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de Holanda Ferreira DA, Rolim de Abreu NM, Meira KRS, de Sousa FB. Organic volume and permeability variations in the surface layer of artificial and natural enamel carious lesions. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 148:105645. [PMID: 36804643 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Test the hypothesis the type of enamel caries (natural, artificial induced by gel, and artificial induced by acid solutions) affect the organic volume and the permeability of the surface layer in enamel caries lesions. DESIGN Artificial enamel caries, induced by either acidic solution (organic-poor; Group 1) or acidic gel (organic-rich; Group 2), and natural non-cavitated inactive approximal enamel caries lesions (NEC; Group 3) were obtained, from which longitudinal ground sections were prepared. Measurements of the mineral (Vmin) (by microradiography), and water (α) and organic (β) volumes (by optical birefringence) were obtained at three points in the surface layer (n = 30/group). RESULTS The main outcomes were the ratio between experimental β by predicted β (β Ratio) and the ratio between experimental and predicted permeabilities (αd Ratio). β Ratio in Group 1 was lower than in Groups 2 (Cohen's d: -1.81; 95% CI:-1.45,-2.32; p < 0.001) and 3 (Cohen's d: -0.71; 95% CI:-0.27,-1.18; p = 0.004), and Group 2 surpassed Group 3 (Cohen's d: 0.49; 95% CI:0.07,0.94; p = 0.03). αd Ratio in Group 1 was higher than in Groups 2 (Cohen's d: 1.86; 95% CI:1.49,2.33; p < 0.001) and 3 (Cohen's d: 0.60; 95% CI:0.18,1.14; p = 0.01), and Group 3 surpassed Group 2 (Cohen's d: 0.61; 95% CI:0.23,1.07; p = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The highest organic volume and the lowest permeability occurred at the surface layer of gel-induced artificial enamel caries lesions, which should be preferred in in vitro studies on de- and remineralization and resin infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Augusto de Holanda Ferreira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Nathalie Murielly Rolim de Abreu
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Kássia Regina Simões Meira
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Frederico Barbosa de Sousa
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil; Department of Morphology, Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, 58051-900 João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil.
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Alam MK, Dhasarathan V, Aly MH, Zaman MU, Ganji KK, Basri R, Munisekhar MS, Nagarajappa AK. Investigation on Enamel and Dentine of Tooth through 1D Photonic Structure to Identify the Caries in Human Teeth. BIOENGINEERING (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 9:bioengineering9120788. [PMID: 36550994 PMCID: PMC9774619 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this research, a one-dimensional (1D) photonic structure was employed to study the nature of both enamel and dentine teeth at the signal of 1.8 THz. A simple three layer one-dimensional crystal is chosen to avoid fabrication intricacy. The materials and methods for sample preparations are discussed. The principle of investigation of caries in the teeth relies on the amount of reflected signal from the structure. Similarly, reflectance is a function of refractive indices and thickness of each layer, the nature of both substrate and infiltrated materials, and the configuration of the structure. Apart from this, the fabrication process of one-dimensional structure and experimental set-up was proposed in this article. The numerical treatment is explained here to obtain reflectance, and subsequently, the output potential. Comparison studies on output potential between enamel and dentine are also shown through graphical representation. The output result in terms of milli-Volt (mV) were obtained at the output end and collected at the photodiode. Interesting results were also observed at the photodetector. For example; the output potential of the reflected signal is around 0.18 mV for both enamel and dentine teeth whereas the potential is more than 0.26 mV and 0.31 mV for caries in dentine and enamel, respectively. Finally, it was inferred that the nature of teeth pertaining to the caries in the enamel and dentine teeth can be investigated by identifying the amount of potential at the output end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Khursheed Alam
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence:
| | - Vigneswaran Dhasarathan
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Centre for IoT and AI (CITI), KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore 641407, India
| | - Moustafa H. Aly
- Electronics and Communication Engineering Department, College of Engineering and Technology, Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport, Alexandria 1029, Egypt
| | - Mahmud Uz Zaman
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences Department, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kiran Kumar Ganji
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rehana Basri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manay Srinivas Munisekhar
- Preventive Dentistry Department, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anil Kumar Nagarajappa
- Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery & Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
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Gan SC, Fok ASL, Sedky RA, Sukumaran P, Chew HP. Sorptivity of water in enamel for categorizing caries lesions. Dent Mater 2020; 36:1379-1387. [PMID: 32907752 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this research was to determine the association between sorptivity of water and the state of mineralization in carious enamel of different stages of severity. METHODS As a preliminary work, water droplets of 1.5 μL were placed on the surfaces of hydroxyapatite (HA) discs of different densities. The water droplet profile was dynamically recorded every second over a period of 10 s using a contact angle meter to determine the relationship between sorptivity and density. To measure and calculate sorptivity on enamel surfaces, varnish was painted on the labial surface of 96 extracted caries-free human teeth, leaving two 1.4 ± 0.1 mm diameter circular exposed test sites. The specimens were randomly divided into 6 groups (n = 16) and subjected to 0(G0), 7(G7), 14(G14), 21(G21), 28(G28) and 35(G35) days of pH cycling, respectively. A 0.7 μL water droplet was placed on each exposed site and Optical Coherence Tomography was used to measure its height every 10 seconds for 2 min. Sorptivity was computed by considering sorption equations and Washburn's analysis of capillary kinetics and correction for evaporation was also performed. Micro-Computed Tomography scans of the specimens were obtained and delta Z (ΔZ) is the parameter used to measure mineral loss. ΔZ at 10 μm (ΔZ10) and 50 μm (ΔZ50) from the surface were calculated. One-way ANOVA and Post-hoc Tukey tests were used to compare sorptivity between groups and bivariate correlations were used to analyze the association between sorptivity and ΔZ. RESULTS Sorptivity was found to be inversely and linearly correlated with HA density with R2 value of 0.95. With enamel, there is a general trend of increase in mean sorptivity from G0 to G35, except for a decrease in G21. The same trends were observed for both ΔZ10 and ΔZ50. The decrease in sorptivity in G21 coincided with the presence of a surface hypermineralized layer in G21 samples. Post-hoc Tukey showed significant differences in mean sorptivity between G0 and G14, G0 and G21 as well as G14 and G21. Post-hoc Dunnett's T3 showed significant differences for ΔZ10 between G0 and G14 as well as G14 and G21. Significant correlation between mean sorptivity and ΔZ10 was detected with Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.461. For ΔZ50, post-hoc Tukey showed significant differences between G0 and G14 but no significant difference was detected between G14 and G21. No correlations were detected between mean sorptivity and ΔZ50. SIGNIFICANCE Sorptivity was found to be inversely and linearly correlated with HA density with R2 value of 0.95. With enamel, there is a general trend of increase in mean sorptivity from G0 to G35, except for a decrease in G21. The same trends were observed for both ΔZ10 and ΔZ50. The decrease in sorptivity in G21 coincided with the presence of a surface hypermineralized layer in G21 samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex Siu Lun Fok
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA
| | - Rana A Sedky
- Faculty of Dentistry, Ain-Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Hooi Pin Chew
- Minnesota Dental Research Center for Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, USA.
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Risnes S, Li C. On the method of revealing enamel structure by acid etching. Aspects of optimization and interpretation. Microsc Res Tech 2019; 82:1668-1680. [PMID: 31259458 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.23333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed at finding an optimal combination of acid concentration and etching time when nitric acid is used as etchant for the study of the finer details of human dental enamel structure. Four hundred 2-3-mm-thick segments of facio-lingually sectioned human third molar crowns were assigned to 20 groups with 20 specimens in each group, each group differing with respect to acid concentration (0.1, 1, 2.5, and 5%) and etching time (15, 30, 45, 90, and 180 s). After etching and preparation, specimens were observed in the scanning electron microscope (SEM). Surface roughness/topography increased with increasing acid concentration and increasing etching time, but not in a linear fashion; generally, prisms tended to go from flat-surfaced to cone-shaped and prism sheaths from fissure-like to wedge-shaped. Intragroup variations and intergroup similarities were considerable. The two major enamel factors determining the etch effect are crystal orientation and prism sheath properties. Other factors, such as distribution of porosities and crystal quality, also contribute probably. Slight to moderate topography is best for observing the finer enamel structure, for example, etching with concentrations in the range 0.1-1% and with etching times in the range 15-90 s, the stronger the acid, the shorter the time. The depth effect of nitric acid is judged to be relatively small. Considerable variations in expression of prism cross-striations were observed. SEM observations of acid-etched enamel in carefully selected planes are a powerful method for the study of enamel structure, bearing in mind the artifactual aspects of the observed surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Risnes
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chunfang Li
- Institute of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Natural enamel caries, dentine reactions, dentinal fluid and biofilm. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2841. [PMID: 30808878 PMCID: PMC6391475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38684-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It is believed that penetration of dentinal fluid into natural enamel caries (NEC) is negligible because of the barrier created by underlying sclerotic dentine, but there are conflicting evidences on whether dentine subjacent to NEC is sclerotic or demineralized. This study aimed at investigating the relationship between NEC, subjacent dentine reactions, modification of dentinal fluid, and composition of cariogenic biofilm formed on the NEC surface. Proximal NEC (PNEC) lesions of human permanent posterior teeth were included in five experiments. Histologically, microradiographic analysis with contrast solution (MRC) in dentine revealed a decreased proportion of sclerotic dentine and an increased proportion of deep dentine demineralization compared to the classical stereomicroscopic histological analysis based on dentin color and translucency. Real-time MRC and 3D optical profilometry, and 3D microtomographic analysis evidenced a facilitated transport of modified dentinal fluid towards PNEC lesions. Cariogenic biofilm formed in vitro on the PNEC surface presented lower amounts of insoluble and soluble matrix polysaccharides when 2% chlorexidine was inserted in the pulp chamber. In conclusion, this study evidenced that dentine subjacent to PNEC is mostly demineralized, providing facilitated pathway for dentinal fluid to penetrate into PNEC and alter the composition of the biofilm formed on the PNEC surface.
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Ferreira D, Aires C, De Figueiredo R, de Sousa F. High Amount of Organic Matter during Caries Formation Reduces Remineralization and Resin Infiltration of Enamel Caries. Caries Res 2018; 52:580-587. [DOI: 10.1159/000488211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The amount of organic material in the cariogenic environment correlates with the amount of organic material incorporated in carious enamel. The incorporated organic material may be expected to reduce the pore volumes available for remineralization and resin infiltration, but these expected outcomes have not yet been quantified. We tested the effect of the amount of organic content in the cariogenic agent on remineralization and the resin-occluded pore volume in artificial subsurface enamel caries. An acid gel (organic-rich; G1) and an aqueous solution (organic-poor; G2) were used to induce subsurface lesions in human enamel. Undemineralized histological sections were prepared, microradiographed, and then submitted to resin infiltration in vitro. The enamel component volumes (mineral, organic, remineralizable [total water volume], loosely and firmly bound water volumes, and resin-occluded volume) were measured (by microradiography and polarizing microscopy) at histological sites (n = 38, G1; n = 34, G2). The main outcomes were the differences between the experimental and the predicted volumes (Δremineralizable and Δresin-occluded volumes). Resin infiltration was confirmed by confocal scanning laser microscopy. Compared to G2, G1 presented more incorporated organic volume and lower Δremineralizable volume (p = 0.003; Hedges g = 0.66; power = 0.87), a lower increase in loosely bound water volume (p = 0.0013; Hedges g = 0.74; power = 0.93), a lower remineralization volume in the surface layer (p = 0.017; Hedges g = 0.68; power = 0.8), and a lower Δresin-occluded volume (p = 0.0015; Hedges g = 0.73; power = 0.92). In conclusion, the higher amount of organic matter in the cariogenic gel negatively affected remineralization and the resin-occluded volume in subsurface lesions.
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de Mattos Brito CS, Meira KRS, de Sousa FB. Natural enamel caries in quinoline: Volumetric data and the pattern of infiltration. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 81:181-190. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camila Santos de Mattos Brito
- Graduate Master program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária; João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Kássia Regina Simões Meira
- Graduate Master program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária; João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
| | - Frederico Barbosa de Sousa
- Graduate Master program in Dentistry, Health Sciences Center; Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária; João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
- Department of Morphology; Health Science Center, Federal University of Paraiba, Cidade Universitária; João Pessoa Paraiba 58051-900 Brazil
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de Sousa FB, Lelis IMP, Figueiredo RCBQ, Pires AC, Gerlach RF. Quantitative study of the proportion of the pore volume of human fluorotic enamel filled by resin infiltrant. Arch Oral Biol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Campos SDAG, Vieira MLO, de Sousa FB. Correlation between ICDAS and histology: Differences between stereomicroscopy and microradiography with contrast solution as histological techniques. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183432. [PMID: 28841688 PMCID: PMC5571903 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of occlusal caries with visual examination using ICDAS correlates strongly with histology under stereomicroscopy (SM), but dentin aspects under SM are ambiguous regarding mineral content. Thus, our aim was to test two null hypotheses: SM and microradiography result in similar correlations between ICDAS and histology; SM and microradiography result in similar positive (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of ICDAS cut-off 1–2 (scores 0–2 as sound) with histological threshold D3 (demineralization in the inner third of dentin). Occlusal surfaces of extracted permanent teeth (n = 115) were scored using ICDAS. Undemineralized ground sections were histologically scored using both SM without contrast solution and microradiography after immersion in Thoulet’s solution 1.47 for 24 h (MRC). Correlation between ICDAS and histology differed from SM (0.782) to MRC (0.511) (p = 0.0002), with a large effect size “q” of 0.49 (95% CI: 0.638/0.338). For ICDAS cut-off 1–2 and D3, PPV from MRC (0.56) was higher than that from SM (0.28) (p< 0.00001; effect size h = 0.81), and NPV from MRC (0.72) was lower than that from SM (1,00) (p < 0.00001; effect size h = 1.58). In conclusion, SM overestimated the correlation between ICDAS and lesion depth, and underestimated the number of occlusal surfaces with ICDAS cut-off 1–2 and deep dentin demineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara de Azevedo Gomes Campos
- Master program in Dentistry, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil
| | - Maria Lúcia Oliveira Vieira
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Biological Image, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil
| | - Frederico Barbosa de Sousa
- Master program in Dentistry, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil
- Laboratory of Microscopy and Biological Image, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil
- Department of Morphology, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal da Paraiba, Cidade Universitária, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brasil
- * E-mail:
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