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Balu P, Balakrishna Pillai AK, Mariappan V, Ramalingam S. Cytokine levels in gingival tissues as an indicator to understand periodontal disease severity. CURRENT RESEARCH IN IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 5:100080. [PMID: 39026560 PMCID: PMC11254528 DOI: 10.1016/j.crimmu.2024.100080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Cytokines regulate periodontal pathogenesis and are relevant estimates of current disease activity. There is sparse information on status of cytokine protein levels in periodontal pocket (gingival) tissues. The current study analysed proteins and transcripts of selected cytokines in varying severity of periodontal disease and elucidated cytokine/cytokine ratios that best indicated periodontal disease severity, in gingival tissues. A total of 92 participants comprising of generalised moderate periodontitis (GMP, n = 18), generalised severe periodontitis (GSP, n = 46) and periodontally healthy controls (PHC, n = 25) were recruited for the study. Interproximal gingival tissue samples were utilised for cytokine protein estimation and mRNA quantification by qRT-PCR and ELISA respectively. Selected key pro and anti-inflammatory cytokines, also representative of various Th subsets were analysed. ROC curve analysis was performed and Youden index was calculated for individual cytokines and pro/anti-inflammatory cytokine ratio to estimate the best indicator of periodontal severity/progression in tissues. IL-1β, TGF-β and IFN-γ cytokine protein levels varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) with severity of periodontal disease between groups. On comparison between deep and shallow sites within same participant, deep sites showed significant elevation of TGF-β (p ≤ 0.01) and IFN-γ (p ≤ 0.05) and IL-17 cytokines and shallow sites showed elevation of IL-4(p ≤ 0.01) and IL-1β (p ≤ 0.05) cytokines. Analysis of transcripts showed IFN-γ and IL-1β transcript predominance in GSP (p = 0.01) compared to PHC. ROC analysis illustrated 97% sensitivity, 93% specificity with Youden index of 90% for IL-1β cytokine and 81%sensitivity, 79% specificity with a Youden index of 60% for IL-1β/TGF-β ratio In periodontal pocket tissue, a lack of distinct predominance of specific cytokines between study groups or between shallow and deep sites affected by periodontal disease was observed. However, ROC analysis of cytokines revealed IL-1β cytokine and IL-1β/TGF-β ratio as promising indicators of periodontal disease severity in gingival tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pratebha Balu
- Department of Periodontology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Dental Sciences (IGIDS), Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607402, India
| | - Agiesh Kumar Balakrishna Pillai
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI)Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607402, India
| | - Vignesh Mariappan
- Mahatma Gandhi Medical Advanced Research Institute (MGMARI),Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, (Deemed to be University), Puducherry, 607402, India
| | - Sudhakar Ramalingam
- Oral &Maxillofacial pathology and microbiology, Sri Venkateshwara dental college, Puducherry, 605102, India
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Çelen S, Öngöz Dede F, Avşar C. Role of Inhibitor SMADs in Stage 3 Grade B periodontitis before and after periodontal treatment. J Periodontal Res 2021; 57:41-51. [PMID: 34581437 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to examine the levels of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) and inhibitory-Smads (I-Smads) in saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in patients with Stage 3 Grade B periodontitis before and after non-surgical periodontal treatment. BACKGROUND Recently, it has been stated that Smads play an active role in all conditions where TGF-β is involved, including periodontal inflammation. METHODS Twenty healthy participants (control) and 20 patients with Stage 3, Grade B periodontitis were recruited. GCF and saliva samples and clinical periodontal recordings were investigated at the baseline and 1 month after treatment. TGF-β and I-Smads (Smads 6 and 7) were determined by ELISA. RESULTS Salivary Smad6 and Smad7 levels were significantly lower in the periodontitis group than healthy controls (p < .05), while there was no difference in salivary TGF-β levels between groups at baseline (p > .05). The total amounts and concentrations of GCF TGF-β, Smad6, and Smad7 were significantly lower in the periodontitis group than healthy controls at baseline (p < .05), and then decreased in concentration levels with treatment (p < .001). Positive correlations were found between total amounts and concentrations of GCF TGF-β, Smad6, and Smad7 (p < .05). CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that Smad6 and Smad7 in GCF and saliva decreased in periodontitis and then increased after periodontal treatment. Our study suggests that I-Smads act in parallel with TGF-β in periodontal inflammation and may have a role in the development of periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selman Çelen
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Figen Öngöz Dede
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Ordu University, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Candeğer Avşar
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Medical Biochemistry, İzmir Katip Çelebi University, İzmir, Turkey
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Tütüncüoğlu S, Cetinkaya BO, Pamuk F, Avci B, Keles GC, Kurt-Bayrakdar S, Lütfioğlu M. Clinical and biochemical evaluation of oral irrigation in patients with peri-implant mucositis: a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:659-671. [PMID: 34251534 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04044-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This randomized clinical trial aimed to compare the efficacy of an oral irrigator and an interdental brush in patients with peri-implant mucositis clinically and biochemically at different time points (at baseline and at the 2nd, 4th, and 12th weeks). MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five patients with at least one implant with peri-implant mucositis were included in the present study (n = 45). The patients were divided into three groups: oral irrigator + toothbrush (OI group, n = 15), interdental brush + toothbrush (IB group, n = 15), and toothbrush only (control) (C group, n = 15). The modified plaque index (mPlI), modified sulcus bleeding index (mSBI), probing pocket depth (PPD), probing attachment level (PAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) were recorded at baseline and at the 2nd, 4th, and 12th weeks. The levels of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were also determined in the peri-implant crevicular fluid samples biochemically. RESULTS The mSBI and t-PA at the 2nd week (p = 0.003; p = 0.003); the mPlI, mSBI, BOP, t-PA, and PAI-1 at the 4th week (p < 0.05; p < 0.001; p < 0.001; p = 0.015; p = 0.011); and the mPlI, mSBI, IL-1β, t-PA, and PAI-1 at the 12th week (p < 0.05; p < 0.001; p = 0.013; p < 0.001; p = 0.002) were significantly lower in the OI group compared with those in the C group. Meanwhile, PAI-1 at the 2nd week, mSBI at the 4th week, and t-PA at the 12th week were significantly lower in the OI group compared with those in the IB group (p < 0.001; p = 0.011; p = 0.003). At the 2nd, 4th, and 12th weeks, all other parameters were not statistically different in the three groups. CONCLUSION The clinical indexes (such as mSBI and BOP) that play an important role in the diagnosis of peri-implant mucositis showed the lowest means (although limited) in the OI group at all evaluation time points. Moreover, when the clinical and biochemistry results were interpreted altogether, it became apparent that the OI group exhibited similar or more effective results than the IB group in resolving peri-implant mucositis. In light of the foregoing, this study concluded that the use of an oral irrigator can be as effective as an interdental brush in interdental cleaning. CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, it is suggested that the regular use of an oral irrigator along with a toothbrush could be an appropriate alternative to other oral hygiene products such as dental floss and interdental brush for the management of peri-implant mucositis by preventing the accumulation of dental plaque (NCT03844035).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Burcu Ozkan Cetinkaya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ferda Pamuk
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Beykent University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Bahattin Avci
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Gonca Cayir Keles
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Istanbul Okan University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevda Kurt-Bayrakdar
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University, Eskisehir, Turkey.
| | - Müge Lütfioğlu
- Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Ondokuz Mayis University, Samsun, Turkey
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Özcan E, Saygun I, Kantarcı A, Özarslantürk S, Serdar MA, Özgürtaş T. The effects of a novel non-invasive application of platelet-rich fibrin on periodontal clinical parameters and gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor-β and collagen-1 levels: A randomized, controlled, clinical study. J Periodontol 2021; 92:1252-1261. [PMID: 33382101 DOI: 10.1002/jper.20-0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several potential benefits have been attributed to the platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), including enhanced tissue healing properties. In this study, we hypothesized that the application of PRF as an adjunct to conventional scaling and root planing (ScRp) would enhance the outcomes of non-surgical periodontal therapy. METHODS The present study was a split-mouth randomized controlled clinical trial design in 24 deep periodontal pockets in 12 patients with periodontitis. The pockets were randomly assigned as test or control. The test group received PRF as an adjunct to ScRp, whereas the control group received ScRp only. We measured periodontal clinical parameters at baseline, 3, and 6 months after the treatments. To study the initial healing in response to treatment, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and collagen-1 (Col-1) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at baseline, third, seventh, and 14th days. RESULTS The test group showed a significantly greater pocket reduction, higher clinical attachment gain, and less gingival recession than the control group at 3 and 6 months. The test Col-1 levels (1.27 ± 1.05, 1.35 ± 0.76, 0.97 ± 0.53 ng/site) and TGF-β levels (11.93 ± 2.68, 12.54 ± 3.66, 17.19 ± 11.66 pg/site) were higher than the control Col-1 levels (0.76 ± 0.20, 0.84 ± 0.24, 0.57 ± 0.19 ng/site) and TGF-β levels (6.34 ± 1.67, 6.35 ± 3.44, 7.51 ± 2.85 pg/site) at all measurement days respectively. CONCLUSIONS Non-surgical application of the PRF as an adjunct to conventional ScRp may effectively improve the periodontal clinical parameters via increasing expression of the GCF TGF-β and Col-1 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erkan Özcan
- Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, Department of Periodontology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Işıl Saygun
- Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, Department of Periodontology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Savaş Özarslantürk
- Gulhane Dentistry Faculty, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Taner Özgürtaş
- Gulhane Medical Faculty, Department of Biochemistry, Health Sciences University, Ankara, Turkey
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Giménez-Siurana A, Gómez García F, Pagan Bernabeu A, Lozano-Pérez AA, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Cenis JL, López-Jornet P. Chemoprevention of Experimental Periodontitis in Diabetic Rats with Silk Fibroin Nanoparticles Loaded with Resveratrol. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9010085. [PMID: 31963913 PMCID: PMC7022414 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: the objective of the present work is to study the effectiveness of treatment with silk fibroin nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol in experimental periodontitis in a diabetic rat model. Introduction: Periodontitis is an inflammatory pathology highly related to other diseases, such as type II diabetes. Both diseases have a specific inflammatory condition, with Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β and Transforming Grow Factor (TGF)-1β being the most relevant proinflammatory factors. Silk fibroin (SF) nanoparticles loaded with resveratrol (Res-SFN) are a new alternative as a treatment. Methods: 40 diabetic Sprague Dawley male rats were used and periodontitis was induced by ligation. The animals were divided into 5 treatment groups, and 1 mL of treatment was administered once a day for 4 weeks. The groups were: I: Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) 0.8%, II: CMC 0.8% + SF 1%, III: CMC 0.8% + RES-SFN 3 mg/mL, IV: CMC 0.8% + SF 1% + RES-SFN 3 mg/mL, V: Water. A peripheral blood sample was taken every week to quantify the inflammatory profile by ELISA (IL-6, IL-1β and TGF-1β). After 4 weeks the sacrifice was carried out and biopsies of the gum were taken. Results: Treatment with SF and RES-SFN reduced the amount of chemical inflammation mediators (with the exception of IL-1β in comparisons I-IV and II-IV (p > 0.05)), as well as the anatomopathological variables linked to it, in a significant way (p < 0.05). Conclusion: treatment with RES-SFN has reduced local inflammation in this experimental periodontitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Giménez-Siurana
- Department of Bucal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Av. Marqués de los Vélez, 2 Floor. 3008, Murcia, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Francisco Gómez García
- Department of Bucal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Av. Marqués de los Vélez, 2 Floor. 3008, Murcia, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (F.G.G.)
| | - Ana Pagan Bernabeu
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor 30150 La Alberca, Murcia, Spain; (A.P.B.); (A.A.L.-P.); (S.D.A.-C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Antonio Abel Lozano-Pérez
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor 30150 La Alberca, Murcia, Spain; (A.P.B.); (A.A.L.-P.); (S.D.A.-C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor 30150 La Alberca, Murcia, Spain; (A.P.B.); (A.A.L.-P.); (S.D.A.-C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - José Luis Cenis
- Department of Biotechnology, Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA), C/Mayor 30150 La Alberca, Murcia, Spain; (A.P.B.); (A.A.L.-P.); (S.D.A.-C.); (J.L.C.)
| | - Pía López-Jornet
- Department of Bucal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Av. Marqués de los Vélez, 2 Floor. 3008, Murcia, Spain; (A.G.-S.); (F.G.G.)
- Correspondence:
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Santamaria-Jr M, Bagne L, Zaniboni E, Santamaria MP, Jardini MAN, Felonato M, Dos Santos GMT, Mendonça FAS, Esquisatto MAM. Diabetes mellitus and periodontitis: Inflammatory response in orthodontic tooth movement. Orthod Craniofac Res 2019; 23:27-34. [PMID: 31461798 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study evaluated, in experimental model, the inflammatory alterations in gingival tissue and alveolar bone during the orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in diabetes mellitus (D) and periodontitis (P). SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION Forty male Wistar rats, 90 days old and weighing 300 g. MATERIALS AND METHODS The sample was divided into four groups (n = 10). OTM: orthodontic movement (10 days, 0.4 N force); P + OTM: periodontitis (ligature-induced periodontitis, 3-0 silk suture thread) and orthodontic movement; D + OTM: diabetes (Alloxan-induced diabetes, 150 mg/kg) and orthodontic movement; and D + P + OTM: diabetes, periodontitis and orthodontic movement. Tooth displacement was measured; fibroblast, inflammatory cells, osteoclast and blood vessels were quantified by histomorphometric analysis. Inflammatory markers, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) were quantified by ELISA (Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay) in gingival tissue. The fibroblastic growth factor (bFGF), transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) and the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were measured via Western blotting in the alveolar bone. The results were analysed by ANOVA and Tukey's test at a 5% significance level. RESULTS The quantification of inflammatory cells and the expression of IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β1 and bFGF were increased in diabetes and periodontitis. However, the number of fibroblasts and blood vessels and the percentage of birefringent collagen fibres were higher in healthy animals. There was greater tooth displacement in the OTM group. CONCLUSION Diabetes Mellitus modifies the inflammatory response. The increased expression of inflammatory markers IL-6, TNF-α and TGF-β1 in diabetic animals impairs neovasculogenesis and tissue reorganization during orthodontic tooth movement, which may be aggravated by periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milton Santamaria-Jr
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Bagne
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil
| | - Ewerton Zaniboni
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil.,Graduate Program of Orthodontics, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil
| | - Mauro Pedrine Santamaria
- ICT-UNESP, Division of Periodontics, UNESP São Paulo State University, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | | | - Maíra Felonato
- Graduate Program of Biomedical Sciences, University Center of the Hermínio Ometto Foundation-FHO, Araras, Brazil
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Oliveira SHP, Brito VGB, Frasnelli SCT, Ribeiro BDS, Ferreira MN, Queiroz DP, Beltan CT, Lara VS, Santos CF. Aliskiren Attenuates the Inflammatory Response and Wound Healing Process in Diabetic Mice With Periodontal Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:708. [PMID: 31333451 PMCID: PMC6620569 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize the role of local RAS (renin–angiotensin system) in the inflammatory response of normal (N) and diabetic (D) mice with periodontal disease (PD). Diabetes Mellitus (DM) was induced by peritoneal injection of streptozotocin in Balb/c mice. PD was induced by ligature around the first molar in both N and D, irrespective of whether they were treated with aliskiren (50 mg/kg, Alisk). Mandibles were harvested for histomorphometric analyses, and gingival tissue (GT) was collected to evaluate gene expression and extracellular matrix components (ECM). Immunohistochemical (IHC) analyses were used to localize RAS in GT. The production of C-reactive protein (CRP), IL-1β, CXCL2, and CCL8 was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Renin was found to exacerbate the inflammation and periodontal bone loss at 14 days after PD, and Alisk inhibited this process in GT of N and D. PD increased CRP, CXCL2, CCL8, and IL-1β production in both animals. Alisk could inhibit CRP, CXCL2, and CCL8 primarily in D animals. However, only CCL8 was decreased in N animals after Alisk pretreatment. PD enhanced expression and production of AGT, ACE, AT1R, and AT2R in both N and D. AT1R expression was higher in D with PD, and AT2R expression was higher in N with PD. ACE2 and receptor Mas (MasR) expression and production was elevated in the control group of both animals. PD inhibited ACE2 in N but not in D. MasR expression was unaffected in both N and D with PD. Alisk reduced expression and production of all RAS components in GT of both animals, except for ACE2 in N. RAS staining was observed in all layers of epithelium, basal cell layer, and lamina propria and was higher in N with PD. Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1, and fibronectin (Fn1) were increased in both animals with PD. Alisk inhibited Col1a1 and Fn in both animals, Col1a2 was decreased only in D, while levels of Col3a1 remained unchanged in all animal groups. In conclusion, these data demonstrated the presence and functional role of local RAS in GT, exacerbating the inflammatory response, periodontal bone loss, and wound healing processes in both N and D animal groups. In addition, Alisk was able to significantly reduce gingival inflammation, excessive wound healing processes, and periodontal bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Helena Penha Oliveira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor Gustavo Balera Brito
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sabrina Cruz Tfaile Frasnelli
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Ribeiro
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milena Nunes Ferreira
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dayane Priscilla Queiroz
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Programa Multicêntrico de Pós-graduação em Ciências Fisiológicas, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carluci Taís Beltan
- Department of Basic Sciences, School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, São Paulo State University (UNESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Soares Lara
- Department of Stomatology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo (USP), Bauru, Brazil
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Fine DH, Patil AG, Loos BG. Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. J Periodontol 2018; 89 Suppl 1:S103-S119. [DOI: 10.1002/jper.16-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Fine
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Amey G. Patil
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Fine DH, Patil AG, Loos BG. Classification and diagnosis of aggressive periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45 Suppl 20:S95-S111. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel H. Fine
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Amey G. Patil
- Department of Oral Biology; Rutgers School of Dental Medicine; Rutgers University - Newark; NJ USA
| | - Bruno G. Loos
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Center of Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit; Amsterdam The Netherlands
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Periodontal Disease Associated with Aortic Arch Atheroma in Patients with Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2017; 26:2137-2144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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11
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Pamuk F, Lütfioğlu M, Aydoğdu A, Koyuncuoglu CZ, Cifcibasi E, Badur OS. The effect of low-level laser therapy as an adjunct to non-surgical periodontal treatment on gingival crevicular fluid levels of transforming growth factor-beta 1, tissue plasminogen activator and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 in smoking and non-smoki. J Periodontal Res 2017; 52:872-882. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Pamuk
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Yeditepe Univesity; Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul Aydin University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - M. Lütfioğlu
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Ondokuzmayis University; Samsun Turkey
| | - A. Aydoğdu
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul Research and Application Center; Baskent University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - C. Z. Koyuncuoglu
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul Aydin University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - E. Cifcibasi
- Department of Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
| | - O. S. Badur
- Division of Virology and Immunology; Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Medicine; Istanbul University; Istanbul Turkey
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Yoshimoto T, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, Matsuda S, Komatsuzawa H, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans outer membrane protein 29 (Omp29) induces TGF-β-regulated apoptosis signal in human gingival epithelial cells via fibronectin/integrinβ1/FAK cascade. Cell Microbiol 2016; 18:1723-1738. [PMID: 27121139 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Gingival junctional epithelial cell apoptosis caused by periodontopathic bacteria exacerbates periodontitis. This pathological apoptosis is involved in the activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β). However, the molecular mechanisms by which microbes induce the activation of TGF-β remain unclear. We previously reported that Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) activated TGF-β receptor (TGF-βR)/smad2 signalling to induce epithelial cell apoptosis, even though Aa cannot bind to TGF-βR. Additionally, outer membrane protein 29 kDa (Omp29), a member of the Aa Omps family, can induce actin rearrangements via focal adhesion kinase (FAK) signalling, which also plays a role in the activation of TGF-β by cooperating with integrin. Accordingly, we hypothesized that Omp29-induced actin rearrangements via FAK activity would enhance the activation of TGF-β, leading to gingival epithelial cell apoptosis in vitro. By using human gingival epithelial cell line OBA9, we found that Omp29 activated TGF-βR/smad2 signalling and decreased active TGF-β protein levels in the extracellular matrix (ECM) of cell culture, suggesting the transactivation of TGF-βR. Inhibition of actin rearrangements by cytochalasin D or blebbistatin and knockdown of FAK or integrinβ1 expression by siRNA transfection attenuated TGF-βR/smad2 signalling activity and reduction of TGF-β levels in the ECM caused by Omp29. Furthermore, Omp29 bound to fibronectin (Fn) to induce its aggregation on integrinβ1, which is associated with TGF-β signalling activity. All the chemical inhibitors and siRNAs tested blocked Omp29-induced OBA9 cells apoptosis. These results suggest that Omp29 binds to Fn in order to facilitate Fn/integrinβ1/FAK signalling-dependent TGF-β release from the ECM, thereby inducing gingival epithelial cell apoptosis via TGF-βR/smad2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Komatsuzawa
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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Yoshimoto T, Fujita T, Kajiya M, Matsuda S, Ouhara K, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Involvement of smad2 and Erk/Akt cascade in TGF-β1-induced apoptosis in human gingival epithelial cells. Cytokine 2015; 75:165-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Inflammatory Mediators of Leprosy Reactional Episodes and Dental Infections: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:548540. [PMID: 26339136 PMCID: PMC4539113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/548540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactional episodes in leprosy are a result of complex interactions between the immune system, Mycobacterium leprae, and predisposing factors, including dental infections. To determine the main inflammatory mediators in the immunopathological process of dental infections and leprosy reactions, we conducted a systematic review of primary literature published between 1996 and 2013. A three-stage literature search was performed (Stage I, "leprosy reactions" and "inflammatory mediators"; Stage II, "dental infections" and "inflammatory mediators"; and Stage III, "leprosy reactions," "dental infections," and "inflammatory mediators"). Of the 911 eligible publications, 10 were selected in Stage I, 68 in Stage II, and 1 in Stage III. Of the 27 studied inflammatory mediators, the main proinflammatory mediators were IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-17; the main anti-inflammatory mediators were IL-10 and IL-4. Serum IL-6 and TNF-α concentrations were significant during periodontal and reactional lesion evolution; IFN-γ and IL-1β were associated with types 1 and 2 reactions and chronic periodontal disease. The proinflammatory mediators in dental infections and leprosy reactions, especially IL-6 and TNF-α, were similar across studies, regardless of the laboratory technique and sample type. IFN-γ and IL-1β were significant for leprosy reactions and periodontal diseases. This pattern was maintained in serum.
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Vikram V, Ramakrishnan T, Anilkumar K, Ambalavanan N. Changes in Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Gingival Crevicular Fluid of Patients with Chronic Periodontitis Following Periodontal Flap Surgery. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC13-6. [PMID: 25859517 PMCID: PMC4378799 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/11039.5539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The aim of the study was to assess changes in Transforming Growth Factor- β1 (TGF-β1) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and examine correlation of TGF-β1 levels and periodontal parameters: probing pocket depth (PPD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) in sites with chronic periodontitis at various time intervals before and after periodontal surgery. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of non-surgical and surgical therapy on periodontal parameters and GCF TGF-β1 levels in 18 sites affected with chronic periodontitis were assessed upto 6 weeks post conventional flap surgery. GCF was collected and PPD, CAL recorded at Baseline. GCF was collected and PPD, CAL recorded at Pre-surgery and flap surgery performed. GCF was collected from all sites at Two Weeks Post-surgery. GCF was collected and PPD, CAL recorded at Six Weeks Post-surgery. The concentration of TGF-β1 in GCF was determined using a human TGF-β1 enzyme immunometric assay kit. RESULTS Mean TGF-β1 concentrations were significantly reduced at Pre-surgery, at Two Weeks Post-surgery and at Six Weeks Post-surgery (p<0.05) when compared to Baseline TGF-β1 values. There was a statistically significant reduction in PPD and gain in CAL following non-surgical and surgical therapy when compared to baseline (p<0.05). CONCLUSION RESULTS indicate that TGF-β1 may play a role in the pathogenesis and diagnosis of periodontal disease and could be considered as a disease predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vignesh Vikram
- PG Student, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
| | - T. Ramakrishnan
- Professor, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
| | - K. Anilkumar
- Reader, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
| | - N. Ambalavanan
- Professor & HOD, Department of Periodontology, Meenakshi Ammal Dental College and Hospital, Maduravoyal, Chennai, India
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Huang J, Ding C, Chen X, He R, Chen N. Association ofTGF-β1−509C/T, +869T/C, and +915G/C polymorphisms with periodontitis susceptibility. Oral Dis 2014; 21:443-50. [PMID: 25385297 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Physical Examination Center; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - C Ding
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - X Chen
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - R He
- Department of Stomatology; The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
- School of Medicine; Hangzhou Normal University; Hangzhou China
| | - N Chen
- Hangzhou Geriatric Hospital; Hangzhou China
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Mize TW, Sundararaj KP, Leite RS, Huang Y. Increased and correlated expression of connective tissue growth factor and transforming growth factor beta 1 in surgically removed periodontal tissues with chronic periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:315-9. [PMID: 25040058 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Both gingival tissue destruction and regeneration are associated with chronic periodontitis, although the former overwhelms the latter. Studies have shown that transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1), a growth factor largely involved in tissue regeneration and remodeling, is upregulated in chronic periodontitis. However, the gingival expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF or CCN2), a TGF-β1-upregulated gene, in patients with periodontitis remains undetermined. Although both CTGF/CCN2 and TGF-b1 increase the production of extracellular matrix, they have many different biological functions. Therefore, it is important to delineate the impact of periodontitis on gingival CTGF/CCN2 expression. MATERIAL AND METHODS Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from seven individuals without periodontitis (group 1) and from 14 with periodontitis (group 2). The expression of CTGF and TGFβ1 mRNAs were quantified using real-time PCR. RESULTS Analysis using the nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test showed that the levels of expression of both CTGF/CCN2 and TGFβ1 mRNAs were significantly increased in individuals with periodontitis compared with individuals without periodontitis. Furthermore, analysis using a nonparametric correlation (Spearman r) test showed a positive correlation between TGFβ1 and CTGF/CCN2 mRNAs. CONCLUSION The gingival expression levels of CTGF/CCN2 and TGFβ1 mRNAs in individuals with periodontitis are upregulated and correlated.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Mize
- Division of Periodontics, James B. Edwards College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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Duarte PM, Bastos MF, Fermiano D, Rabelo CC, Perez-Chaparro PJ, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Feres M. Do subjects with aggressive and chronic periodontitis exhibit a different cytokine/chemokine profile in the gingival crevicular fluid? A systematic review. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:18-27. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P. M. Duarte
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. F. Bastos
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - D. Fermiano
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - C. C. Rabelo
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - P. J. Perez-Chaparro
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - L. C. Figueiredo
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Faveri
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
| | - M. Feres
- Dental Research Division; Department of Periodontology; Guarulhos University; São Paulo Brazil
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Maeda H, Wada N, Tomokiyo A, Monnouchi S, Akamine A. Prospective potency of TGF-β1 on maintenance and regeneration of periodontal tissue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 304:283-367. [PMID: 23809439 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407696-9.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal ligament (PDL) tissue, central in the periodontium, plays crucial roles in sustaining tooth in the bone socket. Irreparable damages of this tissue provoke tooth loss, causing a decreased quality of life. The question arises as to how PDL tissue is maintained or how the lost PDL tissue can be regenerated. Stem cells included in PDL tissue (PDLSCs) are widely accepted to have the potential to maintain or regenerate the periodontium, but PDLSCs are very few in number. In recent studies, undifferentiated clonal human PDL cell lines were developed to elucidate the applicable potentials of PDLSCs for the periodontal regenerative medicine based on cell-based tissue engineering. In addition, it has been suggested that transforming growth factor-beta 1 is an eligible factor for the maintenance and regeneration of PDL tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidefumi Maeda
- Department of Endodontology, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Gong Y, Lu J, Ding X. Clinical, microbiologic, and immunologic factors of orthodontic treatment-induced gingival enlargement. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2011; 140:58-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajodo.2010.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 02/01/2010] [Accepted: 02/01/2010] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Hanes PJ, Krishna R. Characteristics of inflammation common to both diabetes and periodontitis: are predictive diagnosis and targeted preventive measures possible? EPMA J 2010; 1:101-16. [PMID: 23199045 PMCID: PMC3405308 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-010-0016-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 01/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes and periodontitis are chronic inflammatory disorders that contribute to each others' severity and worsen each others' prognosis. Studies have shown that patients with diabetes are at increased risk of developing periodontitis, and that diabetics with untreated periodontitis have more difficulty controlling serum glucose. Periodontal treatment that reduces gingival inflammation aids in the control of hyperglycemia. Periodontitis is accompanied by gingival bleeding and the production of an inflammatory exudate termed gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) that arises from the inflamed gingival tissues surrounding the teeth. GCF contains byproducts of connective tissue degradation, enzymes from host and bacterial cells, cytokines and other inflammatory mediators, and has been studied for screening blood glucose and for biomarkers of both diabetes and periodontitis. This review focuses on the inter-relationship between diabetes and periodontitis and the biomarkers common to both these diseases that may enable earlier detection, targeted preventive measures and individualized therapeutic intervention of these chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J. Hanes
- Department of Periodontics, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | - Ranjitha Krishna
- Department of Periodontics, Medical College of Georgia School of Dentistry, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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TNFα and TGF-β1 influence IL-18-induced IFNγ production through regulation of IL-18 receptor and T-bet expression. Cytokine 2010; 49:177-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 09/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Handfield M, Baker HV, Lamont RJ. Beyond good and evil in the oral cavity: insights into host-microbe relationships derived from transcriptional profiling of gingival cells. J Dent Res 2008; 87:203-23. [PMID: 18296603 DOI: 10.1177/154405910808700302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In many instances, the encounter between host and microbial cells, through a long-standing evolutionary association, can be a balanced interaction whereby both cell types co-exist and inflict a minimal degree of harm on each other. In the oral cavity, despite the presence of large numbers of diverse organisms, health is the most frequent status. Disease will ensue only when the host-microbe balance is disrupted on a cellular and molecular level. With the advent of microarrays, it is now possible to monitor the responses of host cells to bacterial challenge on a global scale. However, microarray data are known to be inherently noisy, which is caused in part by their great sensitivity. Hence, we will address several important general considerations required to maximize the significance of microarray analysis in depicting relevant host-microbe interactions faithfully. Several advantages and limitations of microarray analysis that may have a direct impact on the significance of array data are highlighted and discussed. Further, this review revisits and contextualizes recent transcriptional profiles that were originally generated for the specific study of intricate cellular interactions between gingival cells and 4 important plaque micro-organisms. To our knowledge, this is the first report that systematically investigates the cellular responses of a cell line to challenge by 4 different micro-organisms. Of particular relevance to the oral cavity, the model bacteria span the entire spectrum of documented pathogenic potential, from commensal to opportunistic to overtly pathogenic. These studies provide a molecular basis for the complex and dynamic interaction between the oral microflora and its host, which may lead, ultimately, to the development of novel, rational, and practical therapeutic, prophylactic, and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Handfield
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, Box 100424 JHMHSC, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0424, USA.
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Gürkan A, Afacan B, Emingil G, Töz H, Başkesen A, Atilla G. Gingival crevicular fluid transforming growth factor-beta1 in cyclosporine and tacrolimus treated renal transplant patients without gingival overgrowth. Arch Oral Biol 2008; 53:723-8. [PMID: 18342291 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2008.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 01/12/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of transforming growth factor-beta(1) (TGF-beta(1)) have been previously investigated in relation to the pathogenesis of cyclosporine-A (CsA)-induced gingival overgrowth (GO) but no clinical data are available regarding the GCF levels of TGF-beta(1) in patients treated with tacrolimus (Tac). However, as gingival inflammation is pronounced at sites of GO and this consequently may lead to an elevation in TGF-beta(1) levels the present study aimed to evaluate gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) TGF-beta(1) levels in renal transplant patients using CsA or Tac without GO. METHODS GCF TGF-beta(1) levels were investigated in 30 renal transplant patients without GO medicated with either CsA (n=15) or Tac (n=15). Sixteen gingivitis patients and 15 periodontally healthy subjects were selected as controls. Periodontal status was evaluated by measuring probing depth, plaque index and papilla bleeding index. The TGF-beta(1) levels were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Both CsA and Tac groups had significantly elevated GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount compared to gingivitis and healthy groups (p<0.008). GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount of CsA and Tac groups was similar (p>0.008). Gingivitis and healthy groups had also similar GCF TGF-beta(1) total amount (p>0.008). CONCLUSIONS Within the limits of the present data it is unlikely that TGF-beta(1) is an exclusive mediator of CsA- or Tac-induced GO. However, pathogenesis of GO is multifactorial and contribution of TGF-beta(1) to the interrelations between cytokines and growth factors with fibrogenic potential cannot be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Gürkan
- Ege University, School of Dentistry, Department of Periodontology, Bornova 35100, IZMIR, Turkey.
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