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Filatova TS, Kuzmin VS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Pustovit OB, Abramochkin DV, Shiels HA. 3-Methyl-phenanthrene (3-MP) disrupts the electrical and contractile activity of the heart of the polar fish, navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142089. [PMID: 38643846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are abundant in crude oil and are enriched during petroleum refinement but knowledge of their cardiotoxicity remains limited. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main hazardous components in crude oil and the tricyclic PAH phenanthrene has been singled out for its direct effects on cardiac tissue in mammals and fish. Here we test the impact of the monomethylated phenanthrene, 3-methylphenanthrene (3-MP), on the contractile and electrical function of the atrium and ventricle of a polar fish, the navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes we show that 3-MP is a potent inhibitor of the delayed rectifier current IKr (IC50 = 0.25 μM) and prolongs ventricular action potential duration. Unlike the parent compound phenanthrene, 3-MP did not reduce the amplitude of the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa) but it accelerated current inactivation thus reducing charge transfer across the myocyte membrane and compromising pressure development of the whole heart. 3-MP was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 4.7 μM) of the sodium current (INa), slowing the upstroke of the action potential in isolated cells, slowing conduction velocity across the atrium measured with optical mapping, and increasing atrio-ventricular delay in a working whole heart preparation. Together, these findings reveal the strong cardiotoxic potential of this phenanthrene derivative on the fish heart. As 3-MP and other alkylated phenanthrenes comprise a large fraction of the PAHs in crude oil mixtures, these findings are worrisome for Arctic species facing increasing incidence of spills and leaks from the petroleum industry. 3-MP is also a major component of polluted air but is not routinely measured. This is also of concern if the hearts of humans and other terrestrial animals respond to this PAH in a similar manner to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana B Pustovit
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Haverinen J, Badr A, Korajoki H, Hassinen M, Vornanen M. Dual effect of polyaromatic hydrocarbons on sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum calcium ATPase (SERCA) activity of a teleost fish (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2024; 276:109785. [PMID: 37977241 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are embryo- and cardiotoxic to fish that might be associated with improper intracellular Ca2+ management. Since sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA) is a major regulator of intracellular Ca2+, the SERCA activity and the contractile properties of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) ventricle were measured in the presence of 3- and 4-cyclic PAHs. In unfractionated ventricular homogenates, acute exposure of SERCA to 0.1-1.0 μM phenanthrene (Phe), retene (Ret), fluoranthene (Flu), or pyrene (Pyr) resulted in concentration-dependent increase in SERCA activity, except for the Flu exposure, with maximal effects of 49.7-83 % at 1 μM. However, PAH mixture did not affect the contractile parameters of trout ventricular strips. Similarly, all PAHs, except Ret, increased the myotomal SERCA activity, but with lower effect (27.8-40.8 % at 1 μM). To investigate the putative chronic effects of PAHs on SERCA, the atp2a2a gene encoding trout cardiac SERCA was expressed in human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Culture of HEK cells in the presence of 0.3-1.0 μM Phe, Ret, Flu, and Pyr for 4 days suppressed SERCA expression in a concentration-dependent manner, with maximal inhibition of 49 %, 65 %, 39 % (P < 0.05), and 18 % (P > 0.05), respectively at 1 μM. Current findings indicate divergent effects of submicromolar PAH concentrations on SERCA: stimulation of SERCA activity in acute exposure and inhibition of SERCA expression in chronic exposure. The depressed expression of SERCA is likely to contribute to the embryo- and cardiotoxicity of PAHs by depressing muscle function and altering gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaakko Haverinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - Ahmed Badr
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, 82524 Sohag, Egypt
| | - Hanna Korajoki
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Minna Hassinen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti Vornanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, P.O. Box 111, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
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Yaar S, Filatova TS, England E, Kompella SN, Hancox JC, Bechtold DA, Venetucci L, Abramochkin DV, Shiels HA. Global Air Pollutant Phenanthrene and Arrhythmic Outcomes in a Mouse Model. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2023; 131:117002. [PMID: 37909723 PMCID: PMC10619431 DOI: 10.1289/ehp12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The three-ringed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) phenanthrene (Phe) has been implicated in the cardiotoxicity of petroleum-based pollution in aquatic systems, where it disrupts the contractile and electrical function of the fish heart. Phe is also found adsorbed to particulate matter and in the gas phase of air pollution, but to date, no studies have investigated the impact of Phe on mammalian cardiac function. OBJECTIVES Our objectives were to determine the arrhythmogenic potential of acute Phe exposure on mammalian cardiac function and define the underlying mechanisms to provide insight into the toxicity risk to humans. METHODS Ex vivo Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts were used to test the arrhythmogenic potential of Phe on myocardial function, and voltage- and current-clamp recordings were used to define underlying cellular mechanisms in isolated cardiomyocytes. RESULTS Mouse hearts exposed to ∼ 8 μ M Phe for 15-min exhibited a significantly slower heart rate (p = 0.0006 , N = 10 hearts), a prolonged PR interval (p = 0.036 , N = 8 hearts), and a slower conduction velocity (p = 0.0143 , N = 7 hearts). Whole-cell recordings from isolated cardiomyocytes revealed action potential (AP) duration prolongation (at 80% repolarization; p = 0.0408 , n = 9 cells) and inhibition of key murine repolarizing currents-transient outward potassium current (I to ) and ultrarapid potassium current (I Kur )-following Phe exposure. A significant reduction in AP upstroke velocity (p = 0.0445 , n = 9 cells) and inhibition of the fast sodium current (I Na ; p = 0.001 , n = 8 cells) and calcium current (I Ca ; p = 0.0001 ) were also observed, explaining the slowed conduction velocity in intact hearts. Finally, acute exposure to ∼ 8 μ M Phe significantly increased susceptibility to arrhythmias (p = 0.0455 , N = 9 hearts). DISCUSSION To the best of our knowledge, this is the first evidence of direct inhibitory effects of Phe on mammalian cardiac electrical activity at both the whole-heart and cell levels. This electrical dysfunction manifested as an increase in arrhythmia susceptibility due to impairment of both conduction and repolarization. Similar effects in humans could have serious health consequences, warranting greater regulatory attention and toxicological investigation into this ubiquitous PAH pollutant generated from fossil-fuel combustion. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP12775.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sana Yaar
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Tatiana S. Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ellie England
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Shiva N. Kompella
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jules C. Hancox
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - David A. Bechtold
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Luigi Venetucci
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Denis V. Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly A. Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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Abramochkin DV, Filatova TS, Kuzmin VS, Voronkov YI, Kamkin A, Shiels HA. Tricyclic hydrocarbon fluorene attenuates ventricular ionic currents and pressure development in the navaga cod. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 273:109736. [PMID: 37659611 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2023.109736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The release of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) into the environment due to oil and diesel fuel spills is a serious threat to Arctic fish populations. PAHs produce multiple toxic effects in fish, but disturbance of electrical and contractile activity of the heart seems to be the most negative effect. Our study focused on the effects of fluorene, a tricyclic PAH resembling the well-investigated tricyclic phenanthrene, on major ionic currents and action potential (AP) waveform in isolated ventricular myocytes and on contractile activity in isolated whole hearts of polar navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). Among the studied currents, the repolarizing rapid delayed rectifier K+ current IKr demonstrated the highest sensitivity to fluorene with IC50 of 0.54 μM. The depolarizing inward currents, INa and ICaL, were inhibited with 10 μM fluorene by 20.2 ± 2.8 % and 27.9 ± 8.4 %, respectively, thereby being much less sensitive to fluorene than IKr. Inward rectifier IK1 current was insensitive to fluorene (up to 10 μM). While 3 μM fluorene prolonged APs, 10 μM also slowed the AP upstroke. Resting membrane potential was not affected by any tested concentrations. In isolated heart experiments 10 μM fluorene caused modest depression of ventricular contractile activity. Thus, we have demonstrated that fluorene, a tricyclic PAH present in high quantities in crude oil, strongly impacts electrical activity with only slight effects on contractile activity in the heart of the polar fish, the navaga cod.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Biology, MSU-BIT University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China; Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yuri I Voronkov
- State Research Center of the Russian Federation, Institute of Biomedical Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andre Kamkin
- Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, UK
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Sørhus E, Nakken CL, Donald CE, Ripley DM, Shiels HA, Meier S. Cardiac toxicity of phenanthrene depends on developmental stage in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163484. [PMID: 37068678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures like crude oil, and single components such as Phenanthrene (Phe), induce cardiotoxicity by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling. However, recent work has demonstrated that the timing of pollutant exposure during embryogenesis greatly impacts the degree of cardiac dysfunction caused. Here, we aimed to clarify the temporal dependence of Phe toxicity and the downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction using Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Phe (nominal concentration, 1.12 μmol/L), or the L-type‑calcium channel blocker Nicardipine (Nic) (nominal concentration, 2 and 4 μmol/L), were individually applied to cod embryos either during cardiogenesis (early) or after the onset of cardiac function (late). Phe toxicity was highly dependent on the timing of exposure. Exposure after the onset of cardiac function (i.e. late) caused more severe cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities at 3 days post hatching (dph) than early exposure. Late Phe exposure resulted in a smaller ventricle, eliminated ventricular contraction, and reduced atrial contraction. In contrast, early Phe exposure did not have an effect on cardiac development and function. This temporal difference was not as evident in the Nic treatment. Early Nic exposure created similar morphological phenotypes to the late Phe exposure. The two treatments (early Nic and late Phe) also shared a cardiofunctional phenotype, comprised of eliminated ventricular, and reduced atrial, contraction. These data suggest that extracardiac abnormalities, such as the craniofacial deformities seen after late embryonic exposure to cardiotoxic oil components and mixtures, are mostly downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel M Ripley
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Holly A Shiels
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
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Donald CE, Nakken CL, Sørhus E, Perrichon P, Jørgensen KB, Bjelland HK, Stølen C, Kancherla S, Mayer P, Meier S. Alkyl-phenanthrenes in early life stage fish: differential toxicity in Atlantic haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:594-608. [PMID: 36727431 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00357k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be the primary toxic components of crude oil. Such compounds including phenanthrene are known to have direct effects on cardiac tissue, which lead to malformations during organogenesis in early life stage fish. We tested a suite of 13 alkyl-phenanthrenes to compare uptake and developmental toxicity in early life stage haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos during gastrulation/organogenesis beginning at 2 days post fertilization via passive dosing. The alkyl-phenanthrenes were tested at their solubility limits, and three of them also at lower concentrations. Measured body burdens were linearly related to measured water concentrations. All compounds elicited one or more significant morphological defects or functional impairment, such as decreased length, smaller eye area, shorter jaw length, and increased incidence of body axis deformities and eye deformities. The profile of developmental toxicities appeared unrelated to the position of alkyl substitution, and gene expression of cytochrome 1 a (cyp1a) was low regardless of alkylation. Mortality and sublethal effects were observed below the expected range for baseline toxicity, thus indicating excess toxicity. Additionally, PAH concentrations that resulted in toxic effects here were far greater than when measured in whole crude oil exposures that cause toxicity. This work demonstrates that, while these phenanthrenes are toxic to early life stage fish, they cannot individually account for most of the developmental toxicity of crude oil, and that other compounds and/or mixture effects should be given more consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte L Nakken
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hege K Bjelland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Christine Stølen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sindhu Kancherla
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Filatova TS, Mikhailova VB, Guskova VO, Abramochkin DV. The Effects of Phenanthrene on the Electrical Activity in the Heart of Shorthorn Sculpin (Myoxocephalus scorpio). J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0022093022070055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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The Role of the Ecotoxicology Applied to Seafood as a Tool for Human Health Risk Assessments Concerning Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031211. [PMID: 35162233 PMCID: PMC8834783 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are persistent pollutants routinely detected in aquatic ecosystems. It is, therefore, necessary to assess the link between deleterious marine biota PAH effects, especially in commercialized and consumed animals, environmental health status, and potential human health risks originating from the consumption of contaminated seafood products. Thus, this review seeks to verify the relationships of ecotoxicological studies in determining effect and safety concentrations on animals routinely consumed by humans. Methods: A total of 52 published studies between 2011 and 2021, indexed in three databases, were selected following the PICO methodology, and information on test animals, evaluated PAH, and endpoints were extracted. Results: Benzo(a)pyrene and phenanthrene were the most investigated PAHs in terms of biomarkers and test organisms, and mussels were the most evaluated bioindicator species, with an emphasis on reproductive responses. Furthermore, despite the apparent correlation between environmental PAH dynamics and effects on aquatic biota and human health, few assessments have been performed in a multidisciplinary manner to evaluate these three variables together. Conclusions: The links between human and environmental sciences must be strengthened to enable complete and realistic toxicity assessments as despite the application of seafood assessments, especially to mussels, in bioassays, the connection between toxicological animal responses and risks associated with their consumption is still understudied.
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Yang H, Li J, Liu B, Chen L. Identification of source information for sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents in surface water on the basis of particle swarm optimisation, differential evolution and Metropolis-Hastings sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:67292-67309. [PMID: 34247354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15132-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A quick and accurate identification of source information on sudden hazardous chemical leakage accident is crucial for early accident warning and emergency response. This study firstly regards source identification problem of sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents as an inverse problem and presents a source identification model based on the Bayesian framework. Secondly, a new identification method is designed on the basis of particle swarm optimisation (PSO), differential evolution (DE) and the Metropolis-Hastings (M-H) sampling method. Lastly, the designed method, i.e. PSO-DE-MH, is verified by an outdoor experiment analyses in a section of the South-North Water Transfer Project. Results show that the number of iterations, the average absolute error, the average relative error and the average standard deviations of the identification results obtained by PSO-DE-MH are less than those of PSO-DE and DE-MH. Moreover, the relative error and the sampling relative error of the identification results under five different measurement errors (MEs) (σ = 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2) are less than 9.5% and 0.2%, respectively. The designed method is effective even when the standard deviation of the ME increases to 0.2. Therefore, the designed method can effectively and accurately obtain the source information of sudden hazardous chemical leakage accidents. This study provides a new idea and method to solve the difficult problems of emergency management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Yang
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
- Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden
| | - Jinjin Li
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
| | - Biyu Liu
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China.
- Department of Business Administration, Technology and Social Sciences, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, 97187, Sweden.
| | - Luying Chen
- School of Economics and Management, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, 350116, China
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