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Baez-Gonzalez AS, Carrazco-Carrillo JA, Figueroa-Gonzalez G, Quintas-Granados LI, Padilla-Benavides T, Reyes-Hernandez OD. Functional effect of indole-3 carbinol in the viability and invasive properties of cultured cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 2023; 35:101492. [PMID: 37304131 PMCID: PMC10250583 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2023.101492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment typically involves multiple strategies, such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy, to remove tumors. However, chemotherapy often causes side effects, and there is a constant search for new drugs to alleviate them. Natural compounds are a promising alternative to this problem. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a natural antioxidant agent that has been studied as a potential cancer treatment. I3C is an agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), a transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of genes related to development, immunity, circadian rhythm, and cancer. In this study, we investigated the effect of I3C on cell viability, migration, invasion properties, as well as mitochondrial integrity in hepatoma, breast, and cervical cancer cell lines. We found that all tested cell lines showed impaired carcinogenic properties and alterations in mitochondrial membrane potential after treatment with I3C. These results support the potential use of I3C as a supplementary treatment for various types of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea S. Baez-Gonzalez
- Wesleyan University, 52 Lawn Ave, Middletown, CT, 06459, USA
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, Mexico City, Mexico
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Reyes-Hernández OD, Figueroa-González G, Quintas-Granados LI, Gutiérrez-Ruíz SC, Hernández-Parra H, Romero-Montero A, Del Prado-Audelo ML, Bernal-Chavez SA, Cortés H, Peña-Corona SI, Kiyekbayeva L, Ateşşahin DA, Goloshvili T, Leyva-Gómez G, Sharifi-Rad J. 3,3'-Diindolylmethane and indole-3-carbinol: potential therapeutic molecules for cancer chemoprevention and treatment via regulating cellular signaling pathways. Cancer Cell Int 2023; 23:180. [PMID: 37633886 PMCID: PMC10464192 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-023-03031-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary compounds in cancer prevention have gained significant consideration as a viable method. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) and 3,3'-diindolylmethane (DIM) are heterocyclic and bioactive chemicals found in cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, and brussels sprouts. They are synthesized after glycolysis from the glucosinolate structure. Clinical and preclinical trials have evaluated the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic, effectiveness, antioxidant, cancer-preventing (cervical dysplasia, prostate cancer, breast cancer), and anti-tumor activities of I3C and DIM involved with polyphenolic derivatives created in the digestion showing promising results. However, the exact mechanism by which they exert anti-cancer and apoptosis-inducing properties has yet to be entirely understood. Via this study, we update the existing knowledge of the state of anti-cancer investigation concerning I3C and DIM chemicals. We have also summarized; (i) the recent advancements in the use of I3C/DIM as therapeutic molecules since they represent potentially appealing anti-cancer agents, (ii) the available literature on the I3C and DIM characterization, and the challenges related to pharmacologic properties such as low solubility, and poor bioavailability, (iii) the synthesis and semi-synthetic derivatives, (iv) the mechanism of anti-tumor action in vitro/in vivo, (v) the action in cellular signaling pathways related to the regulation of apoptosis and anoikis as well as the cell cycle progression and cell proliferation such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and PPARγ agonists; SR13668, Akt inhibitor, cyclins regulation, ER-dependent-independent pathways, and their current medical applications, to recognize research opportunities to potentially use these compounds instead chemotherapeutic synthetic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio Daniel Reyes-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Cáncer, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Figueroa-González
- Laboratorio de Farmacogenética, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UMIEZ, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 09230, Mexico
| | | | | | - Hector Hernández-Parra
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Alejandra Romero-Montero
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - María Luisa Del Prado-Audelo
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Campus Ciudad de México, C. Puente 222, Ciudad de México, 14380, Mexico
| | - Sergio Alberto Bernal-Chavez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Hernán Cortés
- Laboratorio de Medicina Genómica, Departamento de Genómica, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Sheila I Peña-Corona
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lashyn Kiyekbayeva
- Pharmaceutical School, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
- Faculties of Pharmacy, Public Health and Nursing, Kazakh-Russian Medical University, Almaty, Kazakhstan
| | - Dilek Arslan Ateşşahin
- Baskil Vocational School, Department of Plant and Animal Production, Fırat University, Elazıg, 23100, Turkey
| | - Tamar Goloshvili
- Department of Plant Physiology and Genetic Resources, Institute of Botany, Ilia State University, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia
| | - Gerardo Leyva-Gómez
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, Mexico.
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Schmidt JR, Haupt J, Riemschneider S, Kämpf C, Löffler D, Blumert C, Reiche K, Koehl U, Kalkhof S, Lehmann J. Transcriptomic signatures reveal a shift towards an anti-inflammatory gene expression profile but also the induction of type I and type II interferon signaling networks through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation in murine macrophages. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1156493. [PMID: 37287978 PMCID: PMC10242070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1156493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates a broad range of target genes involved in the xenobiotic response, cell cycle control and circadian rhythm. AhR is constitutively expressed in macrophages (Mϕ), acting as key regulator of cytokine production. While proinflammatory cytokines, i.e., IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, are suppressed through AhR activation, anti-inflammatory IL-10 is induced. However, the underlying mechanisms of those effects and the importance of the specific ligand structure are not yet completely understood. Methods Therefore, we have compared the global gene expression pattern in activated murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) subsequently to exposure with either benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) or indole-3-carbinol (I3C), representing high-affinity vs. low-affinity AhR ligands, respectively, by means of mRNA sequencing. AhR dependency of observed effects was proved using BMMs from AhR-knockout (Ahr-/-) mice. Results and discussion In total, more than 1,000 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) could be mapped, covering a plethora of AhR-modulated effects on basal cellular processes, i.e., transcription and translation, but also immune functions, i.e., antigen presentation, cytokine production, and phagocytosis. Among DEGs were genes that are already known to be regulated by AhR, i.e., Irf1, Ido2, and Cd84. However, we identified DEGs not yet described to be AhR-regulated in Mϕ so far, i.e., Slpi, Il12rb1, and Il21r. All six genes likely contribute to shifting the Mϕ phenotype from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory. The majority of DEGs induced through BaP were not affected through I3C exposure, probably due to higher AhR affinity of BaP in comparison to I3C. Mapping of known aryl hydrocarbon response element (AHRE) sequence motifs in identified DEGs revealed more than 200 genes not possessing any AHRE, and therefore being not eligible for canonical regulation. Bioinformatic approaches modeled a central role of type I and type II interferons in the regulation of those genes. Additionally, RT-qPCR and ELISA confirmed a AhR-dependent expressional induction and AhR-dependent secretion of IFN-γ in response to BaP exposure, suggesting an auto- or paracrine activation pathway of Mϕ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes R. Schmidt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Janine Haupt
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sina Riemschneider
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Kämpf
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dennis Löffler
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Conny Blumert
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kristin Reiche
- Department of Diagnostics, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Immunology, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stefan Kalkhof
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Applied Sciences, Institute for Bioanalysis, Coburg University of Applied Sciences and Arts, Coburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Lehmann
- Department of Preclinical Development and Validation, Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Leipzig, Germany
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence Immune-Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Leipzig, Germany
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Nagia M, Morgan I, Gamel MA, Farag MA. Maximizing the value of indole-3-carbinol, from its distribution in dietary sources, health effects, metabolism, extraction, and analysis in food and biofluids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023:1-22. [PMID: 37051943 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2023.2197065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Indole-3-carbinol (I3C) is a major dietary component produced in Brassica vegetables from glucosinolates (GLS) upon herbivores' attack. The compound is gaining increasing interest due to its anticancer activity. However, reports about improving its level in plants or other sources are still rare. Unfortunately, I3C is unstable in acidic media and tends to polymerize rendering its extraction and detection challenging. This review presents a multifaceted overview of I3C regarding its natural occurrence, biosynthesis, isolation, and extraction procedure from dietary sources, and optimization for the best recovery yield. Further, an overview is presented on its metabolism and biotransformation inside the body to account for its health benefits and factors to ensure the best metabolic yield. Compile of the different analytical approaches for I3C analysis in dietary sources is presented for the first time, together with approaches for its detection and its metabolism in body fluids for proof of efficacy. Lastly, the chemopreventive effects of I3C and the underlying action mechanisms are summarized. Optimizing the yield and methods for the detection of I3C will assist for its incorporation as a nutraceutical or adjuvant in cancer treatment programs. Highlighting the complete biosynthetic pathway and factors involved in I3C production will aid for its future biotechnological production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Nagia
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Compounds, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim Morgan
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Mirette A Gamel
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Farag
- Pharmacognosy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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Zheng W, Wang W, Fu D, Zhang T, Liang Z, Yan L, Liu C, Zheng L. Microwave bag cooking affects the quality, glucosinolates content and hydrolysate production of broccoli florets. Food Res Int 2023; 164:112401. [PMID: 36738020 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Appropriate processing and cooking technologies can effectively improve the content of bioactive compounds in vegetables. The effects of microwave bag cooking on broccoli floret quality attributes, glucosinolates (GLSs) content and hydrolysate production were investigated in this study. Microwave bag cooking not only preserved the color of the florets, but also enhanced the total phenolic and flavonoid content, as well as total chlorophyll and ascorbic acid content. Furthermore, the majority of the microorganisms were inactivated, and the structure of the florets was greatly destroyed, thereby increasing antioxidant capacity and promoting the release of GLSs and myrosinase activity in the florets. Moreover, microwave bag cooking significantly enriched the sulforaphane (SFN) and indole-3-carbinol (I3C) production of broccoli florets in the meantime, demonstrating that it was a convenient and quick cooking option to satisfy the requirements of modern consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiu Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Wenhao Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Desheng Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Tianyu Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Zhengrui Liang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Ling Yan
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Changhong Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China; Engineering Research Center of Bio-Process, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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Toydemir G. Screening of the AhR- and Nrf2-linked transcriptional activities of some cruciferous vegetables and nuts in human intestinal epithelial cells as foods containing endogenous AhR ligand precursors. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08905436.2022.2028263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gamze Toydemir
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alanya Alaaddin Keykubat University, Antalya, Turkey
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Brassica Bioactives Could Ameliorate the Chronic Inflammatory Condition of Endometriosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249397. [PMID: 33321760 PMCID: PMC7763502 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic, inflammatory, hormone-dependent disease characterized by histological lesions produced by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterine cavity. Despite the fact that an estimated 176 million women are affected worldwide by this gynecological disorder, risk factors that cause endometriosis have not been properly defined and current treatments are not efficient. Although the interaction between diet and human health has been the focus of many studies, little information about the correlation of foods and their bioactive derivates with endometriosis is available. In this framework, Brassica crops have emerged as potential candidates for ameliorating the chronic inflammatory condition of endometriosis, due to their abundant content of health-promoting compounds such as glucosinolates and their hydrolysis products, isothiocyanates. Several inflammation-related signaling pathways have been included among the known targets of isothiocyanates, but those involving aquaporin water channels have an important role in endometriosis. Therefore, the aim of this review is to highlight the promising effects of the phytochemicals present in Brassica spp. as major candidates for inclusion in a dietary approach aiming to improve the inflammatory condition of women affected with endometriosis. This review points out the potential roles of glucosinolates and isothiocyanates from Brassicas as anti-inflammatory compounds, which might contribute to a reduction in endometriosis symptoms. In view of these promising results, further investigation of the effect of glucosinolates on chronic inflammatory diseases, either as diet coadjuvants or as therapeutic molecules, should be performed. In addition, we highlight the involvement of aquaporins in the maintenance of immune homeostasis. In brief, glucosinolates and the modulation of cellular water by aquaporins could shed light on new approaches to improve the quality of life for women with endometriosis.
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