations of either 50 or 500μg flutamide/L for 8 d, followed by an 8-d recovery period in clean water. Fish were sampled at 1, 2, 4 and 8days during each phase of the experiment. Flutamide (500μg/L) caused significant reductions in relative gonad size of the females on day 8 of the exposure and day 1 of the recovery, and reduced expression of secondary sex characteristics in males during the exposure phase of the experiment. Ex vivo gonadal synthesis of testosterone in both sexes (and 17β-estradiol in females) was reduced in the 500μg/L treatment within 2 d of exposure; however, steroid synthesis returned to levels comparable to controls by the end of the exposure portion of the test. Ex vivo testosterone synthesis in males exposed to 50μg flutamide/L was greater than in controls on days 4 and 8 of the exposure. Both the enhanced steroid production in the low treatment males, and return to control levels in the high treatment males and females during chemical exposure are indicative of a compensatory HPG response. One contributor to this response could be increased expression of genes responsible for enzymes involved in steroid synthesis; for example, transcripts for both cytochrome P450 side- chain cleavage and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were significantly elevated in flutamide-exposed males. Overall, responses of the HPG axis in adult male and female fathead minnows exposed to flutamide were both dynamic and comparatively rapid during exposure and recovery. These observations have ramifications both for the development of short-term fish assays to detect endocrine-active chemicals, and the derivation of robust adverse outcome pathways for AR antagonists in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Milsk
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science Education Research Participation Program, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Jenna E Cavallin
- Badger Technical Services, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Durhan
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Kathleen M Jensen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Michael D Kahl
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Makynen
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | | | - Nathan Mueller
- Harvard University, Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Anthony Schroeder
- University of Minnesota-Crookston, Department of Biology, Crookston, MN, USA
| | - Daniel L Villeneuve
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Gerald T Ankley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Midcontinent Ecology Division, Duluth, MN, USA.
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