1
|
Trybek G, Jaroń A, Gabrysz-Trybek E, Rutkowska M, Markowska A, Chmielowiec K, Chmielowiec J, Grzywacz A. Genetic Factors of Teeth Impaction: Polymorphic and Haplotype Variants of PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, and IRF6 Genes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13889. [PMID: 37762190 PMCID: PMC10530430 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241813889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent research, there has been a growing awareness of the role of genetic factors in the positioning and eruption of teeth in the maxilla and mandible. This study aimed to evaluate the potential of specific polymorphic markers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) located within the PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, and IRF6 genes to determine the predisposition to tooth impaction. The study participants were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of individuals with at least one impacted secondary tooth. In contrast, the second group (control group) had no impacted teeth in their jaws. To analyze the genes, real-time PCR (polymerase chain reaction) and TaqMan probes were utilized to detect the selected polymorphisms. The findings suggest that disruptions in the structure and function of the mentioned genetic factors such as polymorphic and haplotype variants of PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, and IRF6 genes, which play a direct role in tooth and periodontal tissue development, might be significant factors in tooth impaction in individuals with genetic variations. Therefore, it is reasonable to hypothesize that tooth impaction may be influenced, at least in part, by the presence of specific genetic markers, including different allelic variants of the PAX9, AXIN2, and IRF6 genes, and especially MSX1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Trybek
- Department of Oral Surgery, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72/18, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
- 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Jaroń
- 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Ewa Gabrysz-Trybek
- Individual Specialist Medical Practice Ewa Gabrysz-Trybek, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Monika Rutkowska
- 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Aleksandra Markowska
- 4th Military Clinical Hospital in Wroclaw, ul. Rudolfa Weigla 5, 50-981 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.J.); (A.M.)
| | - Krzysztof Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (K.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Collegium Medicum, University of Zielona Góra, 28 Zyty St., 65-046 Zielona Góra, Poland; (K.C.); (J.C.)
| | - Anna Grzywacz
- Independent Laboratory of Health Promotion, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72 St., 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ren J, Gan S, Zheng S, Li M, An Y, Yuan S, Gu X, Zhang L, Hou Y, Du Q, Zhang G, Shen W. Genotype-phenotype pattern analysis of pathogenic PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families with non-syndromic oligodontia. Front Genet 2023; 14:1142776. [PMID: 37056289 PMCID: PMC10086135 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1142776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Non-syndromic oligodontia is characterized by the absence of six or more permanent teeth, excluding third molars, and can have aesthetic, masticatory, and psychological consequences. Previous studies have shown that PAX9 is associated with autosomal dominant forms of oligodontia but the precise molecular mechanisms are still unknown.Methods: Whole-exome and Sanger sequencing were performed on a cohort of approximately 28 probands with NSO, for mutation analysis. Bioinformatic analysis was performed on the potential variants. Immunofluorescence assay, western blotting, and qPCR were used to explore the preliminary functional impact of the variant PAX9 proteins. We reviewed PAX9-related NSO articles in PubMed to analyze the genotype-phenotype correlations.Results: We identified three novel PAX9 variants in Chinese Han families: c.152G>T (p.Gly51Val), c.239delC (p.Thr82Profs*3), and c.409C>T (q.Gln137Ter). In addition, two previously reported missense variants were identified: c.140G>C (p.Arg47Pro) and c.146C>T (p.Ser49Leu) (reference sequence NM_006194.4). Structural modeling revealed that all missense variants were located in the highly conserved paired domain. The other variants led to premature termination of the protein, causing structural impairment of the PAX9 protein. Immunofluorescence assay showed abnormal subcellular localizations of the missense variants (R47P, S49L, and G51V). In human dental pulp stem cells, western blotting and qPCR showed decreased expression of PAX9 variants (c.140G>C, p.R47P, and c.152G>T, p.G51V) compared with the wild-type group at both the transcription and translation levels. A review of published papers identified 64 PAX9 variants related to NSO and found that the most dominant feature was the high incidence of missing upper second molars, first molars, second premolars, and lower second molars.Conclusion: Three novel PAX9 variants were identified in Chinese Han families with NSO. These results extend the variant spectrum of PAX9 and provide a foundation for genetic diagnosis and counseling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiabao Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Sifang Gan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | | | - Meikang Li
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yilin An
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Shuo Yuan
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xiuge Gu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Qingqing Du
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- College of Forensic Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- *Correspondence: Wenjing Shen,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Association of Polymorphic and Haplotype Variants of the MSX1 Gene and the Impacted Teeth Phenomenon. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040577. [PMID: 33923458 PMCID: PMC8073557 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
It is known that genetic factors determine odontogenesis; furthermore, studies have revealed that various genes in humans can regulate the development of different types and generations of teeth. In this study it has been assumed that tooth impaction—at least to some extent—also depends on the presence of specific genetic markers, especially allelic variants of the MSX1 gene. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the suitability of selected molecular markers located within the MSX1 gene for the determination of the risk of tooth impaction in particular patients. The study participants were divided into two groups: (1) the study group—at least one secondary tooth was impacted in the jaws; (2) the control group—no impacted tooth in the jaws. Real-Time PCR and TaqMan probes were used to detect selected polymorphisms in the analyzed genes. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 were analyzed. After the two subgroups of patients were distinguished in the study group based on the number of impacted teeth, statistically significant differences in the frequency of genotypes described for rs12532 in the MSX1 gene were found.
Collapse
|
4
|
DE Stefani A, Bruno G, Frezza A, Conte E, Balasso P, Gracco A. Association between teeth agenesis and Angle's classes in an Italian population. Minerva Dent Oral Sci 2021; 70:21-25. [PMID: 32698561 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6329.20.04320-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Teeth agenesis or hypodontia consists of the developmental absence of one or more teeth. Many studies confirm that this condition is almost frequent in general population; the prevalence reported is between 2.7% and 11.3%. This condition shows a multifactorial etiology: genetic factors, hereditary factors, environmental factors, local or general infective processes, radiations, drugs and traumas. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the prevalence of tooth agenesis in a sample of orthodontic healthy patients considering each Angle malocclusion. METHODS Nine hundred patients from a University clinic and three private practices were analyzed through intra and extra oral photographs, orthodontic study casts, panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms. The following inclusion criteria were applied: non-syndromic patients, without previous orthodontic, prosthetic treatment or extractions. Patients' clinical data consisted in general and dental anamnesis, intra and extra oral photographs, orthodontic study casts, digital panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms. The whole sample was divided into four groups (A-B-C-D) in relation with Angle's malocclusion and dental agenesis registered. RESULTS The whole sample presented a mean prevalence of the condition of 8.80%. Class II/2 is the most affected malocclusion with 20.37% of the patients affected by the condition, followed by class III (11.19%), class II/2 (8.05%) and class I (6.62%). The χ2 test demonstrated a statistically significant different distribution of the condition between the four groups (P value =0.0059). The four groups presented also different patterns of missing teeth. CONCLUSIONS We found a significantly different distribution of the condition in the different malocclusions with class II/2 presenting the higher prevalence of tooth agenesis (20.37%). The most frequent teeth affected by agenesis in the entire sample are respectively: mandibular second premolars (32.40%), followed by the maxillary lateral incisors (27.70%) and the maxillary second premolars (15.50%).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Edoardo Conte
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Balasso
- Department of Management and Engineering, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodrigues AS, Antunes LS, Pinheiro LHM, Guimarães LS, Calansans-Maia JDA, Küchler EC, Antunes LAA. Is dental agenesis associated with craniofacial morphology pattern? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod 2020; 42:534-543. [PMID: 31783403 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Craniofacial discrepancies have been associated with congenital dental anomalies. The aim of this study was to determine if there is any scientific evidence in the literature regarding the association between dental agenesis and craniofacial morphology. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic review and meta-analysis following the PRISMA Statement were conducted and registered in PROSPERO database. A broad search was conducted on databases (PubMed, Virtual Health Library, Web of Science, and Scopus) and grey literature. Articles that were selected based on predetermined eligibility criteria were assessed for quality and risk of bias according to the guidelines described by Folkes and Fulton. Those articles with similarities were submitted to meta-analysis using the RevMan 5.3 program. The certainty of the evidence was tested using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). RESULTS An electronic search of 975 articles resulted in 12 articles. These and four articles identified through manual search were eligible to be assessed for methodological quality and the risk of bias. Eleven articles presented moderate to high methodological quality. The included articles observed a reduced mandibular plane, a smaller maxilla and more differences with the increase in the severity of dental agenesis. Seven articles were included in the meta-analyses. Dental agenesis presented smaller SNA angle (P < 0.0001/CI -1.74 [-2.55, -0.92]) with moderate certainty of the evidence; and smaller ANB angle (P = 0.01/CI -0.80 [-1.44, -0.17]), with low certainty of the evidence. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrated that dental agenesis may be associated with specific craniofacial morphology. Further studies are necessary due to the variation of the certainty of the evidence. CONFLICT OF INTEREST none declared. REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42017055882).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Silva Rodrigues
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Liz Helena Moraes Pinheiro
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Silva Guimarães
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Positivo University, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Health Institute of Nova Friburgo, RJ, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues AS, Teixeira EC, Antunes LS, Nelson-Filho P, Cunha AS, Levy SC, de Souza Araújo MT, de Carvalho Ramos AG, Cruz GV, Omori MA, Matsumoto MAN, Vieira AR, Küchler EC, Marañón-Vásquez GA, Antunes LAA. Association between craniofacial morphological patterns and tooth agenesis-related genes. Prog Orthod 2020; 21:9. [PMID: 32249341 PMCID: PMC7131971 DOI: 10.1186/s40510-020-00309-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of the present study was to assess if genetic polymorphisms in tooth agenesis (TA)-related genes are associated with craniofacial morphological patterns. Methods This cross-sectional, multi-center, genetic study evaluated 594 orthodontic Brazilians patients. The presence or absence of TA was determined by analysis of panoramic radiography. The patients were classified according to their skeletal malocclusion and facial growth pattern by means of digital cephalometric analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from squamous epithelial cells of buccal mucosa and genetic polymorphisms in MSX1 (rs1042484), PAX9 (rs8004560), TGF-α (rs2902345), FGF3 (rs1893047), FGF10 (rs900379), and FGF13 (rs12838463, rs5931572, and rs5974804) were genotyped by polymerase chain reaction using TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. Results Genotypes (p = 0.038) and allele (p = 0.037) distributions for the FGF3 rs1893047 were significantly different according to the skeletal malocclusion. Carrying at least one G allele increased in more than two times the chance of presenting skeletal class III malocclusion (OR = 2.21, CI 95% = 1.14–4.32; p = 0.017). There was no association between another skeletal craniofacial pattern and some polymorphism assessed in the present study. Conclusion Our results suggest that the genetic polymorphism rs1893047 in FGF3 might contribute to variations in the craniofacial sagittal pattern.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Silva Rodrigues
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Ellen Cardoso Teixeira
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Santos Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil.,Clinical Research Unit, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Mario Santos Braga 30, Niterói, RJ, 24020-140, Brazil
| | - Paulo Nelson-Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Arthur Silva Cunha
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Simone Carvalho Levy
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil
| | - Mônica Tirre de Souza Araújo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil
| | | | - Giuseppe Valduga Cruz
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300-Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, 81200-452, Brazil
| | - Marjorie Ayumi Omori
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Mírian Aiko Nakane Matsumoto
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Rezende Vieira
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 412 Salk Pavilion, 335 Sutherland Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Erika Calvano Küchler
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Avenida do Café s/n-Campus da USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-904, Brazil.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Positivo University, Rua Professor Pedro Viriato Parigot de Souza 5300-Campo Comprido, Curitiba, PR, 81200-452, Brazil
| | - Guido Artemio Marañón-Vásquez
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rua Prof. Rodolpho Paulo Rocco, 325-Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21941-617, Brazil.
| | - Lívia Azeredo Alves Antunes
- School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua São Paulo 28, Campus do Valonguinho, Niterói, RJ, 24020-150, Brazil. .,School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University, Rua Doutor Sílvio Henrique Braune 22, Niterói, Nova Friburgo, RJ, 28625-650, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Lancia M, Machado RA, Dionísio TJ, Garib DG, Santos CFD, Coletta RD, Neves LTD. Association between MSX1 rs12532 polymorphism with nonsyndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate and tooth agenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2019; 109:104556. [PMID: 31568994 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2019.104556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate the association of MSX1 rs12532 polymorphism with the risk of nonsyndromic unilateral complete cleft lip and palate (NSCLP) and tooth agenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study is comprised of 384 individuals divided into 4 groups: group 1, patients with unilateral complete NSCLP and premolar agenesis (n = 57); group 2, patients with unilateral NSCLP without tooth agenesis (n = 117); group 3, patients with premolar agenesis without oral cleft (n = 53) and group 4 (n = 157), a control group with individuals without tooth agenesis and oral cleft. Genotyping of rs12532 was carried out with Taqman chemistry, and associations were investigated using logistic regression analyses. RESULTS Overall rs12532 allele and genotype distributions revealed no significant differences between the groups of NSCLP or tooth agenesis. CONCLUSION Although our results are consistent with a lack of association of MSX1 rs12532 and the risk of unilateral NSCLP and tooth agenesis, further studies with additional SNPs and a more diverse ethnic cohort are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lancia
- Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renato Assis Machado
- Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thiago José Dionísio
- Laboratory Specialist, Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniela Gamba Garib
- Department of Orthodontics, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ferreira Dos Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ricardo D Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucimara Teixeira das Neves
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Post-Graduation Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of São Paulo (HRAC/USP), Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Devi MSA, Padmanabhan S. Role of polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in palatal impaction of maxillary canines. J Orthod 2019; 46:14-19. [PMID: 31056064 DOI: 10.1177/1465312518820537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maxillary canines are the second-most commonly impacted teeth. About two-thirds of the impacted maxillary canines are palatally impacted. Studies in the past have shown that 40% of cases with palatal impaction of maxillary canines presented with agenesis of third molars. Sporadic agenesis of third molars have been associated with polymorphisms in the MSX1 and PAX9 genes. The present study aims at evaluating the association between polymorphisms of PAX9, MSX1 and palatally impacted canines in a random population sample. DESIGN AND SETTING Fifty individuals with palatally impacted maxillary canines and 50 gender and age-matched controls were included in this study. METHODS Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), rs12532 of MSX1 and rs2073247 of PAX9, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. The significance of the differences among the groups was assessed by odds ratio and Chi-squared test with a 95% confidence interval. RESULTS Single nucleotide polymorphisms rs12532 [MSX1] and rs 2073247 [PAX9] showed a statistically significant association with palatal impaction of maxillary canines. In addition, the combined presence of the AG/CT genotypes of these genes in an individual caused a significant increase in the risk for palatal impaction. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the rs12532 and rs2073247 polymorphisms of genes MSX1 and PAX9 are positively associated with palatal impaction of maxillary canines. Future studies investigating various other SNPs of these genes in a larger sample of different populations could provide clinching details.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M S Anjana Devi
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| | - Sridevi Padmanabhan
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
YAMADA HIROYUKI, TAGAYA AKIRA. Tooth size and its proportional variability in Japanese males with agenesis in permanent dentition. ANTHROPOL SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1537/ase.180529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- HIROYUKI YAMADA
- Department of Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi-Gakuin University, Nagoya
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Haddaji Mastouri M, De Coster P, Zaghabani A, Jammali F, Raouahi N, Ben Salem A, Saad A, Coucke P, H'mida Ben Brahim D. Genetic study of non-syndromic tooth agenesis through the screening of paired box 9, msh homeobox 1, axin 2, and Wnt family member 10A genes: a case-series. Eur J Oral Sci 2017; 126:24-32. [PMID: 29114927 DOI: 10.1111/eos.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Non-syndromic tooth agenesis (NSTA) is the most common developmental anomaly in humans. Several studies have been conducted on dental agenesis and numerous genes have been identified. However, the pathogenic mechanisms responsible for NSTA are not clearly understood. We studied a group of 28 patients with sporadic NSTA and nine patients with a family history of tooth agenesis. We focused on four genes - paired box 9 (PAX9), Wnt family member 10A (WNT10A), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), and axin 2 (AXIN2) - using direct Sanger sequencing of the exons and intron-exon boundaries. The most prevalent variants identified in PAX9 and AXIN2 genes were analyzed using the chi-square test. The sequencing results revealed a number of variants in the AXIN2 gene, including one novel missense mutation in one patient with agenesis of a single second premolar. We also identified one variant in the AXIN2 gene as being a putative risk factor for tooth agenesis. Only one missense mutation was identified in the WNT10A gene and this mutation was found in two patients. Interestingly, WNT10A is reported as the most prevalent gene mutated in the European population with NSTA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Haddaji Mastouri
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Peter De Coster
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Endodontology and Oral Biology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Frej Jammali
- Department of Orthodontics, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Nabiha Raouahi
- Department of Orthodontics, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | | | - Ali Saad
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| | - Paul Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dorra H'mida Ben Brahim
- Department of Human Cytogenetics, Molecular Genetics and Reproductive Biology, Farhat Hached University Hospital, Sousse, Tunisia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pousada G, Lupo V, Cástro-Sánchez S, Álvarez-Satta M, Sánchez-Monteagudo A, Baloira A, Espinós C, Valverde D. Molecular and functional characterization of the BMPR2 gene in Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1923. [PMID: 28507310 PMCID: PMC5432510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02074-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a progressive disease that causes the obstruction of precapillary pulmonary arteries and a sustained increase in pulmonary vascular resistance. The aim was to analyze functionally the variants found in the BMPR2 gene and to establish a genotype-phenotype correlation. mRNA expression studies were performed using pSPL3 vector, studies of subcellular localization were performed using pEGFP-N1 vector and luciferase assays were performed using pGL3-Basic vector. We have identified 30 variants in the BMPR2 gene in 27 of 55 patients. In 16 patients we detected pathogenic mutations. Minigene assays revealed that 6 variants (synonymous, missense) result in splicing defect. By immunofluorescence assay, we observed that 4 mutations affect the protein localization. Finally, 4 mutations located in the 5'UTR region showed a decreased transcriptional activity in luciferase assays. Genotype-phenotype correlation, revealed that patients with pathogenic mutations have a more severe phenotype (sPaP p = 0.042, 6MWT p = 0.041), a lower age at diagnosis (p = 0.040) and seemed to have worse response to phosphodiesterase-5-inhibitors (p = 0.010). Our study confirms that in vitro expression analysis is a suitable approach in order to investigate the phenotypic consequences of the nucleotide variants, especially in cases where the involved genes have a pattern of expression in tissues of difficult access.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Pousada
- Dep. Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology. Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende S/N, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación Enfermedades Raras y Medicina Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Lupo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sheila Cástro-Sánchez
- Dep. Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology. Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende S/N, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación Enfermedades Raras y Medicina Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - María Álvarez-Satta
- Dep. Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology. Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende S/N, 36310, Vigo, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación Enfermedades Raras y Medicina Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ana Sánchez-Monteagudo
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Baloira
- Neumology Service, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Pontevedra, 36071, Pontevedra, Spain
| | - Carmen Espinós
- Unit of Genetics and Genomics of Neuromuscular and Neurodegenerative Disorders, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe (CIPF), 46012, Valencia, Spain
| | - Diana Valverde
- Dep. Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology. Faculty of Biology, University of Vigo, As Lagoas Marcosende S/N, 36310, Vigo, Spain. .,Grupo de Investigación Enfermedades Raras y Medicina Pediátrica, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur (IIS Galicia Sur), SERGAS-UVIGO, Vigo, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bonczek O, Balcar V, Šerý O. PAX9
gene mutations and tooth agenesis: A review. Clin Genet 2017; 92:467-476. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.12986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. Bonczek
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| | - V.J. Balcar
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of medical sciences, Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - O. Šerý
- Laboratory of DNA Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science; Masaryk University; Brno Czech Republic
- Laboratory of Animal Embryology, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics; The Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic; Brno Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
van der Linden MS, Vucic S, van Marrewijk DJF, Ongkosuwito EM. Dental development in Down syndrome and healthy children: a comparative study using the Demirjian method. Orthod Craniofac Res 2017; 20:65-70. [DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Vucic
- Orthodontics; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam Netherlands
| | | | - E. M. Ongkosuwito
- Orthodontics; Erasmus MC University Medical Center; Rotterdam Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bock NC, Lenz S, Ruiz-Heiland G, Ruf S. Nonsyndromic oligodontia : Does the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC) enable prediction of the causative mutation? J Orofac Orthop 2017; 78:112-120. [PMID: 28204848 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-016-0056-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The literature suggests an association between phenotype and causative mutation in nonsyndromic oligodontia. Thus, the present study was designed to verify this hypothesis in a consecutive cohort of patients. METHODS All patients with nonsyndromic oligodontia who had been treated at the study center (Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Germany) over the period 1986-2013 were contacted. Candidates were included only if at least one more family member had hypo- or oligodontia (i.e., without regard to the number of congenitally missing teeth). A total of 20 patients were included. After evaluating the dental status of each participant, the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC) was applied. On this basis, a tentative diagnosis was made to predict which gene (MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, or PAX9) was likely to show mutation. Afterwards this hypothesis was confirmed or rejected by analyzing a saliva sample for mutation of the predicted gene. If confirmed, any available family members were also genetically analyzed. RESULTS Based on their TAC scores and sums, gene mutations were predicted for MXS1 in 11, AXIN2 in 3, EDA in 6, and PAX9 in none of the patients. The evaluation of MSX1 yielded variants in 4 of 11 cases, all of which were classified as nonpathogenic since they were not considered as functional mutations. The evaluation of EDA yielded a pathogenic exon-7 mutation in 2 of 6 patients, both being brothers with different TAC scores; the same mutation, which represents a novel missense mutation, was also found in other members of the same family. The evaluation of AXIN2 yielded variants in 3 of 3 cases, all of which were classified as nonpathogenic. CONCLUSIONS Our findings obtained in consecutive patients with nonsyndromic oligodontia did not reveal any clinically relevant associations between oligodontia phenotype (based on TAC) and causative mutations for nonsyndromic oligodontia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niko C Bock
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | | | - Gisela Ruiz-Heiland
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, University of Giessen, Schlangenzahl 14, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ye X, Attaie AB. Genetic Basis of Nonsyndromic and Syndromic Tooth Agenesis. J Pediatr Genet 2016; 5:198-208. [PMID: 27895972 DOI: 10.1055/s-0036-1592421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human dentition development is a long and complex process which involves a series of reciprocal and sequential interactions between the embryonic stomodeal epithelium and the underlying neural crest-derived mesenchyme. Despite environment disturbances, tooth development is predominantly genetically controlled. To date, more than 200 genes have been identified in tooth development. These genes implied in various signaling pathways such as the bone morphogenetic protein, fibroblast growth factor, sonic hedgehog homolog, ectodysplasin A, wingless-type MMTV integration site family (Wnt), and transform growth factor pathways. Mutations in any of these strictly balanced signaling cascades may cause arrested odontogenesis and/or other dental defects. This article aims to review current knowledge about the genetic mechanisms responsible for selective nonsyndromic tooth agenesis in humans and to present a detailed summary of syndromes with hypodontia as regular features and their causative genes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Ye
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States; School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ali B Attaie
- Departments of Pediatrics and Dental Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Luan F, Sun F, Xu C, Zhang H. WITHDRAWN: The MSX1 gene polymorphisms rs12532 and rs1001179 confer an increased risk of non syndromic orofacial clefts. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2016:S1010-5182(16)00029-9. [PMID: 27038504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Luan
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, PR China.
| | - Fengling Sun
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, PR China
| | - Chao Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, PR China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo 255036, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Antunes LS, Küchler EC, Tannure PN, Dias JBL, Ribeiro VN, Lips A, Costa MC, Antunes LA, Granjeiro JM. Genetic variations in MMP9 and MMP13 contribute to tooth agenesis in a Brazilian population. J Oral Sci 2015; 55:281-6. [PMID: 24351915 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.55.281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the association between polymorphisms in the MMP2 (rs243865), MMP9 (rs17576), and MMP13 (rs2252070) genes with tooth agenesis in humans. Two hundred eighty-five unrelated individuals (202 controls without tooth agenesis and 83 cases with tooth agenesis) were evaluated in a cross-sectional single-center study. The study participants were recruited through the Pediatric Dental Clinics of the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Genotyping of the selected polymorphisms for MMPs was carried out by real-time PCR using the Taqman assay method from genomic DNA isolated from buccal epithelial cells of all the studied individuals. There was no significant association of MMP2 genotype or allele distribution with tooth agenesis or its absence. For MMP9, a significant difference in allele frequency was evident between the two groups (P = 0.05). With regard to the affected side, there was a significant difference between unilateral tooth agenesis and the control group in the distribution of MMP9 (P = 0.05). Also, there was a significant difference in MMP9 distribution between tooth agenesis in the maxilla and control individuals (P = 0.03). The genotype distribution of MMP13 differed significantly between the group with unilateral tooth agenesis and the controls (P = 0.01). Our findings provide evidence that MMP9 and MMP13 may be involved in tooth agenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo S Antunes
- Department of Specific Formation, School of Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Molecular basis of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia: an update. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:51-61. [PMID: 26294279 PMCID: PMC4731439 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0307-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the molecular events underlying hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) caused by mutations of the genes encoding proteins of the tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα)-related signaling pathway have been presented. These proteins are involved in signal transduction from ectoderm to mesenchyme during development of the fetus and are indispensable for the differentiation of ectoderm-derived structures such as eccrine sweat glands, teeth, hair, skin, and/or nails. Novel data were reviewed and discussed on the structure and functions of the components of TNFα-related signaling pathway, the consequences of mutations of the genes encoding these proteins, and the prospect for further investigations, which might elucidate the origin of HED.
Collapse
|
19
|
Origins and evolvability of the PAX family. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 44:64-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
20
|
Qin H, Cai J. Axis inhibition protein 2 polymorphisms may be a risk factor for families with isolated oligodontia. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:1899-904. [PMID: 25377791 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to search for Msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), paired box gene 9 (PAX9), ectodysplasin‑A (EDA) and axis inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2) variants in a family with isolated oligodontia and analyse the pathogenesis of mutations that result in oligodontia phenotypes. Members of a single family (but of different descent) with oligodontia and unrelated healthy controls were enrolled in our study. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples. Mutation analysis was performed by amplifying MSX1, PAX9, EDA and AXIN2 exons as well as their exon‑intron boundaries and sequencing the products. DNA sequencing of the AXIN2 gene revealed three mutations in the two patients with oligodontia: a homozygotic silent mutation c.1365A>G (p.Pro455=) in exon 3, two c.956+16A>G mutations (II‑1: homozygosis; III‑1: heterozygosis) and c.1200+71A>G (homozygosis) in the intron, which possibly contributed to structural and functional changes in proteins. The heterozygotic mutations c.1365A>G and c.1200+71A>G were identified in the proband's mother (II‑2). No mutations were detected in the MSX1, PAX9 and EDA genes of oligodontia patients. The findings suggest that the c.956+16A>G, c.1365A>G and c.1200+71A>G mutations of AXIN2 may be responsible for the oligodontia phenotype in this family, but these findings require further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- Department of Stomatology, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222002, P.R. China
| | - Jun Cai
- Department of Anesthesia, The Third People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang, Jiangsu 222006, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jobbágy-Óvári G, Páska C, Stiedl P, Trimmel B, Hontvári D, Soós B, Hermann P, Tóth Z, Kerekes-Máthé B, Nagy D, Szántó I, Nagy Á, Martonosi M, Nagy K, Hadadi É, Szalai C, Hullám G, Temesi G, Antal P, Varga G, Tarján I. Complex analysis of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms as putative risk factors of tooth agenesis in the Hungarian population. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:216-27. [PMID: 23964635 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.822547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The role was studied of multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms in tooth agenesis in the Hungarian population using a complex approach. METHODS Eight SNPs, PAX9 -912 C/T, PAX9 -1031 A/G, MSX1 3755 A/G, FGFR1 T/C rs881301, IRF6 T/C rs764093, AXIN2-8150 A/G, AXIN2-8434 A/G and AXIN2-30224 C/T, were studied in 192 hypodontia and 17 oligodontia cases and in 260 healthy volunteers. Case-control analysis was performed to test both allelic and genotypic associations as well as associations at the level of haplotypes. Multivariate exploratory Bayesian network-based multi-level analysis of relevance (BN-BMLA) as well as logistic regression analysis were performed. RESULTS Conventional statistics showed that PAX9 SNP -912 C/T and the MSX1 SNP changed the incidence of hypodontia, although after Bonferroni correction for multiple hypothesis testing, the effects were only borderline tendencies. Using a statistical analysis better suited for handling multiple hypotheses, the BN-BMLA, PAX9 SNPs clearly showed a synergistic effect. This was confirmed by other multivariate analyses and it remained significant after corrections for multiple hypothesis testing (p < 0.0025). The PAX9-1031-A-PAX9-912-T haplotype was the most relevant combination causing hypodontia. Interaction was weaker between PAX9 and MSX1, while other SNPs had no joint effect on hypodontia. CONCLUSION This complex analysis shows the important role of PAX9 and MSX1 SNPs and of their interactions in tooth agenesis, while IRF6, FGFR1 and AXIN2 SNPs had no detectable role in the Hungarian population. These results also reveal that risk factors in hypodontia need to be identified in various populations, since there is considerable variability among them.
Collapse
|
22
|
Wang J, Xu Y, Chen J, Wang F, Huang R, Wu S, Shu L, Qiu J, Yang Z, Xue J, Wang R, Zhao J, Lai W. PAX9 polymorphism and susceptibility to sporadic non-syndromic severe anodontia: a case-control study in southwest China. J Appl Oral Sci 2013; 21:256-64. [PMID: 23857653 PMCID: PMC3881902 DOI: 10.1590/1679-775720130079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our research aimed to look into the clinical traits and genetic mutations in sporadic
non-syndromic anodontia and to gain insight into the role of mutations of
PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2 and EDA in anodontia
phenotypes, especially for the PAX9.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mu YD, Xu Z, Contreras CI, McDaniel JS, Donly KJ, Chen S. Mutational analysis of AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 in two Mexican oligodontia families. GENETICS AND MOLECULAR RESEARCH 2013; 12:4446-58. [PMID: 24222224 DOI: 10.4238/2013.october.10.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The genes for axin inhibition protein 2 (AXIN2), msh homeobox 1 (MSX1), and paired box gene 9 (PAX9) are involved in tooth root formation and tooth development. Mutations of the AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 genes are associated with non-syndromic oligodontia. In this study, we investigated phenotype and AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 gene variations in two Mexican families with non-syndromic oligodontia. Individuals from two families underwent clinical examinations, including an intra-oral examination and panoramic radiograph. Retrospective data were reviewed, and peripheral blood samples were collected. The exons and exon-intronic boundaries of the AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 genes were sequenced and analyzed. Protein and messenger RNA structures were predicted using bioinformative software programs. Clinical and oral examinations revealed isolated non-syndromic oligodontia in the two Mexican families. The average number of missing teeth was 12. The sequence analysis of exons and exon-intronic regions of AXIN2, MSX1, and PAX9 revealed 11 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including seven in AXIN2, two in MSX1, and three in PAX9. One novel SNP of MSX1, c.476T>G (Leu159Arg), was found in all of the studied patients in the families. MSX1 Leu159Arg and PAX9 Ala240Pro change protein and messenger RNA structures. Our findings suggested that a combined reduction of MSX1 and PAX9 gene dosages increased the risk for oligodontia in the Mexican families, as in vivo investigation has indicated that interaction between Msx1 and Pax9 is required for tooth development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y D Mu
- Department of Developmental Dentistry, Dental School, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
MSX1 and PAX9 investigation in monozygotic twins with variable expression of tooth agenesis. Twin Res Hum Genet 2013; 16:1112-6. [PMID: 24103583 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2013.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic agenesis of permanent teeth is one of the most common anomalies in human development, a multifactorial characteristic caused by genetic and environmental factors. We describe a pair of monozygotic twins who showed second premolar and third molar agenesis, albeit with different expressions. We studied the DNA of two genes, paired domain box gene 9 (PAX9) and muscle segment homeodomain-homeobox1 (MSX1), encoding transcription factors that earlier studies found were involved in the manifestation of this condition. No specific causative mutation was found. However, we detected a C→T change in MSX1 exon 2 in both twins, suggesting that this polymorphism might be involved in the trait's expression.
Collapse
|
25
|
Ruf S, Klimas D, Hönemann M, Jabir S. Genetic background of nonsyndromic oligodontia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Orofac Orthop 2013; 74:295-308. [PMID: 23828301 DOI: 10.1007/s00056-013-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to identify all known gene mutations that have been associated with the development of nonsyndromic oligodontia. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed electronically in two databases (PubMed, Medpilot) supplemented by a hand search. Articles published up to March 2012 were considered. Search terms were combined as follows: oligodontia and genes, oligodontia and mutations, tooth agenesis and genes, and tooth agenesis and mutations. A meta-analysis of the data was conducted based on the Tooth Agenesis Code (TAC). RESULTS Seven genes are currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. All these genes vary both in terms of number of identified mutations and in terms of number of documented patients: 33 mutations and 93 patients are on record for PAX9, 10 mutations and 51 patients for EDA, 12 mutations and 33 patients for MSX1, 6 mutations and 17 patients for AXIN2, and 1 mutation in 1 patient for EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 each. A total TAC score of 250 was found to have cutoff properties, as 100% of MSX1 and 80% of EDA patients exhibited TAC ≤ 250, whereas 96.9% of PAX9 and 90% of AXIN2 patients exhibited TAC >250. Furthermore, 94.3% of EDA patients but only 28.6% of MSX1 patients exhibited odd-numbered TAC scores in at least one quadrant, and 72.7% of PAX9 but none of the AXIN2 patients were found to show TAC scores of 112 in at least one quadrant. CONCLUSION In order of decreasing frequency, PAX9, EDA, MSX1, AXIN2, EDARADD, NEMO, and KRT17 are the seven genes currently known to have a potential for causing nonsyndromic oligodontia. TAC scores enabled us to identify an association between oligodontia phenotypes and genotypes in the patients covered by this meta-analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Ruf
- Department of Orthodontics, Medical Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Qin H, Xu HZ, Xuan K. Clinical and genetic evaluation of a Chinese family with isolated oligodontia. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1180-6. [PMID: 23731659 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Revised: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oligodontia is defined as the congenital absence of 6 or more permanent teeth excluding the third molar. Tooth agenesis may be classified as syndromic/non-syndromic and as familial/sporadic. To date, more than 300 genes have been found to be involved in tooth development, but only a few of these genes, such as MSX1, PAX9 and AXIN2, are related to the condition of non-syndromic oligodontia. The objective of the present work was to investigate the disease-causing gene of non-syndromic oligodontia in a Han Chinese family and analyse the pathogenesis of mutations that result in oligodontia. DESIGN We examined all individuals of the oligodontia family by clinical and radiographic examinations. Based on the clinical manifestations, the candidate genes MSX, PAX9 and AXIN2 were selected to analyse and screen for mutations. RESULTS The clinical evaluation suggested that the family might show non-syndromic oligodontia. DNA sequencing of the MSX1 gene revealed two mutations in the two patients with oligodontia: a heterozygotic silent mutation, c.348C>T (P.Gly116=), in exon 1 and a homozygotic deletion of 11 nucleotides (c.469+56delins GCCGGGTGGGG) in the intron. However, the silent mutation and the deletion mutation were thought to be known polymorphisms (rs34165410 and rs34341187) by bioinformatics analysis. We did not detect any mutations in the PAX9 and AXIN2 genes of oligodontia patients. CONCLUSION Our finding suggests that identified polymorphisms (c.348C>T and c.469+56delins GCCGGGTGGGG) may be responsible for the oligodontia phenotype in this Chinese family, but the association requires further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Han Qin
- Department of Dentistry, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, 182 Tongguan Road, Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Seo YJ, Park JW, Kim YH, Baek SH. Associations between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients. Angle Orthod 2013; 83:1036-42. [PMID: 23718693 DOI: 10.2319/020513-104.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the association between the risk of tooth agenesis and single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of MSX1 and PAX9 genes in nonsyndromic cleft patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS The subjects were 126 Korean nonsyndromic cleft patients. Tooth agenesis type (TAT) was classified as none (0); cleft area (1); cleft area + other area (2); and other area (3) based on agenesis of the maxillary lateral incisor (MXLI) and another tooth within or outside the cleft area. TAT was further grouped into two subcategories (0 and 1) and four subcategories (0, 1, 2, and 3). Three SNPs of MSX1 and 10 SNPs of PAX9 were investigated using Fisher's exact test and logistic regression analysis. RESULTS Although the association between genotype distribution of PAX9-rs7142363 and TAT was significant (P < .05 in four subcategories), genotypic odds ratios (GORs) of SNPs in each TAT were not meaningful. However, for MSX1-rs12532 and PAX9-rs2073247, associations between genotypic distribution and TAT were significant (P < .01 in four subcategories and P < .05 in two subcategories; P < .01 in two subcategories, respectively). In cleft area, GORs of MXLI agenesis in genotypes GA of MSX1-rs12532 and CT of PAX9-rs2073247 were increased by 3.14-fold and 4.15-fold compared with genotype GG of MSX1-rs12532 and CC of PAX9-rs2073247, respectively (P <. 01; P < .05). In cleft area + other area, the GOR of agenesis of MXLI and another tooth in genotype AA of MSX1-rs12532 was increased by fivefold compared with genotype GG (P < .05). CONCLUSION Genetic disturbances of MSX1 and PAX9 genes are associated with tooth agenesis within and outside the cleft area.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Seo
- a Graduate student (PhD), Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, Fellow Doctor, Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Phillips CD, Butler B, Fondon JW, Mantilla-Meluk H, Baker RJ. Contrasting evolutionary dynamics of the developmental regulator PAX9, among bats, with evidence for a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism. PLoS One 2013; 8:e57649. [PMID: 23469040 PMCID: PMC3585407 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0057649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphological evolution can be the result of natural selection favoring modification of developmental signaling pathways. However, little is known about the genetic basis of such phenotypic diversity. Understanding these mechanisms is difficult for numerous reasons, yet studies in model organisms often provide clues about the major developmental pathways involved. The paired-domain gene, PAX9, is known to be a key regulator of development, particularly of the face and teeth. In this study, using a comparative genetics approach, we investigate PAX9 molecular evolution among mammals, focusing on craniofacially diversified (Phyllostomidae) and conserved (Vespertilionidae) bat families, and extend our comparison to other orders of mammal. Open-reading frame analysis disclosed signatures of selection, in which a small percentage of residues vary, and lineages acquire different combinations of variation through recurrent substitution and lineage specific changes. A few instances of convergence for specific residues were observed between morphologically convergent bat lineages. Bioinformatic analysis for unknown PAX9 regulatory motifs indicated a novel post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism involving a Musashi protein. This regulation was assessed through fluorescent reporter assays and gene knockdowns. Results are compatible with the hypothesis that the number of Musashi binding-elements in PAX9 mRNA proportionally regulates protein translation rate. Although a connection between morphology and binding element frequency was not apparent, results indicate this regulation would vary among craniofacially divergent bat species, but be static among conserved species. Under this model, Musashi's regulatory control of alternative human PAX9 isoforms would also vary. The presence of Musashi-binding elements within PAX9 of all mammals examined, chicken, zebrafish, and the fly homolog of PAX9, indicates this regulatory mechanism is ancient, originating basal to much of the animal phylogeny.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb D Phillips
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gómez-Valdés JA, Hünemeier T, Contini V, Acuña-Alonzo V, Macin G, Ballesteros-Romero M, Corral P, Ruiz-Linares A, Sánchez-Mejorada G, Canizales-Quinteros S, Martínez-Abadías N, Salzano FM, González-José R, Bortolini MC. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) variants and craniofacial variation in Amerindians and related populations. Am J Hum Biol 2012; 25:12-9. [PMID: 23070782 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.22331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Revised: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The polymorphic site rs4647905 of the FGFR1 gene was previously associated with a decrease in cephalic index (CI). Here, we evaluate the relationships between genotypes and cephalometric measurements and indices in one Mexican Native and two mestizo Mexican populations using two haplotype-tag SNPs (rs4647905 and rs3213849) that represent >85% of the FGFR1 variability, plus three other SNPs (rs2293971, rs2304000, and rs930828) situated nearby. In addition, we genotyped five South American natives, two European, one African, and one Siberian populations to evaluate their intra and intercontinental population diversity. METHODS The five SNPs were tested and the craniofacial measurements and indices were collected using standardized procedures. Principal Component Analysis was used to verify individual/population comparisons. Associations were performed through the generalized linear model (GLM), coefficient of determination R(2) and linear regression tests. RESULTS We found a tendency for a decrease in CI in individuals homozygous for allele rs4647905C, regardless of the population to which they belong, though the effect is more pronounced in mestizo. When the GLM analyses were performed using the absolute/linear cephalometric measurements, a statistically significant association was found between four SNPs and head length in the mestizo population. CONCLUSIONS FGFR1 polymorphisms, especially rs4647905, can have an important role in the normal human skull variation, primarily due to their influence in head length, which would affect other cephalometric absolute/linear measures as well as indices like CI as a result of the pervasive nature of the morphological integration that characterizes the human skull.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jorge A Gómez-Valdés
- Laboratorio de Antropología Física, Departamento de Anatomía, Faculta de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Boeira Junior BR, Echeverrigaray S. Polymorphism in the MSX1 gene in a family with upper lateral incisor agenesis. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:1423-8. [PMID: 22591773 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 04/06/2012] [Accepted: 04/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The MSX1 gene plays a key role in odontogenesis regulation, particularly during early stages. Since only a few genetic variants have thus far been associated with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, we screened for mutations in this gene, aiming to detect a relationship between genotype and phenotype. DESIGN The sample consisted of one proband with non-syndromic hypodontia involving upper lateral incisors, three relatives and ten unaffected controls. The proband and two affected relatives showed the same phenotype. DNA was extracted from buccal epithelial cells, and direct sequencing was performed. The two exons of MSX1 were first sequenced in the proband. When an alteration was detected, his relatives were investigated by the same method. RESULTS We identified the known polymorphism *6C>T in the homozygous state in all three affected family members. The unaffected father was heterozygous and ten control samples were negative for the *6C>T polymorphism. CONCLUSIONS The *6C>T polymorphism, when homozygous, may contribute to agenesis of upper lateral incisors. However, since the *6C>T polymorphism is quite common, additional genes must be involved in this phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B R Boeira Junior
- Institute of Biotechnology, Biological Sciences Center, University of Caxias do Sul, Caxias do Sul, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Liang J, Song G, Li Q, Bian Z. Novel missense mutations in PAX9 causing oligodontia. Arch Oral Biol 2012; 57:784-9. [PMID: 22277187 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2011.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/12/2011] [Accepted: 12/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the disease-causing gene of oligodontia in Chinese families and analysed the pathogenesis of mutations of this gene that results in oligodontia. METHODS Two families with oligodontia, but of different descent and 100 unrelated healthy controls were enrolled in our study. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood samples. Mutation analysis was performed by amplifying MSX1 and PAX9 exons and sequencing the products. After identifying the mutations, we performed site-directed mutagenesis to generate mutated vectors. The wild-type and mutated PAX9 vectors were then transfected separately to NIH3T3 cells. Immunolocalization, electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and luciferase reporter assay were performed to analyse the effects of mutations on protein function. RESULTS We identified two novel missense mutations, Leu27Pro (L27P) and Ile29Thr (I29T) in the paired-domain of PAX9. Analysis of homologous PAX proteins indicated that these two substitutions may affect the function of the PAX9 protein. Results of immunofluorescence and western blot showed that the mutations did not alter the nuclear localization of PAX9. EMSA and luciferase reporter assays indicated that both the mutated proteins could not bind DNA or transactivate the BMP4 promoter. CONCLUSIONS Two novel missense mutations in PAX9 have been indentified in Chinese families causing oligodontia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, 237 Luoyu Road, Wuhan 430079, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Mitsiadis TA, Luder HU. Genetic basis for tooth malformations: from mice to men and back again. Clin Genet 2011; 80:319-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01762.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
33
|
Paixão-Côrtes VR, Meyer D, Pereira TV, Mazières S, Elion J, Krishnamoorthy R, Zago MA, Silva WA, Salzano FM, Bortolini MC. Genetic variation among major human geographic groups supports a peculiar evolutionary trend in PAX9. PLoS One 2011; 6:e15656. [PMID: 21298044 PMCID: PMC3029280 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 172 persons from nine South Amerindian, three African and one Eskimo populations were studied in relation to the Paired box gene 9 (PAX9) exon 3 (138 base pairs) as well as its 5'and 3'flanking intronic segments (232 bp and 220 bp, respectively) and integrated with the information available for the same genetic region from individuals of different geographical origins. Nine mutations were scored in exon 3 and six in its flanking regions; four of them are new South American tribe-specific singletons. Exon3 nucleotide diversity is several orders of magnitude higher than its intronic regions. Additionally, a set of variants in the PAX9 and 101 other genes related with dentition can define at least some dental morphological differences between Sub-Saharan Africans and non-Africans, probably associated with adaptations after the modern human exodus from Africa. Exon 3 of PAX9 could be a good molecular example of how evolvability works.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa R. Paixão-Côrtes
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Diogo Meyer
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tiago V. Pereira
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stéphane Mazières
- Laboratoire d'Anthropobiologie, FRE2960, CNRS, Toulouse, France
- Anthropologie Bioculturelle, Faculté de Médecine, CS80011, Marseille, France
| | - Jacques Elion
- Insern, UMR 763, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | | | - Marco A. Zago
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wilson A. Silva
- Departamento de Genética, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco M. Salzano
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maria Cátira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|