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Wingrove J, de Hoog E, Spencer GE. Disruptions in network plasticity precede deficits in memory following inhibition of retinoid signaling. J Neurophysiol 2023; 129:41-55. [PMID: 36448682 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00270.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of vitamin A, is important for vertebrate cognition and hippocampal plasticity, but few studies have examined its role in invertebrate learning and memory, and its actions in the invertebrate central nervous system are currently unknown. Using the mollusc Lymnaea stagnalis, we examined operant conditioning of the respiratory behavior, controlled by a well-defined central pattern generator (CPG), and used citral to inhibit retinoic acid signaling. Both citral- and vehicle-treated animals showed normal learning, but citral-treated animals failed to exhibit long-term memory at 24 h. Cohorts of citral- or vehicle-treated animals were dissected into semi-intact preparations, either 1 h after training, or after the memory test 24 h later. Simultaneous electrophysiological recordings from the CPG pacemaker cell (right pedal dorsal 1; RPeD1) and an identified motorneuron (VI) were made while monitoring respiratory activity (pneumostome opening). Activity of the CPG pneumostome opener interneuron (input 3 interneuron; IP3) was also monitored indirectly. Vehicle-treated conditioned preparations showed significant changes in network parameters immediately after learning, such as reduced motorneuron bursting activity (from IP3 input), delayed pneumostome opening, and decoupling of coincident IP3 input within the network. However, citral-treated preparations failed to exhibit these network changes and more closely resembled naïve preparations. Importantly, these citral-induced differences were manifested immediately after training and before any overt changes in the behavioral response (memory impairment). These studies shed light on where and when retinoid signaling might affect a central pattern-generating network to promote memory formation during conditioning of a homeostatic behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We provide novel evidence for how conditioning-induced changes in a CPG network are disrupted when retinoid signaling is inhibited. Inhibition of retinoic acid signaling prevents long-term memory formation following operant conditioning, but has no effect on learning. Simultaneous electrophysiological and behavioral analyses indicate network changes immediately following learning, but these changes are prevented with inhibition of retinoid signaling, before any overt changes in behavior. These data suggest sites for retinoid actions during memory formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Wingrove
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Eric de Hoog
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gaynor E Spencer
- Department Biological Sciences, Brock University, St Catharines, Ontario, Canada
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Wang Q, Miao J, Zhao A, Wu M, Pan L. Use of GAL4 factor-based yeast assay to quantify the effects of xenobiotics on RXR homodimer and RXR/PPAR heterodimer in scallop Chlamys farreri. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 852:158526. [PMID: 36063929 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) and peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors (PPAR) have been shown as important targets of endocrine disrupting effects caused by organotin compounds (OTCs). In vitro methods for non-model species are instrumental in revealing not only mechanism of toxicity but also basic biology. In the present study, we constructed the GAL4 factor-based recombinant yeast systems of RXRα/RXRα (RR), RXRα/PPARα (RPα) and RXRα/PPARγ (RPγ) of the scallop Chlamys farreri to investigate their transcriptional activity under the induction of OTCs (tributyltin chloride, triphenyltin chloride, tripropyltin chloride and bis(tributyltin)oxide), their spiked sediments and five other non‑tin compounds (Wy14643, rosiglitazone, benzyl butyl phthalate, dicyclohexyl phthalate and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate). The results showed that the natural ligand of RXR, 9-cis-retinoic acid (9cRA), induces transcriptional activity in all three systems, while four OTCs induced the transcriptional activity of the RR and RPα systems. None of the five potential non‑tin endocrine disruptors induced effects on the RPα and RPγ systems. The spiked sediment experiment demonstrated the feasibility of the recombinant yeast systems constructed in this study for environmental sample detection. These results suggest that OTCs pose a threat to affect function of RXRα and PPARα of bivalve mollusks. The newly developed GAL4 factor-based yeast two-hybrid system can be used as a valuable tool for identification and quantification of compounds active in disturbing RXR and PPAR of bivalves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoqiao Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China.
| | - Anran Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Manni Wu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, PR China
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Kuzikova I, Andronov E, Zaytseva T, Metelkova L, Zhakovskaya Z, Medvedeva N. A microcosm approach for evaluating the microbial nonylphenol and butyltin biodegradation and bacterial community shifts in co-contaminated bottom sediments from the Gulf of Finland, the Baltic Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:69849-69860. [PMID: 35576038 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20751-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of aquatic ecosystems with nonylphenol (NP) and butyltins (BuTs) is of great concern due to their effects on endocrine activity, toxicity to aquatic organisms, and extended persistence in sediments. The impact of contamination with NP and/or BuTs on the microbial community structure in marine sediments was investigated using microcosms and high-throughput sequencing. Sediment microcosms with NP (300 mg/kg) and/or BuTs (95 mg/kg) were constructed. Complete removal of monobutyltin (MBT) occurred in the microcosms after 240 days of incubation, while a residual NP rate was 40%. The content of toxic tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) in the sediments did not change notably. Co-contamination of the sediments with NP and BuTs did not affect the processes of their degradation. The pollutants in the microcosms could have been biodegraded by autochthonous microorganisms. Significantly different and less diverse bacterial communities were observed in the contaminated sediments compared to non-contaminated control. Firmicutes and Gammaproteobacteria dominated in the NP treatment, Actinobacteria and Alphaproteobacteria in the BuT treatment, and Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Firmicutes, and Acidobacteria in the NP-BuT mixture treatment. The prevalence of microorganisms from the bacterial genera Halothiobacillus, Geothrix, Methanosarcina, Dyella, Parvibaculum, Pseudomonas, Proteiniclasticum, and bacteria affiliated with the order Rhizobiales may indicate their role in biodegradation of NP and BuTs in the co-contaminated sediments. This study can provide some new insights towards NP and BuT biodegradation and microbial ecology in NP-BuT co-contaminated environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Kuzikova
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Korpusnaya st, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia.
| | - Evgeny Andronov
- All-Russia Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushkin-8, St. Petersburg, 196608, Russia
| | - Tatyana Zaytseva
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Korpusnaya st, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia
| | - Larissa Metelkova
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Korpusnaya st, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia
| | - Zoya Zhakovskaya
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Korpusnaya st, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia
| | - Nadezda Medvedeva
- St. Petersburg Federal Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences (SPC RAS), Scientific Research Centre for Ecological Safety of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 18 Korpusnaya st, St. Petersburg, 197110, Russia
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de Hoog E, Saba Echezarreta VE, Turgambayeva A, Foran G, Megaly M, Necakov A, Spencer GE. Molluscan RXR Transcriptional Regulation by Retinoids in a Drosophila CNS Organ Culture System. Cells 2022; 11:cells11162493. [PMID: 36010570 PMCID: PMC9406730 DOI: 10.3390/cells11162493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, is important for the appropriate development of the nervous system (e.g., neurite outgrowth) as well as for cognition (e.g., memory formation) in the adult brain. We have shown that many of the effects of retinoids are conserved in the CNS of the mollusc, Lymnaea stagnalis. RXRs are predominantly nuclear receptors, but the Lymnaea RXR (LymRXR) exhibits a non-nuclear distribution in the adult CNS, where it is also implicated in non-genomic retinoid functions. As such, we developed a CNS Drosophila organ culture-based system to examine the transcriptional activity and ligand-binding properties of LymRXR, in the context of a live invertebrate nervous system. The novel ligand sensor system was capable of reporting both the expression and transcriptional activity of the sensor. Our results indicate that the LymRXR ligand sensor mediated transcription following activation by both 9-cis RA (the high affinity ligand for vertebrate RXRs) as well as the vertebrate RXR synthetic agonist, SR11237. The LymRXR ligand sensor was also activated by all-trans RA, and to a much lesser extent by the vertebrate RAR synthetic agonist, EC23. This sensor also detected endogenous retinoid-like activity in the CNS of developing Drosophila larvae, primarily during the 3rd instar larval stage. These data indicate that the LymRXR sensor can be utilized not only for characterization of ligand activation for studies related to the Lymnaea CNS, but also for future studies of retinoids and their functions in Drosophila development.
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Beyer J, Song Y, Tollefsen KE, Berge JA, Tveiten L, Helland A, Øxnevad S, Schøyen M. The ecotoxicology of marine tributyltin (TBT) hotspots: A review. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105689. [PMID: 35777303 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tributyltin (TBT) was widely used as a highly efficient biocide in antifouling paints for ship and boat hulls. Eventually, TBT containing paints became globally banned when TBT was found to cause widespread contamination and non-target adverse effects in sensitive species, with induced pseudohermaphroditism in female neogastropods (imposex) being the best-known example. In this review, we address the history and the status of knowledge regarding TBT pollution and marine TBT hotspots, with a special emphasis on the Norwegian coastline. The review also presents a brief update on knowledge of TBT toxicity in various marine species and humans, highlighting the current understanding of toxicity mechanisms relevant for causing endocrine disruption in marine species. Despite observations of reduced TBT sediment concentrations in many marine sediments over the recent decades, contaminant hotspots are still prevalent worldwide. Consequently, efforts to monitor TBT levels and assessment of potential effects in sentinel species being potentially susceptible to TBT in these locations are still highly warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny Beyer
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway.
| | - You Song
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - John Arthur Berge
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lise Tveiten
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Sigurd Øxnevad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
| | - Merete Schøyen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, NO-0579, Oslo, Norway
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Mengeling BJ, Vetter LF, Furlow JD. Retinoid-X receptor agonists increase thyroid hormone competence in lower jaw remodeling of pre-metamorphic Xenopus laevis tadpoles. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0266946. [PMID: 35417489 PMCID: PMC9007347 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0266946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) signaling plays critical roles during vertebrate development, including regulation of skeletal and cartilage growth. TH acts through its receptors (TRs), nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) that heterodimerize with Retinoid-X receptors (RXRs), to regulate gene expression. A defining difference between NR signaling during development compared to in adult tissues, is competence, the ability of the organism to respond to an endocrine signal. Amphibian metamorphosis, especially in Xenopus laevis, the African clawed frog, is a well-established in vivo model for studying the mechanisms of TH action during development. Previously, we’ve used one-week post-fertilization X. laevis tadpoles, which are only partially competent to TH, to show that in the tail, which is naturally refractive to exogenous T3 at this stage, RXR agonists increase TH competence, and that RXR antagonism inhibits the TH response. Here, we focused on the jaw that undergoes dramatic TH-mediated remodeling during metamorphosis in order to support new feeding and breathing styles. We used a battery of approaches in one-week-old tadpoles, including quantitative morphology, differential gene expression and whole mount cell proliferation assays, to show that both pharmacologic (bexarotene) and environmental (tributyltin) RXR agonists potentiated TH-induced responses but were inactive in the absence of TH; and the RXR antagonist UVI 3003 inhibited TH action. Bex and TBT significantly potentiated cellular proliferation and the TH induction of runx2, a transcription factor critical for developing cartilage and bone. Prominent targets of RXR-mediated TH potentiation were members of the matrix metalloprotease family, suggesting that RXR potentiation may emphasize pathways responsible for rapid changes during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda J. Mengeling
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lara F. Vetter
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - J. David Furlow
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, College of Biological Sciences, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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Zhao A, Miao J, Liu L, Pan L. Potencies of organotin compounds in scallop RXRa responsive activity with a GAL4-based reconstituted yeast assay in vitro. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:19890-19897. [PMID: 35084679 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18620-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) has been found to be a major target in various processes of endocrine disruption from the exposure to organotin compounds (OTCs), including imposex in gastropod mollusks. It was also reported in bivalves that OTCs caused intersex and skewed sex ratio. In order to evaluate the effect of these ligand-like OTCs, we constructed a reconstituted yeast system (CfRE system) based on GAL4 yeast two-hybrid principle using scallop Chlamys farreri retinoid X receptor (CfRXRa) and retinoid X response element (RXRE) to investigate the ligand-induced transactivation of CfRXRa. Responses of CfRXRa to 9-cis retinoic acid (9cRA) and tested four OTCs showed concentration-dependent response which is comparable with reported RXRa in vitro assay of human and gastropods. The detective limits of the CfRE system were found to be 100 nM for 9cRA and 10-1000 nM for the tested OTCs. While the tested non-Sn endocrine disrupting chemicals, including Benzo[a]pyrene, 2,4-Dichlorophenol, Nonylphenol, and Tetrabromobisphenol A, showed no effect on CfRXRa response. The present assay system may provide a valuable tool for screening assessments of unidentified environmental ligand chemicals on bivalve mollusks. It is also useful for comparison of sensitivity differences among species exposed to EDCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anran Zhao
- Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Miao
- Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China.
| | - Liru Liu
- Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
| | - Luqing Pan
- Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ocean University of China), Qingdao, 266003, People's Republic of China
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From Extrapolation to Precision Chemical Hazard Assessment: The Ecdysone Receptor Case Study. TOXICS 2021; 10:toxics10010006. [PMID: 35051048 PMCID: PMC8778615 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Hazard assessment strategies are often supported by extrapolation of damage probabilities, regarding chemical action and species susceptibilities. Yet, growing evidence suggests that an adequate sampling of physiological responses across a representative taxonomic scope is of paramount importance. This is particularly relevant for Nuclear Receptors (NR), a family of transcription factors, often triggered by ligands and thus, commonly exploited by environmental chemicals. Within NRs, the ligand-induced Ecdysone Receptor (EcR) provides a remarkable example. Long regarded as arthropod specific, this receptor has been extensively targeted by pesticides, seemingly innocuous to non-target organisms. Yet, current evidence clearly suggests a wider presence of EcR orthologues across metazoan lineages, with unknown physiological consequences. Here, we address the state-of-the-art regarding the phylogenetic distribution and functional characterization of metazoan EcRs and provide a critical analysis of the potential disruption of such EcRs by environmental chemical exposure. Using EcR as a case study, hazard assessment strategies are also discussed in view of the development of a novel "precision hazard assessment paradigm.
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Capitão AMF, Lopes-Marques M, Páscoa I, Sainath SB, Hiromori Y, Matsumaru D, Nakanishi T, Ruivo R, Santos MM, Castro LFC. An ancestral nuclear receptor couple, PPAR-RXR, is exploited by organotins. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 797:149044. [PMID: 34303232 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Environmental chemicals have been reported to greatly disturb the endocrine and metabolic systems of multiple animal species. A recent example involves the exploitation of the nuclear receptor (NR) heterodimeric pair composed by PPAR/RXR (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor/retinoid X receptor), which shows lipid perturbation in mammalian species. While gene orthologues of both of these receptors have been described outside vertebrates, no functional characterization of PPAR has been carried in protostome lineages. We provide the first functional analysis of PPAR in Patella sp. (Mollusca), using model obesogens such as tributyltin (TBT), triphenyltin (TPT), and proposed natural ligands (fatty acid molecules). To gain further insights, we used site-directed mutagenesis to PPAR and replaced the tyrosine 277 by a cysteine (the human homologous amino acid and TBT anchor residue) and an alanine. Additionally, we explored the alterations in the fatty acid profiles after an exposure to the model obesogen TBT, in vivo. Our results show that TBT and TPT behave as an antagonist of Patella sp. PPAR/RXR and that the tyrosine 277 is important, but not essential in the response to TBT. Overall, these results suggest a relation between the response of the mollusc PPAR-RXR to TBT and the lipid profile alterations reported at environmentally relevant concentrations. Our findings highlight the importance of comparative analysis between protostome and deuterostome lineages to decipher the differential impact of environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M F Capitão
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto (U.Porto), Department of Biology, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mónica Lopes-Marques
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Inês Páscoa
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - S B Sainath
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biotechnology, Vikrama Simhapuri University, Nellore 524 003, AP, India
| | - Youhei Hiromori
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Japan; Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsumaru
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Miguel M Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto (U.Porto), Department of Biology, Porto, Portugal.
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR/CIMAR), University of Porto (U.Porto), Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences (FCUP), University of Porto (U.Porto), Department of Biology, Porto, Portugal.
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Gazo I, Gomes IDL, Savy T, Besnardeau L, Hebras C, Benaicha S, Brunet M, Shaliutina O, McDougall A, Peyrieras N, Dumollard R. High-content analysis of larval phenotypes for the screening of xenobiotic toxicity using Phallusia mammillata embryos. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105768. [PMID: 33592501 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, pollution of surface waters with xenobiotic compounds became an issue of concern in society and has been the object of numerous studies. Most of these xenobiotic compounds are man-made molecules and some of them are qualified as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) when they interfere with hormones actions. Several studies have investigated the teratogenic impacts of EDCs in vertebrates (including marine vertebrates). However, the impact of such EDCs on marine invertebrates is much debated and still largely obscure. In addition, DNA-altering genotoxicants can induce embryonic malformations. The goal of this study is to develop a reliable and effective test for assessing toxicity of chemicals using embryos of the ascidian (Phallusia mammillata) in order to find phenotypic signatures associated with xenobiotics. We evaluated embryonic malformations with high-content analysis of larval phenotypes by scoring several quantitative and qualitative morphometric endpoints on a single image of Phallusia tadpole larvae with semi-automated image analysis. Using this approach we screened different classes of toxicants including genotoxicants, known or suspected EDCs and nuclear receptors (NRs) ligands. The screen presented here reveals a specific phenotypic signature for ligands of retinoic acid receptor/retinoid X receptor. Analysis of larval morphology combined with DNA staining revealed that embryos with DNA aberrations displayed severe malformations affecting multiple aspects of embryonic development. In contrast EDCs exposure induced no or little DNA aberrations and affected mainly neural development. Therefore the ascidian embryo/larval assay presented here can allow to distinguish the type of teratogenicity induced by different classes of toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgeniia Gazo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France; University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Isa D L Gomes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Thierry Savy
- BioEmergences Laboratory, CNRS USR 3695, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Lydia Besnardeau
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Celine Hebras
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Sameh Benaicha
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Manon Brunet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Olena Shaliutina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Research Institute of Fish Culture and Hydrobiology, Zátiší 728/II, 389 25, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alex McDougall
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
| | - Nadine Peyrieras
- BioEmergences Laboratory, CNRS USR 3695, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Rémi Dumollard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Observatoire Océanologique, 06230 Villefranche sur-mer, France
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Huang W, Wu Q, Xu F, Li L, Li J, Que H, Zhang G. Functional characterization of retinoid X receptor with an emphasis on the mediation of organotin poisoning in the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas). Gene 2020; 753:144780. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.144780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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RXR Expression in Marine Gastropods with Different Sensitivity to Imposex Development. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9507. [PMID: 32528077 PMCID: PMC7289818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The superposition of male sexual characteristics in female marine gastropods (imposex) represents one of the clearest ecological examples of organotin-mediated endocrine disruption. Recent evidences suggest that signaling pathways mediated by members of the nuclear receptor superfamily, RXR and PPARγ, are involved in the development of this pseudohermaphroditic condition. Here, we identified significant differences in RXR expression in two caenogastropod species from Nuevo Gulf, Argentina, Buccinanops globulosus and Trophon geversianus, which present clear contrast in imposex incidence. In addition, B. globulosus males from a polluted and an unpolluted area showed differences in RXR expression. Conversely, PPARγ levels were similar between both analyzed species. These findings indicate specie-specific RXR and PPARγ expression, suggesting a major role of RXR in the induction of imposex.
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13
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Fonseca E, Ruivo R, Borges D, Franco JN, Santos MM, C. Castro LF. Of Retinoids and Organotins: The Evolution of the Retinoid X Receptor in Metazoa. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10040594. [PMID: 32290525 PMCID: PMC7225927 DOI: 10.3390/biom10040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are transcription factors accomplishing a multiplicity of functions, essential for organismal homeostasis. Among their numerous members, the retinoid X receptor (RXR) is a central player of the endocrine system, with a singular ability to operate as a homodimer or a heterodimer with other NRs. Additionally, RXR has been found to be a critical actor in various processes of endocrine disruption resulting from the exposure to a known class of xenobiotics termed organotins (e.g., tributyltin (TBT)), including imposex in gastropod molluscs and lipid perturbation across different metazoan lineages. Thus, given its prominent physiological and endocrine role, RXR is present in the genomes of most extant metazoan species examined to date. Here, we expand on the phylogenetic distribution of RXR across the metazoan tree of life by exploring multiple next-generation sequencing projects of protostome lineages. By addressing amino acid residue conservation in combination with cell-based functional assays, we show that RXR induction by 9-cis retinoic acid (9cisRA) and TBT is conserved in more phyla than previously described. Yet, our results highlight distinct activation efficacies and alternative modes of RXR exploitation by the organotin TBT, emphasizing the need for broader species sampling to clarify the mechanistic activation of RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elza Fonseca
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, 2520-637 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
| | - Débora Borges
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
| | - João N. Franco
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
- MARE—Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, 2520-637 Peniche, Portugal
| | - Miguel M. Santos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (L.F.C.C.); Tel.: +351-223-401-800 (M.M.S. or L.F.C.C.)
| | - L. Filipe C. Castro
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal; (E.F.); (R.R.); (D.B.); (J.N.F.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (M.M.S.); (L.F.C.C.); Tel.: +351-223-401-800 (M.M.S. or L.F.C.C.)
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14
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Chou PH, Chen CH, Chen KY, Ko FC, Tsai TY, Yeh YP. Assessing the endocrine disrupting potentials and genotoxicity in environmental samples from Taiwanese rivers. Genes Environ 2020; 41:24. [PMID: 31892995 PMCID: PMC6937667 DOI: 10.1186/s41021-019-0140-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Surface waters receive a variety of organic pollutants via wastewater discharge, and sediment represents a sink for hydrophobic contaminants. In this study, we used in vitro yeast-based reporter gene assays and a Bacillus subtilis Rec-assay to examine the occurrence of endocrine disrupting activities and genotoxic potentials in samples collected from three Taiwanese rivers. Levels of 51 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in muscles of fish captured from same rivers were also analyzed to assess in vivo pollution of PAHs. Results Antagonist activities for androgen receptor and retinoid X receptor (RXR) were detected in river water extracts at environmentally relevant concentrations., and sediment extracts exhibited RXR agonist, RXR antagonist, and genotoxic potentials concurrently. Σ16 PAHs in fish muscles ranged from 44.9–242.4 ng g− 1 dry weight, representing 38 to 59% of the total 51 PAHs concentrations, and methylated PAHs of low molecular weight PAHs were often detected as well. Conclusion Taiwanese river sediment samples concomitantly exhibited RXR disrupting potentials and genotoxic activities, whereas RXR agonist and antagonist activities were simultaneously detected in several dry-season sediment extracts. PAH levels in fish muscles were categorized as minimally polluted by aromatic compounds, nonetheless, the presence of methylated PAHs in muscles samples may be of concern owing to the higher toxic potentials than their parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Chou
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- 2Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, 2, Houwan Road, Pingtung, 944 Taiwan.,3National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, 2, Houwan Road, Pingtung, 944 Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ya Tsai
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
| | - Yi-Po Yeh
- 1Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1, University Road, Tainan, 701 Taiwan
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15
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Krężel W, Rühl R, de Lera AR. Alternative retinoid X receptor (RXR) ligands. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 491:110436. [PMID: 31026478 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) control a wide variety of functions by virtue of their dimerization with other nuclear hormone receptors (NRs), contributing thereby to activities of different signaling pathways. We review known RXR ligands as transcriptional modulators of specific RXR-dimers and the associated biological processes. We also discuss the physiological relevance of such ligands, which remains frequently a matter of debate and which at present is best met by member(s) of a novel family of retinoids, postulated as Vitamin A5. Through comparison with other natural, but also with synthetic ligands, we discuss high diversity in the modes of ligand binding to RXRs resulting in agonistic or antagonistic profiles and selectivity towards specific subtypes of permissive heterodimers. Despite such diversity, direct ligand binding to the ligand binding pocket resulting in agonistic activity was preferentially preserved in the course of animal evolution pointing to its functional relevance, and potential for existence of other, species-specific endogenous RXR ligands sharing the same mode of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Krężel
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR 7104, Illkirch, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U 1258, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Illkirch, France.
| | - Ralph Rühl
- Paprika Bioanalytics BT, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Angel R de Lera
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultade de Química, Lagoas-Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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16
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Giraud-Billoud M, Castro-Vazquez A. Aging and retinoid X receptor agonists on masculinization of female Pomacea canaliculata, with a critical appraisal of imposex evaluation in the Ampullariidae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 169:573-582. [PMID: 30476819 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.10.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ampullariidae are unique among gastropods in that females normally show a primordium of the copulatory apparatus (CApp). The aims of this study were (a) to quantitatively evaluate the development and growth of the female CApp with age; (b) to compare the effects of RXR and PPARγ agonists in adult females of known age and (c) to explore the effect of masculinizing RXR agonists on the expression of RXR in the CApp. It was found that the CApp grows and develops with age. A significant increase in penile sheath length (PsL) and also in a developmental index (DI) was observed in 7-8 months old females, as compared with 4-5 months old ones. A reported endogenous agonist of RXR, 9-cis retinoic acid (9cis-RA), as well as two organotin compounds, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) which have been also reported to bind to RXR, were injected and its masculinizing effects were measured. Also, the effect of a PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone, was studied. All studied RXR agonists, but not the PPARγ agonist, were effective in increasing PsL, penile length (PL) and DI. Finally, the expression of the RXR in the CApp was studied (Western blot) in control, TBT, TPT, and 9cis-RA treated females. A significantly increased expression of RXR was only observed after 9cis-RA treatment. It is concluded that (a) development and growth of the CApp is significantly affected by female age; (b) reported RXR agonists, but not a PPARγ agonist, cause female masculinization of young females. An appraisal of previous studies of female masculinization in the Ampullariidae has also been made and it is emphasized that the masculinizing effect of aging should be considered, particularly when interpreting field data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximiliano Giraud-Billoud
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500-Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500-Mendoza, Argentina.
| | - Alfredo Castro-Vazquez
- IHEM, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, CONICET, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500-Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500-Mendoza, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Departamento de Biología, Casilla de Correo 33, 5500-Mendoza, Argentina
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17
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André A, Ruivo R, Fonseca E, Froufe E, Castro LFC, Santos MM. The retinoic acid receptor (RAR) in molluscs: Function, evolution and endocrine disruption insights. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 208:80-89. [PMID: 30639747 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Retinoid acid receptor (RAR)-dependent signalling pathways are essential for the regulation and maintenance of essential biological functions and are recognized targets of disruptive anthropogenic compounds. Recent studies put forward the inability of mollusc RARs to bind and respond to the canonical vertebrate ligand, retinoic acid: a feature that seems to have been lost during evolution. Yet, these studies were carried out in a limited number of molluscs. Therefore, using an in vitro transactivation assay, the present work aimed to characterize phylogenetically relevant mollusc RARs, as monomers or as functional units with RXR, not only in the presence of vertebrate bone fine ligands but also known endocrine disruptors, described to modulate retinoid-dependent pathways. In general, none of the tested mollusc RARs were able to activate reporter gene transcription when exposed to retinoic acid isomers, suggesting that the ability to respond to retinoic acid was lost across molluscs. Similarly, the analysed mollusc RAR were unresponsive towards organochloride pesticides. In contrast, transcriptional repressions were observed with the RAR/RXR unit upon exposure to retinoids or RXR-specific ligands. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function mutations further corroborate the obtained results and suggest that the repressive behaviour, observed with mollusc and human RAR/RXR heterodimers, is possibly mediated by ligand biding to RXR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana André
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; ICBAS - Institute of biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Ruivo
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Elza Fonseca
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Elsa Froufe
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - L Filipe C Castro
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Miguel M Santos
- CIMAR/CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; FCUP - Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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18
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Watanabe M, Kakuta H. Retinoid X Receptor Antagonists. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082354. [PMID: 30103423 PMCID: PMC6121510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinoid X receptor (RXR) antagonists are not only useful as chemical tools for biological research, but are also candidate drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including diabetes and allergies, although no RXR antagonist has yet been approved for clinical use. In this review, we present a brief overview of RXR structure, function, and target genes, and describe currently available RXR antagonists, their structural classification, and their evaluation, focusing on the latest research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Watanabe
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Kakuta
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 1-1-1, Tsushima-naka, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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