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Lee JS, Lee JS, Kim HS. Toxic effects of triclosan in aquatic organisms: A review focusing on single and combined exposure of environmental conditions and pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 920:170902. [PMID: 38354791 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent commonly used in personal care products. Due to its widespread use and improper disposal, it is also a pervasive contaminant, particularly in aquatic environments. When released into water bodies, TCS can induce deleterious effects on developmental and physiological aspects of aquatic organisms and also interact with environmental stressors such as weather, metals, pharmaceuticals, and microplastics. Multiple studies have described the adverse effects of TCS on aquatic organisms, but few have reported on the interactions between TCS and other environmental conditions and pollutants. Because aquatic environments include a mix of contaminants and natural factors can correlate with contaminants, it is important to understand the toxicological outcomes of combinations of substances. Due to its lipophilic characteristics, TCS can interact with a wide range of substances and environmental stressors in aquatic environments. Here, we identify a need for caution when using TCS by describing not only the effects of exposure to TCS alone on aquatic organisms but also how toxicity changes when it acts in combination with multiple environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Sol Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Hyung Sik Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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2
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Pintado-Herrera MG, Aguirre-Martínez GV, Martin-Díaz LM, Blasco J, Lara-Martín PA, Sendra M. Personal care products: an emerging threat to the marine bivalve Ruditapes philippinarum. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:20461-20476. [PMID: 38376785 PMCID: PMC10927873 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32391-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in understanding the behavior of personal care products (PCPs) in the aquatic environment. In this regard, the aim of this study is to estimate the accumulation and effects of four PCPs within the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. The PCPs selected were triclosan, OTNE, benzophenone-3, and octocrylene. A progressive uptake was observed and maximum concentrations in tissues were reached at the end of the exposure phase, up to levels of 0.68 µg g-1, 24 µg g-1, 0.81 µg g-1, and 1.52 µg g-1 for OTNE, BP-3, OC, and TCS, respectively. After the PCP post-exposure period, the removal percentages were higher than 65%. The estimated logarithm bioconcentration factor ranged from 3.34 to 2.93, in concordance with the lipophobicity of each substance. No lethal effects were found although significant changes were observed for ethoxyresorufin O-demethylase activity, glutathione S-transferase activity, lipid peroxidation, and DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain.
| | | | - Laura M Martin-Díaz
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Rio S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI•MAR), 11510, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Marta Sendra
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos, 09001, Burgos, Spain
- International Research Center in Critical Raw Materials-ICCRAM, University of Burgos, Plaza Misael Bañuelos S/N, 09001, Burgos, Spain
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3
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Do SD, Haque MN, Kim J, Im DH, Rhee JS. Acute and chronic effects of triclosan on the behavior, physiology, and multigenerational characteristics of the water flea Moina macrocopa. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109810. [PMID: 38061617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Triclosan, a chlorinated biphenyl ether is widely used in industrial products and cosmetics due to its antibiotic activity. Although relatively levels of triclosan have been detected in aquatic ecosystems, limited information is available regarding the acute and chronic impacts of triclosan on aquatic invertebrates, especially planktonic crustaceans. In this study, we analyzed the acute (24 h) and chronic (14 days exposure across three generations) effects of different concentrations of triclosan [1/10 of the no observed effect concentration (NOEC), the NOEC, and 1/10 of the LC50] calculated from the 24 h acute toxicity value, on the water flea Moina macrocopa. In the acute exposure experiment, the 1/10 LC50 value of triclosan significantly reduced survival, feeding rate, thoracic limb activity, heart activity, and acetylcholinesterase activity. In response to the 1/10 LC50 value, intracellular reactive oxygen species increased along with elevated levels of malondialdehyde and glutathione. Enzymatic activities of catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase were significantly increased by the 1/10 LC50 value, suggesting active protection of the antioxidant defense system against oxidative stress. Chronic exposure to the 1/10 NOEC and NOEC values revealed multigenerational adverse impacts of triclosan. The second generation was found to be the most sensitive to triclosan, as the NOEC value significantly reduced the survival rate, body length, and the number of neonates per brood, along with a delayed hatching period. Taken together, these results indicate that even sublethal levels of triclosan can have detrimental effects on the water flea population's maintenance through intergenerational toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Duk Do
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Md Niamul Haque
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Jaehee Kim
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hoon Im
- Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Busan 46083, South Korea
| | - Jae-Sung Rhee
- Department of Marine Science, College of Natural Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Research Institute of Basic Sciences, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea; Yellow Sea Research Institute, Incheon 22012, South Korea.
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4
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Horie Y. Environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan induce lethality and disrupt thyroid hormone activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 100:104151. [PMID: 37207895 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2023.104151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan is an antimicrobial agent that has been used in common household products and can be detected in water environment. In this study, therefore, I aimed at clarifying the effects of environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan on the early life stage development in zebrafish. A lethal effect was observed: the lowest effect and the no effect concentrations were 70.6 and 48.4μg/L, respectively. These concentrations are very close to the environmentally detected residual concentrations. In 10.9, 19.8, 48.4, and 70.6μg/L of triclosan, the iodothyronine deiodinase 1 gene expression was found to be significantly increased when compared with that of the control group. These findings indicate that triclosan can potentially disrupt the thyroid hormone activity in zebrafish. The exposure to triclosan (at 149.2μg/L) was also found to inhibit the gene expression of insulin-like growth factor-1. My findings suggest that triclosan can exert a thyroid hormone-disrupting effect on fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
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5
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Huang L, Zhang W, Tong D, Lu L, Zhou W, Tian D, Liu G, Shi W. Triclosan and triclocarban weaken the olfactory capacity of goldfish by constraining odorant recognition, disrupting olfactory signal transduction, and disturbing olfactory information processing. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119736. [PMID: 36801581 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, increased production and consumption of disinfectants such as triclosan (TCS) and triclocarban (TCC) have led to massive pollution of the environment, which draws global concern over the potential risk to aquatic organisms. However, the olfactory toxicity of disinfectants in fish remains elusive to date. In the present study, the impact of TCS and TCC on the olfactory capacity of goldfish was assessed by neurophysiological and behavioral approaches. As shown by the reduced distribution shifts toward amino acid stimuli and hampered electro-olfactogram responses, our results demonstrated that TCS/TCC treatment would cause deterioration of the olfactory ability of goldfish. Our further analysis found that TCS/TCC exposure suppressed the expression of olfactory G protein-coupled receptors in the olfactory epithelium, restricted the transformation of odorant stimulation into electrical responses by disturbing the cAMP signaling pathway and ion transportation, and induced apoptosis and inflammation in the olfactory bulb. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that an environmentally realistic level of TCS/TCC would weaken the olfactory capacity of goldfish by constraining odorant recognition efficiency, disrupting olfactory signal generation and transduction, and disturbing olfactory information processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Huang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Weixia Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Difei Tong
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Lingzheng Lu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Weishang Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Dandan Tian
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Guangxu Liu
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China
| | - Wei Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, P R China.
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Starkey J, Hageter J, Kozol R, Emmerich K, Mumm JS, Dubou ER, Horstick EJ. Thalamic neurons drive distinct forms of motor asymmetry that are conserved in teleost and dependent on visual evolution. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.20.533538. [PMID: 36993391 PMCID: PMC10055245 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.20.533538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Brain laterality is a prominent feature in Bilateria, where neural functions are favored in a single brain hemisphere. These hemispheric specializations are thought to improve behavioral performance and are commonly observed as sensory or motor asymmetries, such as handedness in humans. Despite its prevalence, our understanding of the neural and molecular substrates instructing functional lateralization is limited. Moreover, how functional lateralization is selected for or modulated throughout evolution is poorly understood. While comparative approaches offer a powerful tool for addressing this question, a major obstacle has been the lack of a conserved asymmetric behavior in genetically tractable organisms. Previously, we described a robust motor asymmetry in larval zebrafish. Following the loss of illumination, individuals show a persistent turning bias that is associated with search pattern behavior with underlying functional lateralization in the thalamus. This behavior permits a simple yet robust assay that can be used to address fundamental principles underlying lateralization in the brain across taxa. Here, we take a comparative approach and show that motor asymmetry is conserved across diverse larval teleost species, which have diverged over the past 200 million years. Using a combination of transgenic tools, ablation, and enucleation, we show that teleosts exhibit two distinct forms of motor asymmetry, vision-dependent and - independent. These asymmetries are directionally uncorrelated, yet dependent on the same subset of thalamic neurons. Lastly, we leverage Astyanax sighted and blind morphs, which show that fish with evolutionarily derived blindness lack both retinal-dependent and -independent motor asymmetries, while their sighted surface conspecifics retained both forms. Our data implicate that overlapping sensory systems and neuronal substrates drive functional lateralization in a vertebrate brain that are likely targets for selective modulation during evolution.
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Marques AC, Mariana M, Cairrao E. Triclosan and Its Consequences on the Reproductive, Cardiovascular and Thyroid Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911427. [PMID: 36232730 PMCID: PMC9570035 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hygiene is essential to avoid diseases, and this is thanks to daily cleaning and disinfection habits. Currently, there are numerous commercial products containing antimicrobial agents, and although they are efficient in disinfecting, it is still not known the effect of the constant use of these products on human health. In fact, a massive use of disinfectants has been observed due to COVID-19, but the possible adverse effects are not yet known. Triclosan is one of the antimicrobial agents used in cosmetic products, toothpaste, and disinfectants. This compound is an endocrine disruptor, which means it can interfere with hormonal function, with its estrogenic and androgenic activity having already been stated. Even if the use of triclosan is well-regulated, with the maximum allowed concentration in the European Union of 0.3% (m/m), its effects on human health are still uncertain. Studies in animals and humans suggest the possibility of harmful health outcomes, particularly for the reproductive system, and in a less extent for the cardiovascular and thyroid functions. Thus, the purpose of this review was to analyse the possible implications of the massive use of triclosan, mainly on the reproductive and cardiovascular systems and on the thyroid function, both in animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C. Marques
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Melissa Mariana
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Elisa Cairrao
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Faculty of Health Sciences (FCS-UBI), University of Beira Interior, 6200-506 Covilhã, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-275-329-049
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8
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Gairin E, Dussenne M, Mercader M, Berthe C, Reynaud M, Metian M, Mills SC, Lenfant P, Besseau L, Bertucci F, Lecchini D. Harbours as unique environmental sites of multiple anthropogenic stressors on fish hormonal systems. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2022; 555:111727. [PMID: 35863654 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2022.111727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Fish development and acclimation to environmental conditions are strongly mediated by the hormonal endocrine system. In environments contaminated by anthropogenic stressors, hormonal pathway alterations can be detrimental for growth, survival, fitness, and at a larger scale for population maintenance. In the context of increasingly contaminated marine environments worldwide, numerous laboratory studies have confirmed the effect of one or a combination of pollutants on fish hormonal systems. However, this has not been confirmed in situ. In this review, we explore the body of knowledge related to the influence of anthropogenic stressors disrupting fish endocrine systems, recent advances (focusing on thyroid hormones and stress hormones such as cortisol), and potential research perspectives. Through this review, we highlight how harbours can be used as "in situ laboratories" given the variety of anthropogenic stressors (such as plastic, chemical, sound, light pollution, and invasive species) that can be simultaneously investigated in harbours over long periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gairin
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami District, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Mélanie Dussenne
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Manon Mercader
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami District, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Cécile Berthe
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", France; PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR3278 CRIOBE, 98729, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Mathieu Reynaud
- Marine Eco-Evo-Devo Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-Son, Kunigami District, 904-0495, Okinawa, Japan; PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR3278 CRIOBE, 98729, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Marc Metian
- International Atomic Energy Agency - Environment Laboratories, 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC, 98000, Principality of Monaco, Monaco
| | - Suzanne C Mills
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", France; PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR3278 CRIOBE, 98729, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Philippe Lenfant
- Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditerranéens, UMR 5110, 58 Avenue Paul Alduy, F-66860, Perpignan, France
| | - Laurence Besseau
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS UMR Biologie Intégrative des Organismes Marins (BIOM), F-66650, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Frédéric Bertucci
- Functional and Evolutionary Morphology Lab, University of Liège, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - David Lecchini
- Laboratoire d'Excellence "CORAIL", France; PSL Université Paris, EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, UAR3278 CRIOBE, 98729, Moorea, French Polynesia
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Zicarelli G, Multisanti CR, Falco F, Faggio C. Evaluation of toxicity of Personal Care Products (PCPs) in freshwaters: Zebrafish as a model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 94:103923. [PMID: 35772612 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.103923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Personal care products (PCPs) are part of the large and growing family of emerging contaminants (ECs). Many daily products such as sunscreens, toothpaste, make-up products, perfume, and others, fall under this definition, and their use is increasing exponentially. Furthermore, the degradation of some components of these products is limited. Indeed, they are able to easily reach and accumulate in aquatic systems, representing a new class of contaminants. Moreover, due to their chemical properties, they can interfere at different biological levels, and for this reason, they need to be thoroughly investigated. We have reviewed the literature on PCPs, with a special focus on the adverse effects on the freshwater zebrafish (Danio rerio). The aim of this work is to provide a careful assessment of the toxicity of these compounds, in order to raise awareness for more conscious and responsible use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Zicarelli
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Cristiana Roberta Multisanti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
| | - Francesca Falco
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnologies, National Research Council (CNR), Mazara del Vallo, Italy.
| | - Caterina Faggio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres, 31, 98166S Agata-Messina, Italy.
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Tang N, Fan P, Chen L, Yu X, Wang W, Wang W, Ouyang F. The Effect of Early Life Exposure to Triclosan on Thyroid Follicles and Hormone Levels in Zebrafish. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:850231. [PMID: 35721760 PMCID: PMC9203717 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.850231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial chemical widely used in personal care products. Most of the TCS component is discharged and enters the aquatic ecosystem after usage. TCS has a similar structure as thyroid hormones that are synthesized by thyroid follicular epithelial cells, thus TCS has a potential endocrine disrupting effect. It is still not clear how the different levels of the environmental TCS would affect early development in vivo. This study examines the effects of TCS on thyroid hormone secretion and the early development of zebrafish. The fertilized zebrafish eggs were exposed to TCS at 0 (control), 3, 30, 100, 300, and 900 ng/mL, and the hatching rate and the larvae mortality were inspected within the first 14 days. The total triiodothyronine (TT3), total thyroxine (TT4), free triiodothyronine (FT3), and free thyroxine (FT4) were measured at 7, 14, and 120 days post-fertilization (dpf). The histopathological examinations of thyroid follicles were conducted at 120 dpf. TCS exposure at 30-300 ng/mL reduced the hatching rate of larvae to 34.5% to 28.2 % in the first 48 hours and 93.8 .7 % to 86.8 % at 72 h. Extremely high TCS exposure (900 ng/mL) strongly inhibited the hatching rate, and all the larvae died within 1 day. Exposure to TCS from 3 to 300 ng/mL reduced the thyroid hormones production. The mean TT3 and FT3 levels of zebrafish decreased in 300 ng/mL TCS at 14 dpf (300 ng/mL TCS vs. control : TT3 , 0.19 ± 0.08 vs. 0.39 ± 0.06; FT3, 19.21 ± 3.13 vs. 28.53 ± 1.98 pg/mg), and the FT4 decreased at 120 dpf ( 0.09 ± 0.04 vs. 0.20 ± 0.14 pg/mg). At 120 dpf , in the 300 ng/mL TCS exposure group, the nuclear area and the height of thyroid follicular epithelial cells became greater, and the follicle cell layer got thicker. This happened along with follicle hyperplasia, nuclear hypertrophy, and angiogenesis in the thyroid. Our study demonstrated that early life exposure to high TCS levels reduces the rate and speed of embryos hatching, and induces the histopathological change of thyroid follicle, and decreases the TT3, FT3, and FT4 production in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Tang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Pianpian Fan
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, China
| | - Xiaogang Yu
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenjuan Wang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Wang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengxiu Ouyang
- Ministry of Education and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children’s Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Fengxiu Ouyang, ;
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11
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Yang D, Kong S, Wang F, Tse LA, Tang Z, Zhao Y, Li C, Li M, Li Z, Lu S. Urinary triclosan in south China adults and implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 286:117561. [PMID: 34126513 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is widely applied in personal care products (PCPs) as an antimicrobial preservative. Due to its toxicity and potential risk to human health, TCS has attracted mounting concerns in recent years. However, biomonitoring of TCS in large human populations remains limited in China. In this study, 1163 adults in South China were recruited and urinary TCS concentrations were determined. TCS was detected in 99.5% of urine samples, indicating broad exposure in the study population. Urinary concentrations of TCS ranged from below the limit of detection (LOD) to 270 μg/L, with a median value of 3.67 μg/L. Urinary TCS concentrations from individuals were all lower than the Biomonitoring Equivalents reference dose, suggesting relatively low health risk in the participants. TCS concentrations did not differ significantly between sexes or education levels (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, marital status and age were found to be positively influence TCS levels (p < 0.001). After adjustment for body mass index (BMI), age was determined to be positively associated with TCS concentrations (p < 0.05), particularly in the age group from 31 to 51 years old. This study provides a baseline of urinary TCS exposure in South China general adult populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Yang
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China; Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, China
| | - Sifang Kong
- School of Traffic & Environment, Shenzhen Institute of Information Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, New Territories, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi Tang
- School of Public Health, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yang Zhao
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chun Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minhui Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Li
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyou Lu
- School of Public Health (Shenzhen), Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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12
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Karki NP, Colombo RE, Gaines KF, Maia A. Exposure to 17β estradiol causes erosion of sexual dimorphism in Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:6450-6458. [PMID: 32997251 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-10935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Estrogenic compounds including 17β estradiol (or E2) are known to negatively affect the reproductive system of many animals, including fish, leading to feminization, altered sex ratio, reduced fecundity, and decreased gonadosomatic index. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of varying concentrations of water-soluble 17β estradiol exposure on the external morphology of Bluegill. An experiment was set up where fish were individually maintained in 10-g tanks and exposed to 17β estradiol concentrations of 40 and 80 ng/L or no 17β estradiol exposure (the control). Fish were exposed for 21 days, with 17β estradiol replenished each week to account for 17β estradiol half-life. Fish were photographed laterally before and after the 21-day exposure to 17β estradiol. Landmark-based geometric morphometrics were conducted in MorphoJ and canonical variate and discriminant function analysis were used to compare the morphological changes in the fish under 17β estradiol exposure. The results showed that 17β estradiol exposure caused male dimorphic characters to change in Bluegill by becoming less prevalent. Specifically, there was a narrowing of the caudal peduncle, smaller nape protrusion, reduced opercular flap and pectoral fin, and a deeper body in the exposed groups compared with control fish under both concentrations. This research highlights the widespread effects of 17β estradiol on fish health beyond the reproductive system, which could have important conservation implications by affecting mate selection and reducing reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeta Parajulee Karki
- Department of Biology, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | - Robert E Colombo
- Department of Biology, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA
| | - Karen F Gaines
- Department of Human Factors and Behavioral Neurobiology, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, 1 Aerospace Blvd., Daytona Beach, FL, 32114, USA
| | - Anabela Maia
- Department of Biology, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Ave, Charleston, IL, 61920, USA.
- Department of Biology, Rhode Island College, 600 Mount Pleasant Ave, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.
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13
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Song X, Wang X, Bhandari RK. Developmental abnormalities and epigenetic alterations in medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos induced by triclosan exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127613. [PMID: 32738708 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antibacterial and antifungal agent present in some consumer products, has been detected in the environment at varying concentrations. TCS exposure has been found to cause developmental abnormalities and endocrine disruption in various species of fish. It is not clearly understood whether TCS exposure causes epigenetic alterations in developing embryos and their germ cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of TCS exposure (0, 50, 100 and, 200 μg/L) on embryonic development and primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are precursors of sperm and eggs, in medaka (Oyzias latipes). Developmental TCS exposure from 8 h post-fertilization through 15 days post-fertilization (dpf) resulted in several developmental abnormalities, including enlarged yolk sac, decreased head trunk angle (HTA), and severe edema in the pericardial region. The male ratio increased in the 100 μg/L TCS exposure group, which was negatively correlated with the expression of cyp19ala (a gene encoding aromatase) and arα (androgen receptor alpha). Developmental 50 μg/L TCS exposure resulted in global hypomethylation in the whole body but not in the isolated PGCs. Expression of the gene encoding DNA methyltransferases (dnmt1 and dnmt3aa) was decreased by 50 μg/L TCS exposure both in the whole body and PGCs. TCS altered the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in DNA methylation and demethylation in PGCs, suggesting epigenetic effects on germ cells. The present results demonstrate that the embryos exposed to the tested concentrations of TCS develop deformities during the early life stages and that the TCS within this range possesses endocrine disrupting properties potential enough to alter sex ratios of developing embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Song
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Xuegeng Wang
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA
| | - Ramji K Bhandari
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, 27412, USA.
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Dar OI, Sharma S, Singh K, Sharma A, Bhardwaj R, Kaur A. Biochemical markers for prolongation of the acute stress of triclosan in the early life stages of four food fishes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 247:125914. [PMID: 31972493 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.125914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, embryos of four food fishes viz. Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were given acute (96 h) exposure to their respective LC0, LC10 and LC30 (causing 0, 10 and 30% mortality, respectively) concentrations of triclosan [TCS, 5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) phenol], a broad spectrum biocide. Bioaccumulation, contents of protein, non-enzymatic antioxidants (GSH and GSSG), MDA (lipid peroxidation product) and organic acids (fumarate, succinate, malate and citrate) along with the activities of AChE (neurological enzyme), GST (detoxification enzyme) and three metabolic enzymes (LDH, AST and ALT) were estimated after 48 and 96 h exposure and 10 days post exposure. Around 1/10 of the TCS in water got accumulated in the hatchlings after 96 h, increase over 48 h values was maximum at LC0 (+195.30, +143.23 and + 140.75%) but minimum at LC30 (+89.62, +84.26 and + 126.72%) for C. idella, L. rohita and C. mrigala, respectively. In C. carpio, TCS got accumulated only at LC30 after 48 h but at all the concentrations after 96 h exposure. Contents of protein, GSH, GSSG and activity of AChE decreased but activities of GSH, LDH, AST and ALT and contents of MDA and organic acids increased concentration dependently in all the fishes. TCS declined by 85-90% but its toxic effects on biomolecules prolonged till the end of the recovery period. Such acute exposures are accidental but there is a need to evaluate biomarkers for prolongation of the stress of small concentrations especially LC0 and LC10 (causing negligible mortality) of lipophilic pollutants like TCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Anket Sharma
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India; State Key Laboratory of Subtropical Silviculture, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou, 311300, China
| | - Renu Bhardwaj
- Plant Stress Physiology Lab, Department of Botanical and Environmental Sciences, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Aquatic Toxicology Lab, Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, 143005, India.
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Hemalatha D, Nataraj B, Rangasamy B, Shobana C, Ramesh M. DNA damage and physiological responses in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita exposed to an antimicrobial agent triclosan. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1463-1484. [PMID: 31222661 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
This study is aimed to evaluate the toxic effects of triclosan (TCS) in an Indian major carp Labeo rohita. The 96-h LC50 value of triclosan to L. rohita was found to be 0.39 mg L-1. Fish were exposed to two sublethal concentrations (0.039 mg L-1, treatment I and 0.078 mg L-1, treatment II) of TCS for 35 days, and certain hematobiochemical, antioxidant, histopathological responses were measured. Compared to the control group, there was a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in the values and genotoxicity of hematological parameters such as hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), and erythrocyte (RBC) in TCS-exposed fish, but the values of leucocyte count (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) were found to be increased. A biphasic response in mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) value was observed during the study period (35 days). Significant (p < 0.05) alterations in plasma biochemical parameters (glucose and protein), electrolytes (Na+, K+, and Cl-), and transaminases (GOT and GPT) were observed in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Gill Na+/K+-ATPase activity was found to be decreased in fish treated with TCS in both treatments. Enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant index levels have also fluctuated in all the tissues (gill, liver, and kidney). The histological lesions were comparatively more severe in the gill than the liver and kidney. Comet assay showed DNA damage on exposure at two sublethal concentrations. The present results suggest that TCS is highly toxic to fish even at sublethal concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, PSG Arts and Science College, Avinashi Road, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India
| | - Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Department of Zoology, PSG Arts and Science College, Avinashi Road, Civil Aerodrome Post, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641014, India.
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Dar OI, Sharma S, Singh K, Kaur A. Teratogenicity and accumulation of triclosan in the early life stages of four food fish during the bioassay. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 176:346-354. [PMID: 30954000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
TCS [5-chloro-2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)phenol] caused a concentration dependent delay in embryonic development, delay and decline in hatching and reduction in length and weight of hatchlings along with an increase in abnormal/deformed embryos and larvae and percent mortality. These parameters varied in a species specific manner and increased with TCS residue in body. The 96 h LC50 values of TCS for Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala were estimated at 0.315, 0.116, 0.096 and 0.131 mg/L, respectively. Hatching got delayed by 16.33 h for C. carpio (0.47 and 0.50 mg/L TCS) and C. idella (0.20 mg/L TCS) but by 18.07 h for L. rohita (0.15 mg/L TCS) and by 19.33 h for C. mrigala (0.18 mg/L TCS). Spine malformations, oedema (yolk sac and cardiac) and deflated swim bladder were present in 100% larvae of C. carpio, C. idella, L. rohita and C. mrigala at 0.30, 0.08, 0.13 and 0.14 mg/L TCS, respectively. TCS also caused hemorrhage (all but C. idella, only 3.33%), albinism and deformed caudal fin (C. idella), hypopigmentation and rupturing of yolk sac (C. mrigala), gas bubble disease (C. mrigala and L. rohita), fusion of eyes (C. carpio) and degeneration of digestive tract (L. rohita) in 10-40% hatchlings. Exposed hatchlings were very weak and paralyzed, could not swim and remained settled at the bottom of jars. Embryonic development was observed to be an early indicator of the toxicity of TCS as oedema and bubbles in yolk were observed in 40-100% embryos/hatchlings at 0.08 mg/L TCS while 100% mortality was observed between 0.15 and 0.50 mg/L TCS. L. rohita was most sensitive and C. carpio was least sensitive to the stress of TCS. Accumulation of TCS in the hatchlings (1/10 of TCS in water) after 96 h exposure hints that even small quantities of TCS may change species diversity in natural waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owias Iqbal Dar
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Sunil Sharma
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Kirpal Singh
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India
| | - Arvinder Kaur
- Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, Punjab, India.
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Stenzel A, Wirt H, Patten A, Theodore B, King-Heiden T. Larval exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan impairs metamorphosis and reproductive fitness in zebrafish. Reprod Toxicol 2019; 87:79-86. [PMID: 31102721 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2019.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental exposure to endocrine disruptors can cause organizational changes resulting in latent and transgenerational disease. We exposed zebrafish to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan during the critical period of metamorphosis and somatic sex differentiation to determine effects on metamorphosis and reproduction. We use biological and morphological biomarkers to predict potential modes of action. Larval exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of triclosan was sufficient to cause adverse effects in adults and their offspring. TCS exposure delays metamorphosis and impairs fecundity and fertility. Offspring from TCS-exposed fish show decreased survival and delayed maturation, but their reproductive capacity is not altered. Delays in metamorphosis in conjunction with morphological indicators suggest that toxicity may result from lowered thyroid hormones in parental fish. This work illustrates the importance of evaluating the latent effects of early exposure to environmental contaminants, and that further studies to evaluate the effects of triclosan on the thyroid axis are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Stenzel
- University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Department of Biology and River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, United States
| | - Heidi Wirt
- University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Department of Biology and River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, United States
| | - Alyssa Patten
- University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Department of Biology and River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, United States
| | - Briannae Theodore
- University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Department of Biology and River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, United States
| | - Tisha King-Heiden
- University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, Department of Biology and River Studies Center, 1725 State Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, United States.
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Ortiz-Delgado JB, Funes V, Sarasquete C. The organophosphate pesticide -OP- malathion inducing thyroidal disruptions and failures in the metamorphosis of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:57. [PMID: 30744622 PMCID: PMC6371575 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-1786-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Organophosphate pesticides-OP-, like malathion, can alter the normal functioning of neuro-endocrine systems (e.g., hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid-HPT- axis), and to interfere on the thyroidal homeostasis. Through direct interactions with thyroid receptors, an/or indirectly via up-stream signalling pathways, from the HPT axis (i.e., negative feedback regulation), malathion possess the ability to affect integrity of thyroidal follicular tissue, and it can also block or delay its hormonal functioning. This insecticide can alter the majority of the ontogenetic processes, inducing several deformities, and also provoking decreases in the growth and survival patterns. The present study has been performed to determine the sublethal effects of malathion during the first month of life of the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis, and it is mainly focused on the metamorphosis phase. Different transcript expression levels (i.e. thyroid receptors, matrix and bone -Gla-proteins) and immunohistochemical patterns (i.e. thyroid hormones, osteocalcin, cell proliferation) have been analysed during the most critical phases of the flatfish metamorphosis, that is, through differentiation of thyroid system and skeletal development, migration of the eye, and further adaptation to benthic behaviours. Results In early life stages of the Senegalese sole, the exposure to the highest concentration of malathion (6.25 μg/L) affected to the growth patterns, showing the exposed individuals, a reduction around 60 and 92% of the total length and the dry weigth, respectively. In paralell, a significant reduction of the thyroid follicles (i.e., size and number) it was also been recorded, in a dose-dependent way. Abnormal phenotypes induced in the exposed larvae, did not complete the process of metamorphosis, and displayed several morphological abnormalities and developmental disorders, which were mainly associated with the eye migration process, and with thyroidal and skeletal disorders (i.e., transcriptional and protein changes of thyroid hormones and receptors, and of matrix and bone Gla proteins distribution), that conduced to an inadequate adaptation to the benthic life. Conclusions In the Senegalese sole, the majority of the ontogenetic alterations induced by the exposure to malathion were mainly associated to the metamorphosis period, which is a thyroid-driven proccess. In fact, most crucial and transitional ontogenic events, appeared notably disturbed, for e.g., thyroid gland differentiation and functioning, migration of eye, skeletal development and benthonic behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan B Ortiz-Delgado
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Victoria Funes
- IFAPA, Centro el Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de Pichón s/n, 11500, El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Carmen Sarasquete
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía-ICMAN, CSIC Campus Universitario Río San Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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Zhu Y, Lin D, Yang D, Jia Y, Liu C. Environmentally relevant concentrations of the flame retardant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate change morphology of female zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:358-364. [PMID: 30145427 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) was considered as a re-emerging environmental pollutant, and accumulated evidences suggested that it was global distributed in various environmental media. However, effect of TDCIPP on fish morphology remained largely unknown. In this study, one-month old zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to 0, 0.05, 0.5 or 5 μg/L TDCIPP for 120 days, and effects on fish morphology and expressions of genes included in the development of muscle and bone were examined. Using landmark-based geometric morphometrics, we found that environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP altered morphology of female zebrafish. Furthermore, TDCIPP decreased the ratio of caudal fin area to whole body area and muscle density. These effects were possibly resulted from the alteration in the expression of genes included in the development of muscle (myf5 and myog) and bone (bmp2b and bmp4).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Dandong Yang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yali Jia
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Efficient and Health Production of Fisheries in Hunan Province, Hunan, Changde, 415000, China.
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Ozturk E. Applying analytical decision methods for determination of the best treatment alternative to remove emerging micropollutants from drinking water and wastewater: triclosan example. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:30517-30546. [PMID: 30171528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3036-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing human activities have not only substantially altered the natural material cycle but also created new synthetic chemicals flows. Some of these chemicals, which are described as micropollutants (MPs), may result in adverse effects on human health, aquatic organisms, and ecosystems. MPs can be transported to the environment and water resources in a variety ways including domestic and industrial wastewater. Unfortunately, most MPs are only partially removed in existing conventional treatment plants. Therefore, conventional treatment plants should be modernized by advanced treatment technologies to protect the environment and human health. However, there are various mysteries about best treatment techniques, evaluation criteria, and decision-making methods. In this study, it was aimed to determine the best treatment alternatives for triclosan (TCS) which is one of the priority MPs. A total of 18 evaluation criteria were identified and prioritized by employing analytical hierarchy process (AHP) and entropy methods. Treatment alternatives were identified and their performance was assessed through a comprehensive literature investigation. In decision-making processes of determining these alternatives, "technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS)," "preference ranking organization method for enrichment evaluation (PROMETHEE)," and "Višekriterijumsko kompromisno rangiranje (VIKOR)" analytical decision-making methods were employed, and priority rankings were determined according to each decision method. The final priority ranking was found as adsorption > membrane filtration > hybrid processes > advanced oxidation processes > constructed wetlands > conventional treatment processes > biological treatment > other treatment processes. Although the obtained results are specific to TCS, the employed analytical decision methods can be also used to decide the best treatment alternatives for other MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Ozturk
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Suleyman Demirel University, 32260, Isparta, Turkey.
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21
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Montesdeoca-Esponda S, Checchini L, Del Bubba M, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodriguez JJ. Analytical approaches for the determination of personal care products and evaluation of their occurrence in marine organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 633:405-425. [PMID: 29579652 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of the aquatic environment caused by multiple human activities may exert a negative impact on all living organisms. Several contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products (PCPs) are continuously released into the aquatic environment where they are biologically active and persistent. This work reviews the current knowledge, provided by papers published after 2010 and indexed by SciFinder, Scopus, and Google search engines, about the determination and occurrence of PCPs in marine biota. Analytical methodologies have been critically reviewed, emphasizing the importance of green and high-throughput approaches and focusing the discussion on the complexity of the solute-matrix interaction in the extraction step, as well as the matrix effect in the instrumental determination. Finally, the worldwide distribution of PCPs is surveyed, taking into account the concentrations found in the same organism in different marine environments. Differences among various world areas have been highlighted, evidencing some critical aspects from an environmental point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Montesdeoca-Esponda
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Leonardo Checchini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy
| | - Massimo Del Bubba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019 Florence, Italy.
| | - Zoraida Sosa-Ferrera
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - José Juan Santana-Rodriguez
- Instituto Universitario de Estudios Ambientales y Recursos Naturales (i-UNAT), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain.
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Triclosan Lacks Anti-Estrogenic Effects in Zebrafish Cells but Modulates Estrogen Response in Zebrafish Embryos. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19041175. [PMID: 29649157 PMCID: PMC5979399 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19041175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent widely found in the aquatic environment, is suspected to act as an endocrine disrupting compound, however mechanistic information is lacking in regards to aquatic species. This study assessed the ability of TCS to interfere with estrogen receptor (ER) transcriptional activity, in zebrafish-specific in vitro and in vivo reporter gene assays. We report that TCS exhibits a lack of either agonistic or antagonistic effects on a panel of ER-expressing zebrafish (ZELH-zfERα and -zfERβ) and human (MELN) cell lines. At the organism level, TCS at concentrations of up to 0.3 µM had no effect on ER-regulated brain aromatase gene expression in transgenic cyp19a1b-GFP zebrafish embryos. At a concentration of 1 µM, TCS interfered with the E2 response in an ambivalent manner by potentializing a low E2 response (0.625 nM), but decreasing a high E2 response (10 nM). Altogether, our study suggests that while modulation of ER-regulated genes by TCS may occur in zebrafish, it does so irrespective of a direct binding and activation of zfERs.
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Pan CG, Peng FJ, Shi WJ, Hu LX, Wei XD, Ying GG. Triclosan-induced transcriptional and biochemical alterations in the freshwater green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 148:393-401. [PMID: 29100157 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial and antifungal agent widely used in personal care products (PCPs). We investigated the effects of TCS (20μg/L, 100μg/L and 500μg/L) on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii by measuring the algal growth, chlorophyll content, lipid peroxidation, and transcription of the antioxidant-related genes (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), catalase (CAT), glutathione S-transferase (GST), plastid terminal oxidase 2 (PTOX) and thioredoxin (TRX)) as well as biochemical alterations. The results showed significant dose-related effects of TCS on the algal species in terms of growth and chlorophyll content. Malondialdehyde (MDA) increased with increasing TCS concentrations and showed significant difference between the treatment of 405.3μg/L TCS and control group. Transcription analysis revealed that the expression of SOD mRNA was most sensitive to TCS among the selected genes. In addition, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy showed time- and concentration-specific biochemical responses in C. reinhardtii when exposed to TCS. The biochemical alterations associated with different doses of TCS were mainly attributed to structural changes associated with lipid, protein, nucleic acid and carbohydrate. The findings from this study reveal that TCS in the aquatic environment may affect algal growth, chlorophyll synthesis, oxidative stress responses and cause biochemical alterations. This study provided important information to achieve a better understanding of the toxic mechanism of triclosan on algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Gui Pan
- School of Marine Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Feng-Jiao Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wen-Jun Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Li-Xin Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, CAS Research Centre for Pearl River Delta Environmental Pollution and Control, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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24
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Dong X, Xu H, Wu X, Yang L. Multiple bioanalytical method to reveal developmental biological responses in zebrafish embryos exposed to triclocarban. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:251-258. [PMID: 29136572 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclocarban (TCC) is a well-known antibacterial agent that is frequently detected in environmental, wildlife and human samples. The potential toxicological effects and action mechanism of TCC on vertebrate development has remained unclear. In the present study, we analyzed phenotypic alterations, thyroid hormone levels, thyroid hormone responsive genes, and proteomic profiles of zebrafish embryos after exposure to a series of concentrations of TCC from 6 h post-fertilization (hpf) to 120 hpf. The most nonlethal concentration (MNLC), lethal concentration 10% (LC10) and lethal concentration 50% (LC50) of TCC for exposures of 96 h were 133.3 μg/L, 147.5 μg/L and 215.8 μg/L, respectively. Our results showed that exposure to TCC decreased heart rate, delayed yolk absorption and swim bladder development at MNLC and LC10. Exposure to MNLC of TCC inhibited thyroid hormone and altered expression of thyroid hormone responsive genes. Furthermore, exposure to 1/20 MNLC of TCC altered expression of proteins related to binding and metabolism, skeletal muscle development and function, as well as proteins involved in nervous system development and immune response, indicating TCC has potential health risks in wildlife and humans at low concentration level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Dong
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Hai Xu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
| | - Xiangyang Wu
- Institute of Environmental Health and Ecological Security, School of Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Liuqing Yang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
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25
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Barrios-Estrada C, de Jesús Rostro-Alanis M, Muñoz-Gutiérrez BD, Iqbal HMN, Kannan S, Parra-Saldívar R. Emergent contaminants: Endocrine disruptors and their laccase-assisted degradation - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:1516-1531. [PMID: 28915546 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, an effort has been made to highlight the trends of the state-of-the-art of laccase-assisted degradation of emerging contaminants at large and endocrine disruptors in particular. Since first described in the 19th century, laccase has received particular interest for inter- and multidisciplinary investigations due to its uniqueness and remarkable biotechnological applicability. There has always been a paramount concern over the widespread occurrences of various pollutant types, around the globe. Therefore, pollution free processes are gaining ground all over the world. With ever increasing scientific knowledge, socioeconomic awareness, human health-related issues and ecological apprehensions, people are more concerned about the widespread environmental pollutants. In this context, the occurrences of newly identified pollutants so-called "emerging contaminants - ECs" in our main water bodies is of continued and burning concern worldwide. Undoubtedly, various efforts have already been made to tackle this challenging ECs concern though using different approaches including physical and chemical, however, each has considerable limitations. In this review, we present information on how laccase-assisted approach can change this limited tendency of physical and chemical based approaches. A special focus has been given to the laccase-assisted systems including pristine laccase, laccase-mediator catalyzed system and immobilized-laccase catalyzed system that promotes the endocrine disruptors removal. Towards the end, a list of outstanding questions and research gaps are given that can pave the way for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Barrios-Estrada
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Magdalena de Jesús Rostro-Alanis
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Blanca Delia Muñoz-Gutiérrez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M N Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Division of Cancer Nanomedicine laboratory, Department of Zoology, Periyar University, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. CP 64849, Mexico.
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26
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Perez KE, King-Heiden TC. Geometric Morphometrics as a Tool to Evaluate Teratogenic Effects in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1797:373-391. [PMID: 29896704 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7883-0_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Geometric morphometrics allows for the characterization of shape using Cartesian geometric coordinates rather than linear or volumetric measurements, which are dependent upon size and are insufficient to capture geometric shape. By using landmarks on specimens, variations in position, orientation and scale between specimens can be removed to better compare variations in shape. This method has primarily been used in the fields of evolutionary biology and taxonomy. Here we describe how geometric morphometrics can be used to delineate variations in shape caused by teratogenic compounds in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Perez
- Department of Biology, University of Texas of the Rio Grande Valley, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Tisha C King-Heiden
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin - La Crosse, La Crosse, WI, USA.
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27
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Silva DCVR, Araújo CVM, López-Doval JC, Neto MB, Silva FT, Paiva TCB, Pompêo MLM. Potential effects of triclosan on spatial displacement and local population decline of the fish Poecilia reticulata using a non-forced system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 184:329-336. [PMID: 28605703 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an emerging contaminant of concern in environmental studies due to its potential adverse effects on fish behavior. Since avoidance has been shown to be a relevant behavioral endpoint, our aims were: (i) to determine if TCS is able to trigger an avoidance response in Poecilia reticulata; (ii) to predict the population immediate decline (PID) caused by TCS exposure, by integrating lethality and avoidance responses; and (iii) to verify the overestimation of risk when mortality is assessed under forced exposure. Fish were exposed to TCS in a forced exposure system, to assess mortality, and to a TCS gradient in a non-forced exposure (NFE) system. Two NFE scenarios were simulated: (#1) a spatially permanent gradient, including low and high concentrations; and (#2) a scenario with high concentrations, simulating a local discharge. The fish avoided TCS concentrations as low as 0.2 μg L-1 (avoidance of 22%). The AC50 obtained from scenario #1 (8.04 μg L-1) was about 15 times more sensitive than that from scenario #2 (118.4 μg L-1). In general, up to the highest concentration tested (2000 μg L-1), the PID was determined by the avoidance. Mortality from the forced exposure was overestimated (48 h-LC50 of 1650 mg L-1), relative to the NFE. The reduced mortality in a non-forced environment does not imply a lower effect, because part of the population is expected to disappear by moving towards favorable environments. TCS is a potential environmental disturber, since at environmentally relevant concentrations (<2 μg L-1) it could cause a decline in the fish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C V R Silva
- Department of Ecology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Campus Río S. Pedro, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | | | - Morun B Neto
- Department of Basic and Environmental Sciences, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávio T Silva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Teresa C B Paiva
- Department of Biotechnology, Engineering School of Lorena, University of São Paulo, Lorena, São Paulo, Brazil
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28
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Triclosan and triclocarban exposure and thyroid function during pregnancy-A randomized intervention. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 74:143-149. [PMID: 28939492 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Triclosan and triclocarban (TCs) are broad-spectrum microbicides found in household and personal wash products. We sought to determine whether TC exposure from wash products or urinary triclosan level modified thyroid function during pregnancy or anthropometric measurements at birth. A randomized intervention of wash products with or without TCs, including toothpaste, enrolled pregnant women from 20 weeks' gestation. Urinary triclosan, TSH, T4 and T3 were assessed at enrollment, 36weeks' gestation and/or post-delivery; anthropometric measures at birth were ascertained from medical records. 78 and 76 mothers were assigned to the TC-containing and no-TC-containing product arms, respectively. No differences were observed in any thyroid function measure at any time point or in any anthropometric measurement at birth between either exposure arms or lowest and highest urinary triclosan quartile groups. TCs from wash products, primarily liquid and bar soaps, did not affect thyroid function measures during pregnancy or babies' anthropometric measures at delivery.
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29
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Kang HM, Lee YH, Kim BM, Kim IC, Jeong CB, Lee JS. Adverse effects of BDE-47 on in vivo developmental parameters, thyroid hormones, and expression of hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis genes in larvae of the self-fertilizing fish Kryptolebias marmoratus. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:39-46. [PMID: 28254713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenylether (BDE-47) is known to have the potential to disrupt the thyroid endocrine system in fishes due to its structural similarity to the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). However, the effects of BDE-47 on thyroid function in fishes remain unclear. In this study, abnormal development (e.g. deformity, hemorrhaging) and an imbalance in thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis was shown in the early developmental stages of the mangrove killifish Kryptolebias marmoratus in response to BDE-47 exposure. To examine the thyroid endocrinal effect of BDE-47 exposure in mangrove killifish K. marmoratus larvae, transcript levels of genes involved in TH homeostasis and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis-related genes were measured. The expression of thyroid hormone metabolism-related genes (e.g. deiodinases, UGT1ab) and HPT axis-related genes was up-regulated and there were significant changes in TH levels (P < 0.05) in response to BDE-47 exposure. This study provides insights into the regulation of TH homeostasis at the transcriptional level and provides a better understanding on the potential impacts of BDE-47 on the thyroid endocrine system of fishes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Min Kang
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Young Hwan Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Bo-Mi Kim
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea; Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Il-Chan Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Chang-Bum Jeong
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
| | - Jae-Seong Lee
- Department of Biological Science, College of Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea.
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30
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Weatherly LM, Gosse JA. Triclosan exposure, transformation, and human health effects. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 20:447-469. [PMID: 29182464 PMCID: PMC6126357 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1399306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial used so ubiquitously that 75% of the US population is likely exposed to this compound via consumer goods and personal care products. In September 2016, TCS was banned from soap products following the risk assessment by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). However, TCS still remains, at high concentrations, in other personal care products such as toothpaste, mouthwash, hand sanitizer, and surgical soaps. TCS is readily absorbed into human skin and oral mucosa and found in various human tissues and fluids. The aim of this review was to describe TCS exposure routes and levels as well as metabolism and transformation processes. The burgeoning literature on human health effects associated with TCS exposure, such as reproductive problems, was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. Weatherly
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
| | - Julie A. Gosse
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME, USA
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