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Çol S, Başçeken S, Baran A. Synthesis of biscarbazole derivative, detection of the "on-off" sensor property of Cu 2+ by fluorimetry, and anti-cancer evaluation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124624. [PMID: 38878725 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024]
Abstract
Biscarbazole derivative probe (6) (Z)-2-(3-(((9-heptyl-9H-carbazol-3-yl)methylene)amino)-9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethan-1-ol containing an imine group, which is a sensitive and selective fluorescence chemosensor, was designed and synthesized for the effective evaluation of Cu2+ metal ion levels. The synthesized compounds were characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, FT-IR, and MALDI-TOF MS (for compound 6) spectroscopic data. The interaction model between probe 6 and Cu2+ was determined by combining fluorescence methods, 1H NMR titration, Job's plot, and theoretical calculations. For probe 6, the fluorogenic recognition of Cu2+ was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy, and the optical changes caused by Cu2+ ions were carried out in ACN/H2O (50:50) solution at pH 7.0. Fluorescence probe 6 was found to "turn-off" its fluorescence in the presence of paramagnetic Cu2+ ions. Probe 6 was determined to have a rapid response within 40s and showed a fluorescence response to Cu2+ with a low detection limit of 0.16 μM. Additionally, in vitro anticancer activity and cell imaging studies of probe 6 against the prostate cell line (PC-3) were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sümeyye Çol
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Sinan Başçeken
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Hitit University, Çorum, Turkey
| | - Arif Baran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Sakarya University, 54187 Sakarya, Turkey.
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2
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Lv C, Hu B, Tao Y. A Novel AIE-Active Salicylaldehyde-Schiff Base Probe with Carbazole Group for Al 3+ Detection in Aqueous Solution. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03859-7. [PMID: 39133442 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03859-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
A donor-acceptor Schiff-base fluorescent probe BKS with chelation enhanced fluorescence (CHEF) mechanism was designed and synthesized via benzophenone(Acceptor), salicylaldehyde and carbazole(Donor) for Al3+ detection, which exhibited typical aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristic. BKS probe could provide outstanding selectivity to Al3+ with a prominent fluorescence "turn-on" at 545 nm in a wide pH range from 2 to 11. By the Job's plot, the binding stoichiometry ratio of probe BKS to Al3+ was determined 1:1. The proposed strategy offered a very low limit of detection at 1.486 µM in THF/H2O(V/V = 1:4, HEPBS = 10 mM, pH = 7.40), which was significantly lower than the standard of WHO (Huang et al., Microchem J 151:104195, 2019)-(Yongjie Ding et al., Spectrochim Acta Mol Biomol Spectrosc 167:59-65, 2021) guidelines for drinking water. BKS probe could provide a wider linear detection range of 50 to 500 µM. Furthermore, the probe could hardly be interfered by other examined metal ions. The analysis of Al3+ in real water samples with appropriate recovery (100.72 to 102.85) with a relative standard deviation less than 2.82% indicated the accuracy and precision of BKS probe and the great potential in the environmental monitoring of Al3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyan Lv
- Research and development department, Hunan Langsai technology company, Yueyang, Hunan Province, 414006, PR China
| | - Bowen Hu
- Research and development department, Hunan Langsai technology company, Yueyang, Hunan Province, 414006, PR China.
| | - Yong Tao
- Research and development department, Hunan Langsai technology company, Yueyang, Hunan Province, 414006, PR China.
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3
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Udhayakumari D. Mechanistic Innovations in Fluorescent Chemosensors for Detecting Toxic Ions: PET, ICT, ESIPT, FRET and AIE Approaches. J Fluoresc 2024:10.1007/s10895-024-03843-1. [PMID: 39018001 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-024-03843-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Fluorescent chemosensors have become vital tools for detecting toxic ions due to their exceptional sensitivity, selectivity, and rapid response times. These sensors function through various mechanisms, each providing unique advantages for specific applications. This review offers a comprehensive overview of the mechanistic innovations in fluorescent chemosensors, emphasizing five key approaches: Photoinduced Electron Transfer (PET), Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET), Intramolecular Charge Transfer (ICT), Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE), and Excited-State Intramolecular Proton Transfer (ESIPT). We highlight the substantial progress made in developing these chemosensors, discussing their design principles, sensing mechanisms, and practical applications, with a particular focus on their use in detecting toxic ions relevant to environmental and biological contexts.
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Ufnal D, Cyniak JS, Krzyzanowski M, Durka K, Sakurai H, Kasprzak A. Sumanene-carbazole conjugate with push-pull structure and its chemoreceptor application. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:5117-5126. [PMID: 38766811 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00539b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
The first-of-its-kind tetra-substituted sumanene derivative, featuring the push-pull chromophore architecture, has been successfully designed. The inclusion of both strong electron-withdrawing (CF3) and electron-donating (carbazole) moieties in this buckybowl compound has enhanced the charge transfer characteristics of the molecule. This enhancement was supported by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and emission spectra analyses along with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The application of the title sumanene-carbazole push-pull chromophore as a selective recognition material for cesium cations (Cs+) was also presented. The title compound exhibited effective and selective Cs+-trapping ability, characterized by a high apparent binding constant value (at the level of 105) and a low limit of detection (0.09-0.13 μM). Owing to the tuned optical properties of the title push-pull chromophore, this study marks the first time in sumanene-tethered chemoreceptor chemistry where efficient tracking of Cs+ binding was possible with both absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. This work introduces a new approach toward tuning the structure of bowl-shaped optical chemoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Ufnal
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Jakub S Cyniak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maurycy Krzyzanowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Durka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Hidehiro Sakurai
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, 2-1 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871 Osaka, Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICSOTRI), Osaka University, Suita 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Artur Kasprzak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego Str. 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
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Kumar H, Obrai S. Ratiometric fluorescent sensing of melatonin based on inner filter effect and smartphone established detection. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123309. [PMID: 37716042 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a crucial neurohormone having inhibitory effects over various types of cancer. In this work, 3,6-Diaminocarbazole (DAC), a fluorescent probe is utilized to detect MLT in a highly sensitive, selective and facile way. The unique feature of present work is that MLT is sensed by ratiometric fluorescent technique based on the inner filter effect (IFE) using DAC at an emission wavelength of 310 nm. As a result, a noticeable change in color from red to cyan is observed and the quantitative analysis of fluorescence signals at these wavelengths are used to detect MLT observing a linear relationship between the ratio of emission intensities and the concentration of MLT over a linear range of 0 to 78 μM. DAC can accurately measure the detailed quantity of MLT with a limit of detection of 30 nM and has proved to be an efficient sensing probe due to its excellent molar absorptivity and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). Sensing characterization was carried out UV-Vis, steady-state, and time- resolved fluorescence spectroscopic techniques. The smartphone app "RGB colour detector" value has been successfully linked with the considerable detectable color changes of DAC on addition of MLT. HOMO-LUMO have been calculated using DFT with B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level and band gaps of 3.77 eV and 4.91 eV were found for DAC and MLT, respectively. Electrons are not allowed energetically to transfer from MLT to DAC, as is evident from their band gaps. Therefore, IFE can be considered the foremost method in fluorescence quenching of present investigation. The developed sensor was verified by spiking of MLT in human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himanshu Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India
| | - Sangeeta Obrai
- Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology, Jalandhar, Punjab 144011, India.
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Battal A, Kassa SB, Altinolcek Gultekin N, Tavasli M, Onganer Y. A reaction-based carbazole-dicyanovinyl conjugated colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe for selective detection of cyanide ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 304:123350. [PMID: 37688886 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, 4-(9'-hexylcarbazol-3'-yl)benzylidenemalononitrile 5 (probe L) was tested as a colorimetric and ratiometric fluorescent probe in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) medium towards anions, cations and neutral molecules. The sensing properties of probe L were investigated by using UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy techniques. Probe L showed selectivity and sensitivity towards cyanide ions (CN-) in the presence of analytes used. Upon the addition of CN-, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) band at 425 nm in UV spectrum disappeared. In addition, ICT emission intensity at 593 nm decreased and ligand-centred (LC) emission intensity at 480 nm increased. These findings indicate that nucleophilic conjugate addition of CN- to the dicyanovinyl group of probe L successfully occurs, hence forming a new adduct between probe L and CN-. In this adduct, π-conjugation was partially blocked, and the ICT transfer was hindered. Adduct formation was proved by Job's plot, 1H NMR and FT-IR analysis. Probe L showed very low limit of detection (LOD) value of 1.467 nM towards CN-. Probe L was also applied to the CN- detection in real-world water samples by the spike and recovery method. The maximum relative standard deviation (RSD) value was 4.24, indicating this method works successfully. Therefore, probe L could find a potential use in detection of CN- in liquid media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Battal
- Department of Elementary School of Education, Faculty of Education, Muş Alparslan University, 49100 Muş, Turkiye
| | - Solomon Bezabeh Kassa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkiye
| | - Nuray Altinolcek Gultekin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science-Art, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Turkiye
| | - Mustafa Tavasli
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science-Art, Bursa Uludag University, 16059 Nilufer, Bursa, Turkiye.
| | - Yavuz Onganer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Atatürk University, 25240 Erzurum, Turkiye.
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Ullah Q, Khan SA, Arifuddin M, Mohsin M, Kausar S, Fatema N, Ahmer MF. Recent Developments in Colorimetric and Fluorometric Detection Methods of Trivalent Metal Cations (Al 3+, Fe 3+ and Cr 3+) Using Schiff Base Probes: At a Glance. J Fluoresc 2023:10.1007/s10895-023-03514-7. [PMID: 38133749 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
This review basically concerned with the application of different Schiff bases (SB) based fluorimetric (turn-off and turn-on) and colorimetric chemosensors for the detection of heavy metal cations particularly Al(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III) ions. Chemosensors based on Schiff bases have exhibited outstanding performance in the detection of different metal cations due to their facile and in-expensive synthesis, and their excellent coordination ability with almost all metal cations and stabilize them in different oxidation states. Moreover, Schiff bases have also been used as antifungal, anticancer, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, antioxidant, and antimalarial etc. The Schiff base also can be used as an intermediate for the formation of various heterocyclic compounds. In this review, we have focused on the research work performed on the development of chemosensors (colorimetric and fluorometric) for rapid detection of trivalent metal cations particularly Al(III), Fe(III), and Cr(III) ions using Schiff base as a ligand during 2020-2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim Ullah
- Chemistry Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Salman Ahmad Khan
- Chemistry Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Mohammed Arifuddin
- Chemistry Department, Directorate of Distance Education (DDE), Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Md Mohsin
- Chemistry Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Samrin Kausar
- Chemistry Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Nahid Fatema
- Chemistry Section, School of Sciences, Maulana Azad National Urdu University, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500032, India
| | - Mohammad Faraz Ahmer
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Mewat Engineering College, Nuh Gurugram University Haryana, Gurugram, India.
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Jiang ST, Gao DJ, Yu Y, Yu Y. A portable front face fluorescent system for in situ detection of aluminum in flour foods. Food Chem 2023; 418:135986. [PMID: 36996656 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.135986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
A simple and rapid method for in situ detection of aluminum in flour food was developed by using a self-made portable front face fluorescent system (PFFFS). The effects of pH, temperature, reaction time, protective agent and masking agent on the detection of Al3+ were investigated. The use of fluorescent probe protective agent, interfering ion masking agent, multi-point collection measurements and the working curves based on the analyte content in the real samples makes the present method have high accuracy, selectivity and reliability for in situ detection of Al3+ in flour foods. By comparison with the ICP-MS the accuracy and reliability of the present method were verified. The results showed that when 97 real samples were analyzed the Al3+ content values obtained by the present method and those obtained by ICP-MS method reached a highly significant correlation, with r ranging from 0.9747 to 0.9844. The self-made PFFFS combined with fluorescent probe does not require sample digestion, and can quickly detect Al3+ in flour food within 10 min. Therefore, the present method based on using FFFS has good practical application value for in-situ rapid detection of Al3+ in flour foods.
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Pang Y, Meng D, Liu J, Duan S, Fan J, Gao L, Long X. Schiff Base Compounds as Fluorescent Probes for the Highly Sensitive and Selective Detection of Al3+ Ions. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28073090. [PMID: 37049853 PMCID: PMC10096070 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28073090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new Schiff base fluorescent probes (L and S) were designed for selectively detecting Al3+ ions in aqueous medium. Structural characterization of the purely synthesized compounds was acquired by IR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR. Moreover, their photochromic and fluorescent behaviors have been investigated systematically by UV–Vis absorption and fluorescence spectra. The two probes have both high selectivity and sensitivity toward Al3+ ions in aqueous medium. The 2:1 stoichiometry between the Al3+ and probes was verified by Job’s plot. Moreover, the limits of detection (LOD) for Al3+ by L and S were 1.98 × 10−8 and 4.79 × 10−8 mol/L, respectively, which was much lower than most previously reported probes. The possible recognition mechanism was that the metal ions would complex with Schiff base probes because of the prevalence of the species optimal for complex formation, inhibiting the structural isomerization of conjugated double bonds (-C=N-), inhibiting the proton transfer process in the excited state of the molecules and resulting in changes of its color and fluorescence behavior. Furthermore, the probes will have potential applications for selectively, detecting Al3+ ions in the environmental system with high accuracy and providing a new strategy for the design and synthesis of multi-functional sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pang
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
| | - Desu Meng
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Agriculture and Bioengineering, Heze University, Heze 274000, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Shengxia Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (S.D.)
| | - Jingru Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
| | - Longyu Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
| | - Xinshu Long
- Department of Chemistry and Engineering, Heze University, Heze 274500, China
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A pyrazole derived “off-on-off” fluorescence sensor for sequential detection of Al3+ and Fe3+. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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A dual-functional chemosensor based on acylhydrazone derivative for rapid detection of Zn(II) and Mg(II): spectral properties, recognition mechanism and application studies. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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12
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Synthesis and Characterization of a Carbazole-Based Schiff Base Capable of Detection of Al 3+ in Organic/Aqueous Media. J Fluoresc 2022; 32:2097-2106. [PMID: 35915282 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-022-03008-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescence probe (L) selectively detecting Al3+ ions was synthesized via the condensation reaction, and characterized using UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectroscopic techniques. The limit of detection for Al3+ ions of this synthesized probe was found to be 9.29 × 10-7 M, while the Ka constant value was determined to be 1.64 × 104 M-1. The stoichiometric binding ratio of L-Al3+ was found to be 2:1 using the Job's plot method, and this ratio was also confirmed by 1H-NMR titration and mass spectrometry. The recyclability of the chemosensor was found by the fluorescence method through the addition of EDTA to the L-Al3+ solution. The obtained data showed that the carbazole-based Schiff base acted as an ideal chemosensor for Al3+. Carbazole-based Schiff base as a fluorescent sensor for detection of Al3+ was synthesized and characterized. The association constant (Ka) was calculated to be 1.64 × 104 M-1 and the limit of detection (LOD) value was determined to be 9.29 × 10-7 M. It was determined that th Schiff base was bound to Al3+ ions in 2:1 stoichiometric ratio. In the presence of other competitive metal cations, the selectivity of sensor L to Al3+ was not significantly affected.
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