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Lacticaseibacillus casei Strain Shirota Modulates Macrophage-Intestinal Epithelial Cell Co-Culture Barrier Integrity, Bacterial Sensing and Inflammatory Cytokines. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10102087. [PMID: 36296363 PMCID: PMC9607601 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10102087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Probiotic bacteria modulate macrophage immune inflammatory responses, with functional cytokine responses determined by macrophage subset polarisation, stimulation and probiotic strain. Mucosal macrophages exhibit subset functional heterogeneity but are organised in a 3-dimensional tissue, over-laid by barrier epithelial cells. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the probiotic Lacticaseibacillus casei strain Shirota (LcS) on macrophage-epithelial cell cytokine responses, pattern recognition receptor (PRR) expression and LPS responses and the impacts on barrier integrity. THP-1-derived M1 and M2 subset macrophages were co-cultured in a transwell system with differentiated Caco-2 epithelial cells in the presence or absence of enteropathogenic LPS. Both Caco-2 cells in monoculture and macrophage co-culture were assayed for cytokines, PRR expression and barrier integrity (TEER and ZO-1) by RT-PCR, ELISA, IHC and electrical resistance. Caco-2 monocultures expressed distinct cytokine profiles (IL-6, IL-8, TNFα, endogenous IL-10), PRRs and barrier integrity, determined by inflammatory context (TNFα or IL-1β). In co-culture, LcS rescued ZO-1 and TEER in M2/Caco-2, but not M1/Caco-2. LcS suppressed TLR2, TLR4, MD2 expression in both co-cultures and differentially regulated NOD2, TLR9, Tollip and cytokine secretion. In conclusion, LcS selectively modulates epithelial barrier integrity, pathogen sensing and inflammatory cytokine profile; determined by macrophage subset and activation status.
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Almarghlani A, Settem RP, Croft AJ, Metcalfe S, Giangreco M, Kay JG. Interleukin-34 Permits Porphyromonas gingivalis Survival and NF-κB p65 Inhibition in Macrophages. Mol Oral Microbiol 2022; 37:109-121. [PMID: 35576119 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is a cytokine that supports the viability and differentiation of macrophages. An important cytokine for the development of epidermal immunity, IL-34 is present and plays a role in the immunity of the oral environment. IL-34 has been linked to inflammatory periodontal diseases, which involve innate phagocytes, including macrophages. Whether IL-34 can alter the ability of macrophages to effectively interact with oral microbes is currently unclear. Using macrophages derived from human blood monocytes with either the canonical cytokine colony-stimulating factor (CSF)1 or IL-34, we compared the ability of the macrophages to phagocytose, kill, and respond through the production of cytokines to the periodontal keystone pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. While macrophages derived from both cytokines were able to engulf the bacterium equally, IL-34 derived macrophages were much less capable of killing internalized P. gingivalis. Of the macrophage cell surface receptors known to interact with P. gingivalis, DC-SIGN was found to have the largest variation between IL-34 and CSF1-derived macrophages. We also found that upon interaction with P. gingivalis, IL-34 derived macrophages produced significantly less of the neutrophil chemotactic factor IL-8 than macrophages derived in the presence of CSF1. Mechanistically, we identified that levels of IL-8 corresponded with P. gingivalis survival and dephosphorylation of the major transcription factor NF-κB p65. Overall, we found that macrophages differentiated in the presence of IL-34, a dominant cytokine in the oral gingiva, have a reduced ability to kill the keystone pathogen P. gingivalis and may be susceptible to specific bacteria-mediated cytokine modification. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Almarghlani
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.,Current Address: Department of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, King AbdulAziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rajendra P Settem
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Andrew J Croft
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Sarah Metcalfe
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Matthew Giangreco
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Jason G Kay
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University at Buffalo, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
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Sun X, Gao J, Meng X, Lu X, Zhang L, Chen R. Polarized Macrophages in Periodontitis: Characteristics, Function, and Molecular Signaling. Front Immunol 2021; 12:763334. [PMID: 34950140 PMCID: PMC8688840 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.763334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis (PD) is a common chronic infectious disease. The local inflammatory response in the host may cause the destruction of supporting periodontal tissue. Macrophages play a variety of roles in PD, including regulatory and phagocytosis. Moreover, under the induction of different factors, macrophages polarize and form different functional phenotypes. Among them, M1-type macrophages with proinflammatory functions and M2-type macrophages with anti-inflammatory functions are the most representative, and both of them can regulate the tendency of the immune system to exert proinflammatory or anti-inflammatory functions. M1 and M2 macrophages are involved in the destructive and reparative stages of PD. Due to the complex microenvironment of PD, the dynamic development of PD, and various local mediators, increasing attention has been given to the study of macrophage polarization in PD. This review summarizes the role of macrophage polarization in the development of PD and its research progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Sun
- *Correspondence: Lei Zhang, ; Xiaoyu Sun,
| | | | | | | | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Department of Periodontology, Stomatologic Hospital & College, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Highly Segregated Biocomposite Membrane as a Functionally Graded Template for Periodontal Tissue Regeneration. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11090667. [PMID: 34564484 PMCID: PMC8469372 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11090667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Guided tissue regeneration (GTR) membranes are used for treating chronic periodontal lesions with the aim of regenerating lost periodontal attachment. Spatially designed functionally graded bioactive membranes with surface core layers have been proposed as the next generation of GTR membranes. Composite formulations of biopolymer and bioceramic have the potential to meet these criteria. Chitosan has emerged as a well-known biopolymer for use in tissue engineering applications due to its properties of degradation, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial nature. Hydroxyapatite is an essential component of the mineral phase of bone. This study developed a GTR membrane with an ideal chitosan to hydroxyapatite ratio with adequate molecular weight. Membranes were fabricated using solvent casting with low and medium molecular weights of chitosan. They were rigorously characterised with scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in conjunction with photoacoustic sampling accessory (FTIR-PAS), swelling ratio, degradation profile, mechanical tensile testing and cytotoxicity using human osteosarcoma and mesenchymal progenitor cells. Scanning electron microscopy showed two different features with 70% HA at the bottom surface packed tightly together, with high distinction of CH from HA. FTIR showed distinct chitosan dominance on top and hydroxyapatite on the bottom surface. Membranes with medium molecular weight showed higher swelling and longer degradation profile as compared to low molecular weight. Cytotoxicity results indicated that the low molecular weight membrane with 30% chitosan and 70% hydroxyapatite showed higher viability with time. Results suggest that this highly segregated bilayer membrane shows promising potential to be adapted as a surface layer whilst constructing a functionally graded GTR membrane on its own and for other biomedical applications.
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Al-Shaghdali K, Durante B, Hayward C, Beal J, Foey A. Macrophage subsets exhibit distinct E. coli-LPS tolerisable cytokines associated with the negative regulators, IRAK-M and Tollip. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0214681. [PMID: 31120887 PMCID: PMC6533032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕs) play a central role in mucosal immunity by pathogen sensing and instruction of adaptive immune responses. Prior challenge to endotoxin can render Mφs refractory to secondary exposure, suppressing the inflammatory response. Previous studies demonstrated a differential subset-specific sensitivity to endotoxin tolerance (ET), mediated by LPS from the oral pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis (PG). The aim of this study was to investigate ET mechanisms associated with Mφ subsets responding to entropathogenic E. coli K12-LPS. M1- and M2-like Mφs were generated in vitro from the THP-1 cell line by differentiation with PMA and Vitamin D3, respectively. This study investigated ET mechanisms induced in M1 and M2 Mφ subsets, by measuring modulation of expression by RT-PCR, secretion of cytokines by sandwich ELISA, LPS receptor, TLR4, as well as endogenous TLR inhibitors, IRAK-M and Tollip by Western blotting. In contrast to PG-LPS tolerisation, E. coli K12-LPS induced ET failed to exhibit a subset-specific response with respect to the pro-inflammatory cytokine, TNFα, whereas exhibited a differential response for IL-10 and IL-6. TNFα expression and secretion was significantly suppressed in both M1- and M2-like Mφs. IL-10 and IL-6, on the other hand, were suppressed in M1s and refractory to suppression in M2s. ET suppressed TLR4 mRNA, but not TLR4 protein, yet induced differential augmentation of the negative regulatory molecules, Tollip in M1 and IRAK-M in M2 Mφs. In conclusion, E. coli K12-LPS differentially tolerises Mφ subsets at the level of anti-inflammatory cytokines, associated with a subset-specific divergence in negative regulators and independent of TLR4 down-regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Al-Shaghdali
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- College of Medicine, University of Hail, Hail, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Barbara Durante
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Hayward
- Department of Gastroenterology, Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Beal
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Foey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Plymouth, Drake Circus, Plymouth, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Ferreira MKM, Ferreira RDO, Castro MML, Magno MB, Almeida APCPSC, Fagundes NCF, Maia LC, Lima RR. Is there an association between asthma and periodontal disease among adults? Systematic review and meta-analysis. Life Sci 2019; 223:74-87. [PMID: 30849418 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to investigate a possible association between asthma and periodontal disease in adults. This study was conducted by Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and the searches were performed on the following databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane, LILACS, OpenGrey e Google Scholar. In this systematic review, observational studies with adult humans, which evaluated patients with and without asthma, were selected to verify the association between both diseases. To qualitative analysis, Fowkes and Fulton guidelines was used and for the quantitative analysis, it was used the mean and standard deviation from each group (with and without asthma), using confidence interval (CI) 95% and heterogeneity were tested using I2 index. Furthermore, a summary of the overall strength of evidence was presented using Grading of recommendations, assessment, development, and evaluation (GRADE). 3395 studies were identified, 11 were included on this systematic review to qualitative analysis and 6 of them to quantitative synthesis. Six meta-analyses were performed to the following clinical parameters: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), papillary bleeding index (PBI), calculus index (CI), clinical attachment loss (CAL). The meta-analysis results for CI was (p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%) PBI (p < 0.00001, I2 = 0%), CAL (p = 0,03, I2 = 98%) showed higher means for the asthmatic group. For BOP (p = 0.20 I2 = 83%), GI (p = 0.14 I2 = 97%) and PI (p = 0.53 I2 = 95%) non-statistical difference was found. The level of evidence analysis (GRADE) presented a low level of evidence among the clinical parameters. This systematic review and meta-analysis observed that asthmatic individuals present more periodontal disease, especially gingivitis, when compared to healthy individuals, but further studies with similar methods are necessary to evaluate interactions between both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karolina Martins Ferreira
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Railson de Oliveira Ferreira
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Micaele Maria Lopes Castro
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marcela Barauna Magno
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Nathalia Carolina Fernandes Fagundes
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil; School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Lucianne Cople Maia
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Rodrigues Lima
- Laboratory of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil.
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Zhou L, Bi C, Gao L, An Y, Chen F, Chen F. Macrophage polarization in human gingival tissue in response to periodontal disease. Oral Dis 2018; 25:265-273. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li‐Na Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Chun‐Sheng Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Li‐Na Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Ying An
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Fang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
| | - Fa‐Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases Fourth Military Medical University Xi’an China
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018. [PMID: 29507865 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in "distant" pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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Macrophage Polarization in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases: Killers or Builders? J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8917804. [PMID: 29507865 PMCID: PMC5821995 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8917804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are key cellular components of the innate immunity, acting as the main player in the first-line defence against the pathogens and modulating homeostatic and inflammatory responses. Plasticity is a major feature of macrophages resulting in extreme heterogeneity both in normal and in pathological conditions. Macrophages are not homogenous, and they are generally categorized into two broad but distinct subsets as either classically activated (M1) or alternatively activated (M2). However, macrophages represent a continuum of highly plastic effector cells, resembling a spectrum of diverse phenotype states. Induction of specific macrophage functions is closely related to the surrounding environment that acts as a relevant orchestrator of macrophage functions. This phenomenon, termed polarization, results from cell/cell, cell/molecule interaction, governing macrophage functionality within the hosting tissues. Here, we summarized relevant cellular and molecular mechanisms driving macrophage polarization in “distant” pathological conditions, such as cancer, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, and periodontitis that share macrophage-driven inflammation as a key feature, playing their dual role as killers (M1-like) and/or builders (M2-like). We also dissect the physio/pathological consequences related to macrophage polarization within selected chronic inflammatory diseases, placing polarized macrophages as a relevant hallmark, putative biomarkers, and possible target for prevention/therapy.
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Immunization with gingipain A hemagglutinin domain of Porphyromonas gingivalis induces IgM antibodies binding to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde modified low-density lipoprotein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0191216. [PMID: 29329335 PMCID: PMC5766137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0191216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatment of periodontitis has beneficial effects on systemic inflammation markers that relate to progression of atherosclerosis. We aimed to investigate whether immunization with A hemagglutinin domain (Rgp44) of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), a major etiologic agent of periodontitis, would lead to an antibody response cross-reacting with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) and how it would affect the progression of atherosclerosis in low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice. The data revealed a prominent IgM but not IgG response to malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde modified LDL (MAA-LDL) after Rgp44 and Pg immunizations, implying that Rgp44/Pg and MAA adducts may share cross-reactive epitopes that prompt IgM antibody production and consequently confer atheroprotection. A significant negative association was observed between atherosclerotic lesion and plasma IgA to Rgp44 in Rgp44 immunized mice, supporting further the anti-atherogenic effect of Rgp44 immunization. Plasma IgA levels to Rgp44 and to Pg in both Rgp44- and Pg-immunized mice were significantly higher than those in saline control, suggesting that IgA to Rgp44 could be a surrogate marker of immunization in Pg-immunized mice. Distinct antibody responses in plasma IgA levels to MAA-LDL, to Pg lipopolysaccharides (Pg-LPS), and to phosphocholine (PCho) were observed after Rgp44 and Pg immunizations, indicating that different immunogenic components between Rpg44 and Pg may behave differently in regard of their roles in the development of atherosclerosis. Immunization with Rgp44 also displayed atheroprotective features in modulation of plaque size through association with plasma levels of IL-1α whereas whole Pg bacteria achieved through regulation of anti-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-5 and IL-10. The present study may contribute to refining therapeutic approaches aiming to modulate immune responses and inflammatory/anti-inflammatory processes in atherosclerosis.
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Nelwan SC, Nugraha RA, Endaryanto A, Retno I. Modulating toll-like receptor-mediated inflammatory responses following exposure of whole cell and lipopolysaccharide component from Porphyromonas gingivalis in wistar rat models. Eur J Dent 2017; 11:422-426. [PMID: 29279665 PMCID: PMC5727724 DOI: 10.4103/ejd.ejd_147_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To explore host innate inflammatory response and the signal pathway induced by Porphyromonas gingivalis by measuring level of toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and TLR4 activity. Materials and Methods: Animal experimental study with pretest-posttest controlled group design were done between January 1 and December 10, 2016.. Total of 28 wistar rats had been used, randomized into 7 groups, each were given various dose of intra-sulcural injection of Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide. Statistical Analysis: Normality were measured by Shapiro–Wilk test, while statistical analysis made by ANOVA, t test, Pearson, and linear regression model.. Results: At day 0, no significant difference TLR2 and TLR4 level were measured. At day 4, there is a slight difference between TLR2 and TLR4 level in each group. At day 11, there is a significant difference between TLR2 and TLR4 level in each group. Group with exposure of whole cell will develop greater TLR2 but lower TLR4 level. In the contrary, group with exposure of LPS will develop greater TLR4 but lower TLR2 level. Conclusion: Our data supported that P. gingivalis played a vital role in the pathogenesis of pathogen-induced inflammatory responses in which TLR2 and TLR4 have different molecular mechanisms following recognition of pathogens and inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindy Cornelia Nelwan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | | | - Anang Endaryanto
- Department of Child Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Indrawati Retno
- Department of Oral Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
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