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Jiang W, Zhang Y, Yan J, He Z, Chen W. Differences of protein expression in enterococcus faecalis biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. Technol Health Care 2024; 32:371-383. [PMID: 38759062 DOI: 10.3233/thc-248033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis biofilm was frequently found on the failed treated root canal wall, which survived by resisting disinfectant during endodontic treatment.Many researches have been conducted to explore the mechanisms of persistence of this pathogen in unfavorable conditions. However, no comprehensive proteomics studies have been conducted to investigate stress response in Enterococcus faecalis caused by alkali and NaOCl. OBJECTIVE Enterococcus faecalis (E.f) has been recognized as a main pathogen of refractory apical periodontitis, its ability to withstand environmental pressure is the key to grow in the environment of high alkaline and anti-bacterial drug that causes chronic infection in the root canal. This study aims to focus on the protein expression patterns of E.f biofilm under extreme pressure environment". METHODS Enterococcus faecalis biofilm model was established in vitro. Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer (LC-MS/MS)-based label free quantitative proteomics approach was applied to compare differential protein expression under different environmental pressures (pH 10 and 5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl)). And then qPCR and Parallel Reaction Monitoring Verification (PRM) were utilized to verify the consequence of proteomics. RESULTS The number of taxa in this study was higher than those in previous studies, demonstrating the presence of a remarkable number of proteins in the groups of high alkaline and NaOCl. Proteins involved in ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporter were significantly enriched in experimental samples. We identified a total of 15 highly expressed ABC transporters in the high alkaline environment pressure group, with 7 proteins greater than 1.5 times. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed considerable changes in expression of proteins in E.f biofilm during resistance to environmental pressures. The findings enriched our understanding of association between the differential expression proteins and environmental pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Youmeng Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Yan
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Department of Stomatology, Shanghai Hudong Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhiyan He
- Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weixu Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Eye and Ent Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Sy K, Chevalier C, Maton M, Mokbel I, Mahieux S, Houcke I, Neut C, Grosgogeat B, Deveaux E, Gritsch K, Agossa K. Therapeutic Potential of Chlorhexidine-Loaded Calcium Hydroxide-Based Intracanal Medications in Endo-Periodontal Lesions: An Ex Vivo and In Vitro Study. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1416. [PMID: 37760713 PMCID: PMC10525524 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12091416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endo-periodontal lesions are challenging clinical situations where both the supporting tissues and the root canal of the same tooth are infected. In the present study, chlorhexidine (CHX)-loaded calcium hydroxide (CH) pastes were used as intracanal medications (ICMs). They were prepared and tested on pathogens found in both the root canal and the periodontal pocket. Exposure to 0.5% and 1% CHX-loaded ICMs decreased the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis and was effective in eradicating or inhibiting an Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. CH was injected into the root canal of extracted human teeth immersed in deionized water. CHX-loaded ICMs resulted in the transradicular diffusion of active components outside the tooth through the apex and the lateral dentinal tubules, as shown by the release of CHX (from 3.99 µg/mL to 51.28 µg/mL) and changes in pH (from 6.63 to 8.18) and calcium concentrations (from 2.42 ppm to 14.67 ppm) after 7 days. The 0.5% CHX-loaded ICM was non-toxic and reduced the release of IL-6 by periodontal cells stimulated by P. gingivalis lipopolysaccharides. Results indicate that the root canal may serve as a reservoir for periodontal drug delivery and that CHX-based ICMs can be an adjuvant for the control of infections and inflammation in endo-periodontal lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kadiatou Sy
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Charlène Chevalier
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Mickaël Maton
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Ilham Mokbel
- UMR CNRS 5615 Laboratoire des Multimatériaux et Interfaces, Université Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; (C.C.); (I.M.)
| | - Séverine Mahieux
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Isabelle Houcke
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Christel Neut
- U1286 Infinite, Institute for Translational Research in Inflammation, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (S.M.); (I.H.); (C.N.)
| | - Brigitte Grosgogeat
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Etienne Deveaux
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
| | - Kerstin Gritsch
- Faculté d’Odontologie, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pôle d′Odontologie, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, 69372 Lyon Cedex 08, France; (B.G.); (K.G.)
| | - Kevimy Agossa
- U1008, Controlled Drug Delivery Systems and Biomaterials, Inserm, CHU Lille, Université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; (M.M.); (E.D.); (K.A.)
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Choudhari S, S P, Venkata Teja K. Antimicrobial Efficacy of a Novel Automated Irrigation Device As Compared to Conventional Needle Irrigation Against Enterococcus faecalis: An In Vitro Study. Cureus 2023; 15:e45200. [PMID: 37842411 PMCID: PMC10576167 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.45200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim The present study aims to compare the antibacterial efficacy of a novel automated endodontic irrigation device with that of a manual irrigation technique. Materials and methods The present study considered 45 extracted single-rooted teeth. After sectioning the teeth, the specimens were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) bacteria for three weeks. Instrumentation was done using ProTaper Gold rotary files to size 50 and 5% taper. Based on the irrigation protocol, the experimental samples were divided into Group I: control (normal saline irrigation) (n = 15); Group II: conventional needle irrigation (n = 15); and Group III: automated irrigation (n = 15). The irrigation in Group III was done using the automated irrigation device. After the experimental irrigation, the pre-weighted dentinal shaving was collected in Eppendorf tubes, diluted 10 times, and incubated in the Petri dish with tryptone soy agar (TSA) for 48 hours. Finally, the colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were assessed. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 23.0 (Armonk, NY, USA, IBM Corp.) was used for data analysis. Intergroup comparisons were made using the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test. Results The mean CFU count (CFU/ml) for the groups was: Group 1 (normal saline irrigation): 3.67x101; Group 2 (manual irrigation): 2.69× 101; Group 3 (automated irrigation): 1.57× 101. A statistically significant reduction in E. faecalis CFU count was seen among the groups assessed (p<0.01). The automated irrigation group exhibited the most substantial reduction in E. faecalis CFU count. Group 2 showed a significant difference compared to Group 1 (p<0.05). Conclusions The novel automated endodontic irrigation device was superior to manual irrigation in reducing E. faecalis CFU counts. This indicates that the automated irrigation device has the potential to enhance bacterial elimination efficacy during endodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Choudhari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Pradeep S
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
| | - Kavalipurapu Venkata Teja
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS) Saveetha University, Chennai, IND
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Xu L, Zhao K, Miao J, Yang Z, Li Z, Zhao L, Su H, Lin L, Hu Y. High-strength and anti-bacterial BSA/carboxymethyl chitosan/silver nanoparticles/calcium alginate composite hydrogel membrane for efficient dye/salt separation. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 220:267-279. [PMID: 35985394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.08.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In order to solve the problems of poor mechanical property, non-antibacterial and low flux of calcium alginate (CaAlg) membrane, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) for improving CaAlg membrane in this paper. Meanwhile, the dispersion property of silver nanoparticles and the mechanical property, thermal stability, antibacterial property and filtration efficiency of the composite membrane were explored. The results illustrated CMCS observably strengthened the mechanical property and thermal stability of the composite membrane, and AgNPs endowed the composite membrane with excellent antibacterial property. The flux of the BSA/CMCS/AgNPs/CaAlg composite membrane was raised compared to CaAlg membrane. Finally, the viscose fiber/polyethylene terephthalate fiber (VF-PET) nonwoven fabric was introduced as the support layer to further improve the filtration flux and mechanical property of the composite membrane. VF-PET/BSA/CMCS/AgNPs/CaAlg membrane had a rejection rate of over 99.0 % for dye molecules and <9.0 % for salt ions, while the flux maintained 38.5 L·m-2·h-1. Furthermore, VF-PET/BSA/CMCS/AgNPs/CaAlg membrane also had excellent separation effect on actual dye wastewater. The separation of dye and salt by the membrane mainly depended on the screening mechanism of membrane pore size, rather than adsorption. The composite membrane had an outstanding performance on the separation of dye molecules and inorganic salt ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Kongyin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China.
| | - Junping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Zhenhao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China; School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Zhiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Hongxian Su
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Ligang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Yunxia Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes/National Centre for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
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Wu S, Weir MD, Lei L, Liu J, Xu HHK. Novel nanographene oxide-calcium phosphate cement inhibits Enterococcus faecalis biofilm and supports dental pulp stem cells. J Orthop Surg Res 2021; 16:580. [PMID: 34627321 PMCID: PMC8501535 DOI: 10.1186/s13018-021-02736-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is the most recovered species from the root canals after failed root canal treatment. Calcium phosphate bone cement (CPC) scaffold is promising for applications in endodontic treatment as a kind of root canal sealer. Graphene oxide (GO) has been extensively considered as a kind of promising nano-materials for antibacterial applications. In the present study, an injectable CPC-chitosan paste containing GO was developed for promising endodontic therapy. The antibacterial properties of this paste against E. faecalis biofilms as well as the support for human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) were investigated. Methods CPC-chitosan composite with or without GO injectable scaffold was fabricated. The hDPSC growth and viability on scaffolds were investigated by live/dead assay. Antibacterial effects against E. faecalis biofilms were determined in clinical detin block samples. Results The antibacterial CPC-chitosan-GO disks had excellent hDPSC support with the percentages of live cells at around 90%. CPC-chitosan-GO also had greater antibacterial activity on E. faecalis than that of CPC-chitosan control using detin block models (p < 0.05). Conclusions The injectable CPC-chitosan-GO paste had strong effects on inhibition E. faecalis and hDPSC support, which could fill the void of adjusting paste to the defect and shaping in situ for promising endodontic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.,Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Michael D Weir
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Biomaterials & Tissue Engineering Division, Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.,Center for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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6
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Krüger HC, Francio J, Silva ASD, Oliveira GSND, Brancher JA, Dantas LR, Oliveira RCD, Tuon FF, Carneiro E. Antimicrobial action, cytotoxicity, calcium ion release, and pH variation of a calcium hydroxide-based paste associated with Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão extract. AUST ENDOD J 2021; 48:170-178. [PMID: 34378831 DOI: 10.1111/aej.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (aroeira), as a vehicle, associated with calcium hydroxide (CH) paste was evaluated based on cell viability, antimicrobial action, calcium ion release, and pH variation. Calcium hydroxide with propylene glycol was used as control. The pH variation was measured at 3, 24, 72, 168, 140, 360, and 720 h and calcium ion release was measured on days 7, 15, and 30. Cell viability was assessed with NIH/3T3 cells using MTT and crystal violet assays, after 24, 48, and 72 h. Antibacterial activity was determined by the disc diffusion method, while microbial reduction (Enterococcus faecalis) was evaluated using the time-kill test. The CH paste formulated with aroeira showed antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and further did not interfere with pH, calcium ion release, or cell viability; moreover, the formulation had antimicrobial activity and could serve as a vehicle for CH paste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jordano Francio
- Departament of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - João Armando Brancher
- Departament of Biochemistry, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Letícia Ramos Dantas
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Felipe Francisco Tuon
- Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Everdan Carneiro
- Departament of Endodontics, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
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Tilakchand M, Hegde S, Naik B. Evaluation of the efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste versus conventionally used intracanal antibiotic pastes and irrigating solutions against a 3-week-old biofilm of Enterococcus faecalis. J Conserv Dent 2021; 23:436-440. [PMID: 33911349 PMCID: PMC8066661 DOI: 10.4103/jcd.jcd_304_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Intracanal medicaments have been used during endodontic regenerative procedures to eradicate endodontic pathogens. Aims The aim of our study was (1) to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of a novel antibiotic-steroid paste over the regularly used calcium hydroxide (Ca (OH)2), double antibiotic paste (DAP), and modified triple antibiotic paste (M-TAP) and (2) to check the antimicrobial efficacy of irrigating solutions, Chlorhexidine (CHX), and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against a 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) biofilm. Materials and Methods A total of 112 human extracted teeth were contaminated with E. faecalis for a period of 21 days. A novel antibiotic-steroid paste, Ca (OH) 2, DAP, M-TAP, and a placebo were placed inside the canal, sealed, and incubated in an aerobic environment at 37°C. For irrigating solutions, each prepared sample was immersed in 1 ml of sterile saline for 1 min, followed by irrigating and immersion with 1.5% NaOCl and 2% CHX for 5 min. An antimicrobial assessment was performed at the end of 2 days and 7 days, with seven teeth from each group, for each time interval. Dentin debris collected was transferred to the respective medium for culture. After 24 h, colonies were counted using classical bacterial counting technique as colony-forming units. Results Statistical analysis revealed that the novel antibiotic-steroid paste showed a statistically insignificant difference when compared to DAP, which had the highest antimicrobial properties. Conclusion This novel functional paste has antimicrobial efficacy comparable with that of DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahima Tilakchand
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Sannidhi Hegde
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Balaram Naik
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, SDM College of Dental Science, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Daood U, Parolia A, Matinlinna J, Yiu C, Ahmed HMA, Fawzy A. Properties of a modified quaternary ammonium silane formulation as a potential root canal irrigant in endodontics. Dent Mater 2020; 36:e386-e402. [PMID: 33010944 DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evaluate a new modified quaternary ammonium silane irrigant solution for its antimicrobial, cytotoxic and mechanical properties of dentine substrate. METHODS Root canal preparation was performed using stainless steel K-files™ and F4 size protaper with irrigation protocols of 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX; 3.5% QIS; 2% QIS and sterile saline. Biofilms were prepared using E. faecalis adjusted and allowed to grow for 3 days, treated with irrigants, and allowed to grow for 7 days. AFM was performed and surface free energy calculated. MC3T3 cells were infected with endo irrigant treated E. faecalis biofilms. Raman spectroscopy of biofilms were performed after bacterial re-growth on root dentine and exposed to different irrigation protocols and collagen fibers analysed collagen fibers using TEM. Antimicrobial potency against E. faecalis biofilms and cytoxicity against 3T3 NIH cells were also. Resin penetration and MitoTracker green were also evaluated for sealer penetration and mitochondrial viability. Data were analysed using One-way ANOVA, principal component analysis and post-hoc Fisher's least-significant difference. RESULTS Elastic moduli were maintained amongst control (5.5 ± 0.9) and 3.5% QIS (4.4 ± 1.1) specimens with surface free energy higher in QIS specimens. MC3T3 cells showed reduced viability in 6%NaOCl+2%CHX specimens compared to QIS specimens. DNA/purine were expressed in increased intensities in control and 6% NaOCl + 2% CHX specimens with bands around 480-490 cm-1 reduced in QIS specimens. 3.5% QIS specimens showed intact collagen fibrillar network and predominantly dead bacterial cells in confocal microscopy. 3.5% QIS irrigant formed a thin crust-type surface layer with cytoplasmic extensions of 3T3NIH spread over root dentine. Experiments confirmed MitoTracker accumulation in 3.5% treated cells. SIGNIFICANCE Novel QIS root canal irrigant achieved optimum antimicrobial protection inside the root canals facilitating a toxic effect against the Enterococcus faecalis biofilm. Root dentine substrates exhibited optimum mechanical properties and there was viability of fibroblastic mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umer Daood
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Abhishek Parolia
- Division of Clinical Dentistry, School of Dentistry, International Medical University Kuala Lumpur, 126, Jalan Jalil Perkasa 19, Bukit Jalil, 57000 Bukit Jalil, Wilayah Persekutuan Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jukka Matinlinna
- Dental Materials Science, Applied Oral Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, 34 Hospital Road, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Cynthia Yiu
- Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Prince Philip Dental Hospital, 34 Hospital Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Hany Mohamed Aly Ahmed
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amr Fawzy
- UWA Dental School, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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9
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Wu S, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lei L. Nano-graphene oxide with antisense walR RNA inhibits the pathogenicity of Enterococcus faecalis in periapical periodontitis. J Dent Sci 2020; 15:65-74. [PMID: 32257002 PMCID: PMC7109485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2019.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Enterococcus faecalis (E. faecalis) is considered a predominant pathogen for persistent periapical infections. Antisense walR (ASwalR) RNA was reported to inhibit the biofilm formation and sensitized E. faecalis to calcium hydroxide medication. The aims of this study were to investigate whether the graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets could be used to enhance antibacterial activity of ASwalR RNA for E. faecalis in periapical periodontitis. Materials and methods We developed a graphene-based plasmid transformation system by loading antisense walR plasmid with GO-polyethylenimine (PEI) complexes (GO-PEI-ASwalR). The particle size distributions and zeta-potential of the GO-PEI-ASwalR were evaluated. Then, ASwalR plasmids were labeled with gene encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (ASwalR-eGFP). The transformation efficiencies and the bacterial viability of E. faecalis were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Quantitative real-time PCR assays were used to investigate the expressions of E. faecalis virulent genes after transformed by GO-PEI-ASwalR. Also, the antibacterial properties of the GO-PEI-ASwalR were validated in the rat periapical periodontitis model. Results We showed that GO-PEI could efficiently deliver the ASwalR plasmid into E. faecalis cell. GO-PEI-ASwalR significantly reduced virulent-associated gene expressions. Furthermore, GO-PEI-ASwalR suppressed biofilm aggregation and improved bactericidal effects using infected canal models in vitro. In four-weeks periapical infective rat models, the GO-PEI-ASwalR strains remarkably reduced the periapical lesion size. Conclusion Transformation efficiency and antibacterial prosperity of ASwalR can be marked improved by GO-PEI based delivery system for E. faecalis infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yunjie Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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10
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Wu S, Liu Y, Zhang H, Lei L. The Susceptibility to Calcium Hydroxide Modulated by the Essential walR Gene Reveals the Role for Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm Aggregation. J Endod 2019; 45:295-301.e2. [PMID: 30803536 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Enterococcus faecalis is considered a predominant pathogen for persistent periapical infections and in addition is reportedly resistant to calcium hydroxide medication. The WalRK 2-component system of E. faecalis is essential for environmental adaptation, survival, and virulence. The goal of this study was to investigate the potential roles of walR in the regulation of biofilm aggregation, alkaline stress, and susceptibility to calcium hydroxide (CH) medication. METHODS Antisense walR RNA (aswalR) overexpression strains were constructed. Exopolysaccharide (EPS) production and bacterial viability of E. faecalis biofilms were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to investigate the expressions of virulent factor genes. The proportion of viable bacteria and EPS production in dentin were assessed after CH medication. RESULTS We showed that walR interference by aswalR RNA leads to a reduction in the dextran-dependent aggregation in E. faecalis biofilm. The overexpression of aswalR reduced the transcripts of the virulence genes and alkaline stress tolerance ability. Furthermore, the down-regulation of walR sensitized E. faecalis in infected canals to CH medication associated with inhibiting EPS synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest a role for the walR regulator in the susceptibility to CH associated with dispelling the EPS matrix, which could be explored as a potential supplementary therapy for the management of root canal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Yunjie Liu
- West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Preventive Dentistry, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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11
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Regenerative Endodontics: A Systematic Analysis of the Failed Cases. J Endod 2019; 45:567-577. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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12
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Rao S, Hashemi Astaneh S, Villanueva J, Silva F, Takoudis C, Bijukumar D, Souza JCM, Mathew MT. Physicochemical and in-vitro biological analysis of bio-functionalized titanium samples in a protein-rich medium. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 96:152-164. [PMID: 31035066 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The long-term survivability of the implants is strongly influenced by the osseointegration aspects of the metal-bone interface. In this study, biological materials such as fibrinogen and fibrin are used to functionalize titanium surfaces to enhance the ability of implants to interact with human tissues for accelerated osseointegration. The biofunctionalized samples that were assessed by White Light Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope and Water Contact Angle for surface properties proved samples etched with HF/HNO3 to be better than HCl/H2SO4 in terms of having optimum roughness and hydrophilicity for our further experiments. To further investigate the in vitro osseointegration of the biofunctionalized samples, Osteoblasts were cultured on the surfaces to assess cell proliferation, adhesion, gene expression as well as the mineralization process. Further bacterial adhesion (Enterococcus faecalis) and electrochemical evaluation of surface coating stability were carried out. Results of the study show that the biofunctionalized surfaces provided high cell proliferation, adherence, gene expression, and mineralization compared to other control surfaces hence proving them to have efficient and enhanced osseointegration. Also, bacterial adhesion studies show that there is no augmented growth of bacteria on the biofunctionalized samples in comparison to control surfaces. Electrochemical studies proved the existence of a stable protein layer on the bio functionalized surfaces. Such a method can reduce the time for osseointegration that can decrease risks in early failures of implants due to its enhanced hydrophilicity and cytocompatibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shradha Rao
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, USA
| | - Sarah Hashemi Astaneh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Illinois at Chicago, (UIC), Chicago, USA
| | - Jose Villanueva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, UIC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Filipe Silva
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMINHO), Universidade do Minho, Portugal
| | - Christos Takoudis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, the University of Illinois at Chicago, (UIC), Chicago, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, USA
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, USA
| | - Júlio C M Souza
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, USA; Department of Dental Sciences, University Institute of Health Sciences (IUCS-CESPU), Grandra 4585-116, Portugal
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Rockford, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, USA.
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13
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Ramirez T, Shrestha A, Kishen A. Inflammatory potential of monospecies biofilm matrix components. Int Endod J 2019; 52:1020-1027. [PMID: 30719720 DOI: 10.1111/iej.13093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the inflammatory potential of biofilm matrix constituents of Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa monospecies biofilms on macrophages. METHODOLOGY In vitro biofilms of E. faecalis and P. aeruginosa were grown (7 days) in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The biofilm matrix components: exopolysaccharides (EPS) and extracellular DNA (eDNA) were extracted and quantified. The inflammatory potential of EPS and eDNA was assessed on macrophage cell lines (RAW 267.4) using nitric oxide (NO), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for tumour necrosis factor (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expressions. LPS from P. aeruginosa and planktonic bacteria were positive controls. One-way analysis of variance and the Tukey post hoc test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS Extracted EPS from both biofilm strains was associated with higher levels than eDNA in both growth conditions (P < 0.05). The biofilm components had less inflammatory potential compared to planktonic bacteria and LPS. EPS produced higher levels of inflammatory response compared to eDNA for both strains (P < 0.05). IL-6 and TNF-α, and NO expression showed no difference for E. faecalis EPS (P ≥ 0.05). In contrast, P. aeruginosa EPS and eDNA had significant levels of IL-6 compared to TNF-α and NO (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Monospecies biofilm matrix EPS and eDNA from the bacterial strains tested had the ability to induce a low-grade inflammatory response when compared to planktonic bacteria and LPS. This study highlights the potential of biofilm matrix/components, devoid of bacteria to induce low-grade chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ramirez
- Faculty of Dentistry, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica
| | - A Shrestha
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - A Kishen
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Ramirez-Mora T, Retana-Lobo C, Valle-Bourrouet G. Biochemical characterization of extracellular polymeric substances from endodontic biofilms. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204081. [PMID: 30457998 PMCID: PMC6245677 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apical periodontitis is frequently associated with the presence of bacteria biofilm, which has an indisputable impact on the prognosis of endodontic therapy due to the high resistance to adverse environmental conditions, chemicals, and antibiotic therapy that characterize bacteria within biofilm. The biofilm matrix acts as a protective shield over the encased microorganisms. The aim of this investigation was to identify the main biochemical components of biofilm matrix from endodontic mono- and dual-species biofilms. Enterococcus faecalis and Actinomyces naeslundii were cultured as mono- and dual-species biofilms for 14 days. Crude extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs) from biofilm matrices were extracted using chemical and physical methods. High-performance liquid chromatography, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry were used to determine the carbohydrate, protein, and fatty acid components. Chemical analysis of the biofilm matrices revealed that they were mainly composed of stachyose, maltose, and mannose carbohydrates. The protein profile in all biofilm samples showed abundant oxidoreductases and chaperone proteins and some virulence- associated proteins mainly located in the membrane surface. High percentages of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were identified in all biofilm matrices, with a major prevalence of palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids. Based on the results, it was possible to obtain for the first time a general overview of the biochemical profile of endodontic biofilm matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ramirez-Mora
- Section of Endodontics, Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
- * E-mail:
| | - Cristina Retana-Lobo
- Section of Endodontics, Restorative Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Grettel Valle-Bourrouet
- Inorganic Chemistry Department, Chemistry Faculty, University of Costa Rica, Montes de Oca, San José, Costa Rica
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15
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Ye WH, Fan B, Purcell W, Meghil MM, Cutler CW, Bergeron BE, Ma JZ, Tay FR, Niu LN. Anti-biofilm efficacy of root canal irrigants against in-situ Enterococcus faecalis biofilms in root canals, isthmuses and dentinal tubules. J Dent 2018; 79:68-76. [PMID: 30296552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-biofilm efficacy of root canal irrigants in canal spaces, isthmi and dentinal tubules of root canals ex vivo. METHODS Fifty-one single-rooted premolars, each containing an isthmus, were instrumented, autoclaved and inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 4 weeks. One specimen was sectioned for bacteria-specific staining to confirm the presence of biofilms using light microscopiy. The remaining specimens were randomly divided to five groups: (1) 0.9% NaCl, (2) SilverSol/H2O2, (3) HYBENX, (4) QMix 2 in1, (5) 6% NaOCl. Bacterial sampling was performed before (S1) and after (S2) canal irrigation. Diluted bacteria suspension was cultured for 48 h for counting the colony forming units (CFU). Percentages of dead bacteria and biofilm thickness were evaluated by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Metabolic activity, lactic acid and polysaccharide synthesis of E. faecalis derived from S2 samples were analysed. RESULTS The percentages of dead bacteria were significantly affected by the factor "irrigant" (p < 0.001) and the factor "location" (p = 0.017). The percentages of dead bacteria in the isthmi and canals were both in the ordor: NaCl < SilverSol/H2O2 < HYBENX < QMix 2 in1 < NaOCl (p < 0.05). Only 6% NaOCl disrupted biofilms and significantly reduced their thickness. The CFU, metabolic activity, polysaccharide and lactic acid production of E. faecalis were all reduced by the disinfecting solutions. CONCLUSIONS SilverSol/H2O2 and HYBENX were less adept than QMix 2 in1 at killing biofilm bacteria in root canals. None of these antibacterial irrigants were effective, compared with 6% NaOCl, in disrupting biofilms. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE There is advantage in using HYBENX or QMix 2 in1 to kill intratubular bacteria biofilms because of their capability in removing the inorganic component of the smear layer. SilverSol/H2O2 requires extra time to eradicate intratubular biofilms upon removal of the organic and inorganic components of the smear layer by other root canal irrigants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Hu Ye
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Bing Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) and Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wiley Purcell
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Mohamed M Meghil
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | | | - Brian E Bergeron
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Jing-Zhi Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA; State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Li-Na Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology and National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Prosthodontics, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Hena, China.
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16
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Segu A, Bijukumar D, Trinh T, Pradhan MN, Xie Q, Cortino S, Mathew MT. Total Eradication of Bacterial Infection in Root Canal Treatment: An Electrochemical Approach. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:2623-2632. [PMID: 33435125 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.8b00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
According to the American Association of Endodontists, currently 22.3 million endodontic procedures are being performed annually with the success rate of 70-95% and the average survival rate of the root canal procedure is approximately 67% after 5 years and 56% after 8 years. One of the major reason for the failure is relapse of infection. Hence, it is imperative to develop an assistive or alternative method to eradicate the bacterial infection effectively without affecting patient compliance. The application of electrochemistry has been used previously to disinfect catheters and implant disinfection. Hence, the aim of this study is to utilize the principles of electrochemistry to develop a microelectronic device to eradicate bacterial infection for root canal treatment. The electrochemical protocol includes open circuit potential (60 s) and potentiostatic scan at varying voltage (-9 to +2 V) at a different time duration (1-5 min). Enterococcus faecalis in the form of planktonic and biofilm was used in this study. After electrochemical treatment, the bacterial viability was evaluated using alamarBlue assay, colony forming units, confocal microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. Cytotoxicity evoked by electrochemical voltage in comparison to NaOCl solution was performed using osteoblasts in 2D and 3D cell culture systems. The results of the study show that the application of -2 to +2 V at 1-5 min did not show any significant reduction in bacterial growth. However, the cathodic voltage of -9 V for 5 min showed a significant reduction (p < 0.001) in the bacterial count (80-95%). Similar results were obtained from biofilm study, which is more realistic to the in vivo condition. In contrast, the method did not induce cytotoxicity to the cells in 3D culture system (65% viability) in comparison to the highly toxic nature (0% viability) of NaOCl, indicating better patient compliance. Hence, the study provides supporting evidence to develop an electrochemically driven microelectronic device that can be a potential assistive dental instrument for endodontic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijith Segu
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States
| | - Divya Bijukumar
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States
| | - Tina Trinh
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States.,College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Manila Nuchhe Pradhan
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Qian Xie
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Sukotjo Cortino
- College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Mathew T Mathew
- Regenerative Medicine and Disability Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Avenue, Rockford, Illinois 61107, United States.,College of Dentistry, University of Illinois, 801 S. Paulina Street, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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17
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Silva-Neto RD, Sousa-Neto MD, Pécora JD, Palma-Dibb RG, Souza-Gabriel AE. Wear profile of canal wall surfaces and bond strength of endodontic sealers after in situ acid challenge. Int Endod J 2017; 51:364-374. [PMID: 28887850 DOI: 10.1111/iej.12858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the wear of root wall surfaces, the bond strength of sealers to dentine and the demineralization around root filling materials after canals were exposed to acid challenge in situ. METHODOLOGY Eighty-seven roots of mandibular incisors were selected. Thirty-two were used in the laboratory bond strength study (n = 8), and 55 in the in situ study (n = 11). Root canals were prepared biomechanically and then filled with gutta-percha and AH Plus, MTA Fillapex, Sealapex or Endofill. For 14 days, 11 participants used intra-oral devices with five sterilized roots (four experimental and one control - only canal prepared). Drops of sucrose were dripped onto roots allowing the accumulation of biofilm on canal surfaces. Roots were removed, sectioned and analysed for the following: bond strength of filling material using a push-out test and also wear profile and dentine demineralization using confocal microscopy. Bond strength (MPa) was evaluated by two-way anova and Tukey test (α = 0.05), and wear profile was assessed by Kruskal-Wallis and t-tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS AH Plus had the highest bond strength values. Intermediate results were found in roots with MTA Fillapex and Endofill, whilst Sealapex had inferior results (P < 0.05). No significant differences were found amongst root thirds (P > 0.05). For wear profile, samples were associated with degradation of the filling materials after exposure to the oral environment (P < 0.05). Roots had signs of demineralization around the filling material when Sealapex and Endofill were used. CONCLUSIONS Sealers were not able to prevent degradation of the adhesive interface and dentine. AH Plus and MTA Fillapex had superior bond strength to dentine and less intense demineralization around the root filling.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Silva-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - M D Sousa-Neto
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - J D Pécora
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - R G Palma-Dibb
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - A E Souza-Gabriel
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Dental School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Tagelsir A, Yassen GH, Gomez GF, Gregory RL. Effect of Antimicrobials Used in Regenerative Endodontic Procedures on 3-week-old Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm. J Endod 2016; 42:258-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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19
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Wang KK, Jung SJ, Hwang JW, Kim BJ, Kim DH, Bae IK, Jeong SH, Kim YR. Bactericidal effect through non-uptake pathway with photofunctional silicon polymer that generates reactive oxygen species. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Ganesh A, Nagendrababu V, John A, Deivanayagam K. The Effect of Addition of an EPS Degrading Enzyme with and without Detergent to 2% Chlorhexidine on Disruption of Enterococcus faecalis Biofilm: A Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopic Study. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:ZC61-5. [PMID: 26675655 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2015/14602.6829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enterococcus faecalis is one of the most commonly occurring organisms retrieved from root canal treated teeth that show refractory apical periodontitis. Though it is well known that the ability of E. faecalis to form a matrix-encased biofilm contributes to its pathogenicity, the role of extracellular dextran and DNA in biofilm formation and its effect on the susceptibility of the biofilm to chlorhexidine remains poorly understood. It was hypothesized that the addition of an Extracellular Polymeric Substance (EPS) degrading enzyme along with a detergent to chlorhexidine may increase the susceptibility of the E. faecalis biofilm. AIM To evaluate the sensitivity of Enterococcus faecalis biofilms treated with DNase enzyme and their susceptibility to 2% chlorhexidine used alone or in conjunction with a detergent in a dentin disinfection model and examine under confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). MATERIALS AND METHODS Semi cylindrical shaped dentin specimens were infected with E. faecalis and incubated for 24 hours. Following incubation, the infected dentin specimens were exposed for 3 minutes to the four disinfecting solutions and grouped accordingly. {Group I- Sterile saline, Group II- 2% Chlorhexidine (CHX), Group III- Dnase1 Enzyme + 2% CHX, Group IV- DNase1 Enzyme + 2% CHX & Tween 80. Bacterial viability was then assessed by staining the specimens and examining under CLSM to analyse the proportion of dead and live bacteria within the dentinal tubules. RESULTS The Groups II, III and IV showed statistically significant (p<0.05) percentage of dead bacteria compared to the control (Group I). However there was no significant difference in the killing effectiveness within the experimental groups (II-IV) at (p<0.05). CONCLUSION EPS degrading enzyme (DNase I) disrupts the biofilm and increases the susceptibility of E.faecalis when exposed to 2% Chlorhexidine and the use of a surfactant with this combination significantly contributes to improving the antibacterial efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arathi Ganesh
- Professor, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Venkateshbabu Nagendrababu
- Senior Lecturer, Department of Restorative Dentistry, International Medical University , Kula Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Aby John
- Former Post Graduate, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
| | - Kandaswamy Deivanayagam
- Dean, Professor and Head, Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Sciences, Sri Ramachandra University , Porur, Chennai, India
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Onay EO, Ungor M, Yazici AC. The evaluation of endodontic flare-ups and their relationship to various risk factors. BMC Oral Health 2015; 15:142. [PMID: 26577095 PMCID: PMC4647657 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-015-0135-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND To evaluate the incidence of flare-ups and identify the risk factors including age, gender, tooth type, number of root canals, initial diagnosis, the type of irrigation regimen, treatment modality and the number of visits, in patients who received root canal treatment from January 2002 to January 2008. METHODS Records of 1819 teeth belonging to 1410 patients treated by 1 endodontics specialist during 6-year period were kept. Patient, tooth, and treatment characteristics were evaluated and the relationships between these characteristics and flare-ups were studied. Statistical analysis was carried out by using Pearson Chi-square test, Fisher's Exact test, and Binary Logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The incidence of flare-ups was 59 (3.2 %) out of 1819 teeth that received endodontic therapy. Pulpal necrosis without periapical pathosis was the most common indication for flare-up (6 %) (p < 0.01). Teeth undergoing multiple visits had a higher risk of developing flare-ups compared to those with single appointments (OR: 3.14, CI: 1.414-7.009, p < 0.01). There were also no statistically significant differences in the incidence of flare-ups regarding to age, gender, tooth type, number of root canals, treatment modality, and the irrigation solutions that used during the treatment. CONCLUSIONS The incidence of flare-up is minimal when teeth are treated in one visit. Absence of a periapical lesion in necrotic teeth is a significant risk factor for flare-ups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emel Olga Onay
- Department of Endodontics, Baskent University, School of Dentistry, 82 sok No 26, 06490, Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Mete Ungor
- Department of Endodontics, Baskent University, School of Dentistry, 82 sok No 26, 06490, Bahcelievler, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - A Canan Yazici
- Department of Biostatistics, Baskent University, School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey.
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Abstract
Dental implants may fail to osseointegrate in sites of endodontic failure. This may occur as a result colonization by various anaerobic and facultative bacterial species. If an implant is placed in a site where vegetative bacteria are residing, the implant may fail to integrate if a bacterial colonization proceeds coronally. If the implant apical cortical bone is thin or if there is an apical fenestration, the colonization may proceed through the thin or nonexistent bone through the covering mucosa, relieving inflammatory pressure to create an apical (retrograde) peri-implantitis. Enterococcus faecalis may be the prime culprit in these types of implant failures. After thorough debridement, the implant may be immediately placed after extraction of an endodontically failed tooth, and the patient treated with an appropriate antibiotic. Alternatively waiting for postextraction healing and subsequent implant placement can be done. Nevertheless, either way may allow for the formation of bacterial vegetative forms or biofilms. The implant surface may be colonized when the surface is exposed to the bacteria. Thorough debridement is crucial. Nonetheless, organisms may persist. Randomized controlled trials are needed to elucidate this issue.
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