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Sharma P, Patil A, Sharma S, Rout T, Hemgude P, Sabane A. Presence of single nucleotide polymorphisms in transforming growth factor β and insulin-like growth factor 1 in class II malocclusions due to retrognathic mandible. Folia Med (Plovdiv) 2024; 66:243-249. [PMID: 38690820 DOI: 10.3897/folmed.66.e115709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate specific single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) (rs1800469) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) (rs17032362) genes in Class II individuals with a normal maxilla and retrognathic (short) mandible.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amol Patil
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Tanisha Rout
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
| | | | - Anand Sabane
- Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Pune, India
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2
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Marghalani HYA. Volumetric comparison of mandibular condyles and mandibles in the different skeletal classes in the Saudi population. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16750. [PMID: 38188155 PMCID: PMC10771761 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Assessing the relationship between the condyle and mandible volume and the various skeletal classes is essential in orthodontic diagnosis. The current study evaluated this relationship using volumetric cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), cephalometric methods, and the correlations between them. Materials and Methods The study examined 37 full-head CBCTs (74 condyles) from adults in the Saudi population. The condyle and mandible were separated from within the CBCT images. The volume of each segment was compared to measurements from multiple cephalometric analyses. Results The combined total condylar volume has a moderate correlation with the maxillomandibular differential in each of the genders and in the total sample. Mandibular volume has a significant correlation with the Wits appraisal (sagittal classification) in males. It was also significantly correlated with the vertical classification using gonial angles in females and in the total sample. Conclusion The relationship between mandible and condyle volume and cephalometric measurements is both dimensional and within the maxillomandibular complex rather than positional or related to the cranial base. Also, the correlation between the condylar and mandibular volumes and the sagittal and vertical dimensions in the orthodontic skeletal classes provides better insight into the mandibular complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussain Y. A. Marghalani
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Zou Y, Lin H, Cai J, Xie Q, Chen W, Lu YG, Xu L. Effects of functional mandibular lateral shift on craniofacial growth and development in growing rats. J Oral Rehabil 2022; 49:915-923. [PMID: 35583904 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Unilateral posterior crossbite, one of the most frequent malocclusions, is often associated with functional lateral shift of the mandible. Although the effects of functional lateral shift on the mandible and temporomandibular joint have been examined in various animal experiments, cranial and maxillary changes have received less attention. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the effects of functional lateral shift on the craniofacial complex in growing rats. METHODS Eighty 5-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly. divided into an experimental group (n=40), which received an oblique guide appliance that shifted the mandible to the left during closure, and a control group (n=40). The rats were scanned by cone-beam computed tomography at 3 days and 1, 2, 4, and 8 weeks. The dimensions of the mandibular bone, condyle, maxilla and cranium were measured. RESULTS The mandibles of rats in the experimental group were smaller than those of the rats in the control group and were asymmetrical. The condyles of the rats in the experimental group were thinner than those of the control rats. The condylar length on the ipsilateral side was shorter and wider than that on the contralateral side from 4 to 8 weeks. No significant differences in cranial length or height were observed between the experimental and control groups. The height of the upper first molar and alveolar bone on the contralateral side was significantly smaller than that on the ipsilateral side and in the controls from 4 to 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Functional shift in the mandible produces morphological asymmetries in the mandible and maxillary region and may cause bilateral condylar degenerative changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchun Zou
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Hanyu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Jingwen Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China.,Institute of Stomatology & Research Center of Dental and Craniofacial Implants, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Qingqi Xie
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Weijia Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - You-Guang Lu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
| | - Linyu Xu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial & Stomatological Key Lab of Fujian College and University, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, China.,Orthodontics Department, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350001, China
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4
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Lyros I, Ferdianakis E, Halazonetis D, Lykogeorgos T, Alexiou A, Alexiou KE, Georgaki M, Vardas E, Yfanti Z, Tsolakis AI. Three-Dimensional Analysis of Posterior Mandibular Displacement in Rats. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030144. [PMID: 35324872 PMCID: PMC8953185 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular protrusion and its treatment is challenging for the orthodontist. The aim of the present research was to identify macroscopic changes in the mandible, based on three-dimensional Cone Beam Computed Tomography analysis. Seventy-two male Wistar rats were divided into two equal groups, experimental (group A) and control (group B). Each consisted of three equal subgroups of 12 rats (A1, A2, A3, B1, B2, B3). Full-cast orthodontic intraoral devices were attached to the maxillary incisors of the experimental animals, and effected functional posterior mandibular displacement. Throughout the experimental period, all animals were fed with mashed food. Animals were sacrificed at 30 days (A1, B1), 60 days (A2, B2) and 90 days (A3, B3). At the 60th day of the experiment, the orthodontic devices were removed from the remaining experimental subgroup A3. Measurements revealed significant differences in the anteroposterior dimensions between experimental and control subgroups. However, the observed changes in the vertical dimensions, Condylion/Go’–Menton and the Intercondylar distance proved insignificant. Posterior mandibular displacement of the mandible in growing rats affects the morphology of the mandible and culminates in the development of a smaller mandible at a grown age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Efstratios Ferdianakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Demetrios Halazonetis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | | | - Antigoni Alexiou
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Konstantina-Eleni Alexiou
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (K.-E.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Maria Georgaki
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Emmanouil Vardas
- Department of Oral Medicine & Pathology and Hospital Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (M.G.); (E.V.)
| | - Zafeiroula Yfanti
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece; (K.-E.A.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (E.F.); (D.H.); (A.A.); (A.I.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Liu Z, Hou Y, Zhang P, Lu H, Wang W, Ma W. Changes of the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone in the temporomandibular joints of rats under unilateral mastication and expression of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1. JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY, ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY 2021; 123:405-416. [PMID: 34601167 DOI: 10.1016/j.jormas.2021.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to define changes in the rat condylar cartilage and subchondral bone using the unilateral mastication model. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, forty 4-week-old Wistar rats were randomly divided into experimental (n = 20) and control group (n = 20). In the experimental group, unilateral dental splints were placed on the occlusal surface of left maxillary molars. The rats were sacrificed at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks after placement of the splint. Micro-CT scanning and histological staining were performed to observe the changes in the mandibular condylar cartilage and subchondral bone. Levels of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were determined via immunohistochemistry to analyse the occurrence of osteogenic changes. RESULTS Micro-CT scanning findings demonstrated the occurrence of asymmetric growth of condyle in the experimental group. The condylar cartilage and subchondral bone exhibited degradation on the chewing side of the experimental group and showed decreased bone mineral density, thinner cartilage thickness, and increased degree of degeneration and osteoclast activity. Compared with the control group, the expression of IGF-1 was remarkably higher on the non-chewing side. CONCLUSION Long-term unilateral mastication can lead to the occurrence of degenerative changes in the condylar cartilage and subchondral bone during growth and development. IGF-1 may play a role in promoting the process of osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyang Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Yali Hou
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Department of Oral Pathology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Haiyan Lu
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China
| | - Wen Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
| | - Wensheng Ma
- Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China; Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050017, PR China.
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6
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Glöggler JC, Hellmann D, Von Manstein M, Jäger R, Repky S, Beyersmann J, Lapatki BG. Motor learning might contribute to a therapeutic anterior shift of the habitual mandibular position-An exploratory study. J Oral Rehabil 2021; 48:891-900. [PMID: 33983634 DOI: 10.1111/joor.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Passive mandibular advancement with functional appliances is commonly used to treat juvenile patients with mandibular retrognathism. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate whether active repetitive training of the mandible into an anterior position would result in a shift of the habitual mandibular position (HMP). METHODS Twenty adult healthy subjects were randomly assigned to one of two groups: a training group receiving six supervised functional training sessions of 10 min each and a control group without training. Bonded lateral biteplates disengaged occlusion among both groups throughout the 15-day experiment. Customised registration-training appliances consisted of a maxillary component with an anterior plane and a mandibular component with an attached metal sphere. Training sessions consisted of repeated mouth-opening/closing cycles (frequency: 30/min) to hit an anteriorly positioned hemispherical target notch with this metal sphere. The HMP was registered at defined times during the experiment. RESULTS The HMP in the training group showed a statistically significant anterior shift of 1.6 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 1.2 mm), compared with a significant posterior shift of -0.8 mm (IQR: 2.8 mm) in the control group (p < .05). Although the anterior shift among the training group showed a partial relapse 4 days after the first training block, it then advanced slightly in the 4-day interval after the second training block, which might indicate neuroplasticity of the masticatory motor system. CONCLUSIONS Motor learning by repetitive training of the mandible into an anterior position might help to improve the results of functional appliance therapy among patients with mandibular retrognathism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Hellmann
- Department of Prosthodontics, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Rudolph Jäger
- Department of Orthodontics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stefan Repky
- Institute of Statistics, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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Lyros I, Makrygiannakis MA, Lykogeorgos T, Ferdianakis E, Tsolakis AI. Posterior Mandibular Displacement-A Systematic Review Based on Animal Studies. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030823. [PMID: 33804016 PMCID: PMC8000001 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Treating extreme mandibular growth is challenging. The mandible is pushed backwards to address itsprotrusion. Nevertheless, conclusions after such displacement in animals have been contradictory. The aim of the present review is to present measurable alterations of the mandible and the condyle following retractionin healthy rats or rabbits. PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were accessed for relevant studies up to October 2020. Eligibility was determined by the PICOS process, while the risk of bias was estimated with SYRCLE's risk of bias tool. Retraction resulted in a more distal molar occlusion and the condyle rested more posteriorly. Mandibular anteroposterior bilateral growth restriction was achieved, the condylar process measured smaller and its angulation increased. The condylar neck thickened, its posterior surface flattened, the coronoid process was measured longer, and enlarged retromolar density was registered. Differences in the ramus height and the intercondylar distance were insignificant. Changes persisted for the period of study and subsequently the mandible resumed its inherited growth pattern. The timing of mandibular shaping and TMJ outcomes might depend on the properties of the applied force. Stability is of concern and well-structured, long-term studies are expected to resolve the issue and further clarify the results of posterior mandibular displacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Lyros
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Miltiadis A. Makrygiannakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Theodoros Lykogeorgos
- Paediatric Dentist, “Hatzikosta” General Hospital of Messolonghi, 30200 Messolonghi, Greece;
| | - Efstratios Ferdianakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
| | - Apostolos I. Tsolakis
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; (M.A.M.); (E.F.); (A.I.T.)
- Department of Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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8
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Histological Alterations from Condyle Repositioning with Functional Appliances in Rats. J Clin Pediatr Dent 2018; 42:391-397. [PMID: 29763348 DOI: 10.17796/1053-4625-42.5.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was designed to assess the morphological and histological alterations of the condyle of rats undergoing forward mandibular repositioning via functional appliance. MATERIALS AND METHODS Functional appliances were mounted onto the upper jaws of rats. Morphological analysis was conducted on micro-CT images of sacrificed animals. Histological changes in condyle were examined by immunohistochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), matrix metalloproteases (MMPs), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP-1), interleukin 1b (IL-1β), Aggrecan and Type II collagen. Osteoclast activity was identified by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining. RESULTS Morphological analysis confirmed the forward positioning of the condyles of rats by the appliance, but the position gradually returned to normal on days 14 after treatment. An increase in PCNA positive cells was observed in the posterior region of the condyles on days 7, whereas PCNA positive cells decreased in the anterior region. Aggrecan and Type II collagen localization increased in the posterior region throughout the entire period, but decreased in the anterior region on days 14. In both regions, IL-1β and VEGF localization was significantly increased for 14 days while MMPs localization was evident throughout the entire period. The TRAP positive cells were significantly elevated on days 3 and 7. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the functional appliance therapy induces significant morphological and histological changes in the anterior and posterior regions of the condyle and subsequently causes adaptive cellular functions such as chondrocyte differentiation and cartilage matrix formation.
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Curth S, Fischer MS, Kupczik K. Can skull form predict the shape of the temporomandibular joint? A study using geometric morphometrics on the skulls of wolves and domestic dogs. Ann Anat 2017; 214:53-62. [PMID: 28865771 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) conducts and restrains masticatory movements between the mammalian cranium and the mandible. Through this functional integration, TMJ morphology in wild mammals is strongly correlated with diet, resulting in a wide range of TMJ variations. However, in artificially selected and closely related domestic dogs, dietary specialisations between breeds can be ruled out as a diversifying factor although they display an enormous variation in TMJ morphology. This raises the question of the origin of this variation. Here we hypothesise that, even in the face of reduced functional demands, TMJ shape in dogs can be predicted by skull form; i.e. that the TMJ is still highly integrated in the dog skull. If true, TMJ variation in the dog would be a plain by-product of the enormous cranial variation in dogs and its genetic causes. We addressed this hypothesis using geometric morphometry on a data set of 214 dog and 60 wolf skulls. We digitized 53 three-dimensional landmarks of the skull and the TMJ on CT-based segmentations and compared (1) the variation between domestic dog and wolf TMJs (via principal component analysis) and (2) the pattern of covariation of skull size, flexion and rostrum length with TMJ shape (via regression of centroid size on shape and partial least squares analyses). We show that the TMJ in domestic dogs is significantly more diverse than in wolves: its shape covaries significantly with skull size, flexion and rostrum proportions in patterns which resemble those observed in primates. Similar patterns in canids, which are carnivorous, and primates, which are mostly frugivorous imply the existence of basic TMJ integration patterns which are independent of dietary adaptations. However, only limited amounts of TMJ variation in dogs can be explained by simple covariation with overall skull geometry. This implies that the final TMJ shape is gained partially independently of the rest of the skull.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Curth
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Martin S Fischer
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Kornelius Kupczik
- Institut für Spezielle Zoologie und Evolutionsbiologie mit Phyletischem Museum, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Erbertstrasse 1, 07743 Jena, Germany; Max Planck Weizmann Center for Integrative Archaeology and Anthropology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Deutscher Platz 6, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Jiang L, Xie Y, Wei L, Zhou Q, Li N, Jiang X, Gao Y. iTRAQ-based quantitative proteomic analysis on differentially expressed proteins of rat mandibular condylar cartilage induced by reducing dietary loading. Front Med 2017; 11:97-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-016-0496-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Jiang L, Xie Y, Wei L, Zhou Q, Shen X, Jiang X, Gao Y. Identification of the vascular endothelial growth factor signalling pathway by quantitative proteomic analysis of rat condylar cartilage. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 7:44-53. [PMID: 28097087 PMCID: PMC5221432 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is known to play an important role in regulating cartilage remodelling and endochondral ossification. However, the details of how VEGF signalling mechanisms affect condyle remodelling in response to alterations in functional loading remains unclear. To explore this, eighty 16‐day‐old male SD rats were divided into two equal groups which were fed either a soft/powdery diet or a hard diet for 4 weeks; the stiffness of the diet results in alteration of mastication force and hence temporomandibular joint (TMJ) development. We performed a proteomic analysis of rat condylar cartilage using isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) labelling, followed by 2D nano‐high performance liquid chromatography and MALDI‐TOF/time‐of‐flight technology. After protein identification, we used biological information analysis to identify the differentially expressed proteins associated with the VEGF signalling pathway. Among the identified differentially expressed proteins, we found VEGF signalling mainly via the p44/42 MAPK and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways in condylar cartilage, including VEGFD, VGFR2, KPCB, KPCT, KPCZ, ARAF, RASN, PLCG2, PLCG1, JUN and M3K12. Furthermore, four representative protein candidates, VEGF, p38 MAPK and p44/42 MAPK/phospho‐p44/42 MAPK, were confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and western blot. Our data suggest that VEGF might play an important role in TMJ development and remodelling in response to alterations in functional loading through the p44/42 MAPK and p38 MAPK signalling pathway. This study provides new clues to the understanding of the signalling mechanism responsible for VEGF production in response to different masticatory functions at the protein level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Jiang
- Department of Stomatology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China; Department of Prosthodontics Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Yinyin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics Shanghai Institute of Hematology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Li Wei
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Xing Shen
- Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopaedics Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Xinquan Jiang
- Department of Prosthodontics Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
| | - Yiming Gao
- Department of Stomatology Ruijin Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine China
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Pedersen TK, Carlalberta V. Functional and orthopedic treatment in developing dentofacial growth deviation in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Semin Orthod 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.sodo.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Adjunctive techniques for enhancing mandibular growth in Class II malocclusion. Med Hypotheses 2015; 84:301-4. [PMID: 25648662 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Class II malocclusions are generally characterized by mandible retrusion. For this reason, forward bite jumping appliances, also known as functional appliances were originally designed to enhance mandibular forward projection. However, there is still insufficient evidence to support the effectiveness, predictability and stability of functional appliances in modifying mandibular growth. This article was aimed at presenting evidences and hypotheses that mandibular growth may be enhanced through the use of adjunctive methods in conjunction with functional appliances. In formulating our hypothesis, we considered relevant data, mostly derived from animal studies, concerning alternative methods, such as low-intensity ultrasound and light-emitting diode, as well as their related cellular and molecular mechanisms. According to the evidences covered in this article, we suggest that both methods are potentially effective, and theoretically able to act in synergistic way to enhance functional appliances treatment on mandibular and condylar additional growth. The rationale for the use of these methods as adjunctive therapies for mandibular underdevelopment is attributed to their abilities on stimulating angiogenesis, cell differentiation, proliferation, and hypertrophy, as well as enhancing matrix production and endochondoral bone formation, especially on the condyle of growing animals. This article also proposed a study design which would be able to either prove or refute our hypothesis. If ratified, it would represent a significant scientific accomplishment which provides support for further investigations to be carried out on well-designed clinical trials.
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Figueroba S, Desjardins M, Nani B, Ferreira L, Rossi A, Santos F, Venâncio P, Aguiar F, Groppo F. Effect of diazepam on temporomandibular joints in rats with increased occlusal vertical dimension. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2014; 52:438-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Willems NMBK, Langenbach GEJ, Everts V, Zentner A. The microstructural and biomechanical development of the condylar bone: a review. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:479-85. [PMID: 24375755 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjt093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone constantly strives for optimal architecture. Mandibular condyle, which is subjected to various mechanical loads forcing it to be highly adaptive, has a unique structure and a relatively high remodelling rate. Despite the eminent clinical relevance of mandibular condyle, literature on its structural and biomechanical development and on the mechanical role of its mineralized and non-mineralized bone components is scarce. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present review is to provide a brief introduction to basic bone mechanics and a synopsis of the growth and development of human mandibular condyle. Subsequently, the current ideas on the relationship between the structural and biomechanical properties of bone in general and of mandibular condyle in particular are reviewed. Finally, up-to-date knowledge from fundamental bone research will be blended with the current knowledge relevant to clinical dentistry, above all orthodontics. METHODS A comprehensive literature study was performed with an emphasis on recent and innovative work focusing on the interaction between microarchitectural and micromechanical properties of bone. CONCLUSIONS Mandibular condyle is a bone structure with a high bone turnover rate. Mechanical properties of mandibular condyle improve during adolescence and are optimal during adulthood. Local mineralization degree might not be a decisive determinant of the local bone tissue stiffness as was believed hitherto. Bone collagen and its cross links play a role in toughness and tensile strength of bone but not in its compressive properties. Clinical procedures might affect mandibular condyle, which is highly reactive to changes in its mechanical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nop M B K Willems
- Departments of *Orthodontics and**Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands
| | - Geerling E J Langenbach
- **Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands
| | - Vincent Everts
- **Oral Cell Biology and Functional Anatomy, MOVE Research Institute, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, the Netherlands
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Patil AS, Sable RB, Kothari RM, Nagarajan P. Genetic expression of Col-2A and Col-10A as a function of administration of IGF-1 & TGF-<i>β</i> with and without anterior mandibular repositioning appliance on the growth of mandibular condylar cartilage in young rabbit. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ojst.2013.39a002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Farias-Neto A, Martins APVB, Sánchez-Ayala A, Rabie ABM, Novaes PD, Rizzatti-Barbosa CM. The effect of posterior tooth loss on the expression of type II collagen, IL-1β and VEGF in the condylar cartilage of growing rats. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1551-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2011] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Patil AS, Sable RB, Kothari RM. Role of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs), their receptors and genetic regulation in the chondrogenesis and growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage. J Cell Physiol 2012; 227:1796-804. [PMID: 21732349 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growth of the mandibular condylar cartilage (MCC) is reviewed as a function of genetic and epigenetic factors. The growth centers around the differential spatial concentration of the chondrocytes, influence of growth factors like TGF-β and heterogeneity in the number of IGF receptors, control the action of IGF. Besides these factors, growth of the mandibular condyle is influenced by differential response of chondrocytes as a function of their source/ageing, which in turn is regulated by TGF-β, BMPs and IGFs. While IGF-1 promotes proteoglycan synthesis and survival of the chondrocytes to maintain cartilage homeostasis, TGF-β synergistically catalysed the effect of IGF-1, while BMPs catalysed proteolysis as and when physiologically needed. To understand these processes, role of IGF-1 and its six receptors is at the center to a number of physiological processes being regulated by its mode of application for the growth and differentiation. Probing deeper, biological functions of IGFs seemed to depend on their level of free status rather than bound status to respective IGF-binding proteins (IGF-BPs), considered prerequisite to modulate their biological functions. Genetic regulation of their secretion has thrown light on their insulin-like structural homology, level and response in osteo-arthritis (OA), rheumatic arthritis (RA) and diabetes type-II. Biochemistry and spatial distribution of IGF receptors in different domains exerts control on IGF-1 activities. In ultimate analysis, IGF-axis conserved during the evolution to regulate cell growth and proliferation affect nearly every organ in the body as judged from the techniques determining skeletal maturity and decision making dependent on it for orthodontic, orthognathic/orthopedic and dental implant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol S Patil
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Farias-Neto A, Martins APVB, Rizzatti-Barbosa CM. The effect of loss of occlusal support on mandibular morphology in growing rats. Angle Orthod 2012; 82:242-6. [DOI: 10.2319/060711-373.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Paula Varela Brown Martins
- Graduate student, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Célia Marisa Rizzatti-Barbosa
- Professor, Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
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Patil AS, Sable RB, Kothari RM. An update on transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β): sources, types, functions and clinical applicability for cartilage/bone healing. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3094-103. [PMID: 21344394 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been reviewed for its sources, types of isoforms, biochemical effects on cartilage formation/repair, and its possible clinical applications. Purification of three isoforms (TGF-β-1, β-2 and β-3) and their biochemical characterization revealed mainly their homo-dimer nature, with heterodimers in traces, each monomer comprised of 112 amino acids and MW. of 12 500 Da. While histo-chemical staining by a variety of dyes has revealed precise localization of TGF-β in tissues, immune-blot technique has thrown light on their expression as a function of age (neonatal vs. adult), as also on its quantum in an active and latent state. X-ray crystallographic studies and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis have unraveled mysteries of their three-dimensional structures, essential for understanding their functions. Their similarities have led to interchangeability in assays, while differences have led to their specialized clinical applicability. For this purpose, their latent (inactive) form is changed to an active form through enzymatic processes of phosphorylation/glycosylation/transamination/proteolytic degradation. Their functions encompass differentiation and de-differentiation of chondrocytes, synthesis of collagen and proteoglycans (PGs) and thereby maintain homeostasis of cartilage in several degenerative diseases and repair through cell cycle signaling and physiological control. While several factors affecting their performance are already identified, their interplay and chronology of sequences of functions is yet to be understood. For its success in clinical applications, challenges in judicious dealing with the factors and their interplay need to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Patil
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Bharati Vidyapeeth Dental College and Hospital, Bharati Vidyapeeth Deemed University, Pune, Maharashtra, India.
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Galhardo MS, Caldini EG, Battlehner CN, Toledo OMS. Age-dependent physiological changes in the histoarchitecture of the articular cartilage of the rabbit mandibular condyle: a morphological and morphometric study. Cells Tissues Organs 2011; 195:340-52. [PMID: 21893930 DOI: 10.1159/000327722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mandibular condyle articular cartilage participates in condylar postnatal growth and is responsible for adaptations to anatomical and/or biomechanical alterations throughout life. In a preliminary study in rabbits, differences were observed in the thickness of the layers of articular cartilage in control animals at 5 and 6 months (generally considered adults for this purpose). This study aimed to describe sagittally sectioned condylar cartilages stained with Picrosirius-hematoxylin in rabbits at 40 days and 5, 6, 8, 13, and 18 months to determine when histological maturity is reached. At 40 days, 5 layers were seen: fibrous, proliferative, transition, maturation, and hypertrophic. Older animals (5-18 months) lacked the transition layer. Fibrous, proliferative, and hypertrophic regions were considered for morphometric analysis. The thickness of the fibrous region did not change during the analyzed period (p = 0.1899). When proliferative and hypertrophic regions and the total thickness of the cartilage were compared, a difference was detected (p < 0.001). The thickness of the proliferative region was greatest at 40 days and decreased at 5 months; however, it increased at 6 months, when it was significantly thicker than at 5, 8, 13, and 18 months. Both the hypertrophic region and the total thickness were thickest at 40 days, intermediate at 5, 6, and 8 months, and thinnest at 13 and 18 months. In summary, our data suggest a physiological period of increased cartilage growth at 6 months. Additionally, rabbits at this age should be avoided in experiments involving condylar cartilage. Finally, 13-month-old rabbits have reached histological maturity of the condylar cartilage.
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Farias-Neto A, Martins APVB, Figueroba SR, Groppo FC, Almeida SMD, Rizzatti-Barbosa CM. Altered mandibular growth under functional posterior displacement in rats. Angle Orthod 2011; 82:3-7. [PMID: 21787198 DOI: 10.2319/040411-241.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in mandibular growth between growing rats with posterior functional mandibular displacement and growing rats without functional mandibular displacement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty female Wistar rats (5 weeks old) were randomized into two groups: (1) control and (2) mandible posterior displacement in the occluded condition induced by an occlusal guiding appliance. After 8 weeks all animals were sacrificed, cone beam computed tomography scan images of the heads were taken using the classic I-CAT, and acrylic rapid-prototyped templates of the mandibles were constructed. Mandibular length, ramus height, and intercondylar distance were measured. Mandibular length and ramus height were submitted to the two-way analysis of variance, while intercondylar distance was analyzed by nonpaired Student's t-test. RESULTS Mandibular length was bigger (P < .0001) in the control than in the experimental group, but no significant difference was found between the left and right sides (P = .9380). No significant differences were observed for ramus height and intercondylar distance. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study demonstrated that functional posterior displacement of the mandible in growing rats resulted in shorter mandibular length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arcelino Farias-Neto
- Department of Prosthodontics and Periodontology, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Abstract
To present current views that are pertinent to the investigation of the genetic etiology of Class III malocclusion. Class III malocclusion is thought to be a polygenic disorder that results from an interaction between susceptibility genes and environmental factors. However, research on family pedigrees has indicated that Class III malocclusion might also be a monogenic dominant phenotype. Recent studies have reported that genes that encode specific growth factors or other signaling molecules are involved in condylar growth under mechanical strain. These genes, which include Indian hedgehog homolog (IHH), parathyroid-hormone like hormone (PTHLH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), and variations in their levels of expression play an important role in the etiology of Class III malocclusion. In addition, genome-wide scans have revealed chromosomal loci that are associated with Class III malocclusion. It is likely that chromosomal loci 1p36, 12q23, and 12q13 harbor genes that confer susceptibility to Class III malocclusion. In a case-control association study, we identified erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1 (EPB41) to be a new positional candidate gene that might be involved in susceptibility to mandibular prognathism. Most of the earlier studies on the genetic etiology of Class III malocclusion have focused on the patterns of inheritance of this phenotype. Recent investigations have focused on understanding the genetic variables that affect Class III malocclusion and might provide new approaches to uncovering the genetic etiology of this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Xue
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
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