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Wang YL, Chu KY, Hsieh TF, Yao CCJ, Lin CH, Lee ZH, Wang SK. Orodental malformations associated with human MSX1 sequence variants. J Am Dent Assoc 2024; 155:484-495.e21. [PMID: 38713117 DOI: 10.1016/j.adaj.2024.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSX1 sequence variants have been known to cause human tooth agenesis (TA) with or without orofacial clefts. However, their roles during the whole processes of tooth development are not fully understood. This study aimed to characterize a 4-membered family with TA carrying a novel MSX1 pathogenic variant and investigate the disease mechanism. METHODS The authors conducted whole exome analysis to define the disease-causing sequence variant. They performed microcomputed tomography, morphometric analyses, transcriptome profiling, and molecular characterization to study the affected teeth and the gene variant. RESULTS The authors identified an MSX1 pathogenic variant, p.Glu232∗, in affected family members with TA and concomitant orodental anomalies, namely, prominent maxillary labial frenum, central incisor diastema, median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft, tooth fusion, mandibular molar dysmorphology, thin dentin layer, and slender dental roots. MSX1-defective teeth were not apparently microdontic but had thin dentin layers. The mandibular molars showed a homeotic transformation to maxillary counterparts. Genes involved in extracellular matrix organization and dentinogenesis, such as DMP1 and MMP20, were downregulated in dental pulp tissues of MSX1-defective teeth. The p.Glu232∗-truncated MSX1 properly localized to the nucleus but partially lost its transactivation ability. Analyzing reported cases indicated that truncation sequence variants within the homeobox domain of MSX1 caused a more severe TA phenotype than those outside of the homeobox domain, probably due to dominant negativity compared with haploinsufficiency. CONCLUSIONS This study provides in vivo evidence that MSX1 contributes to developmental processes of various orodental tissues in humans. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS Clinically, hypertrophic labial frenum, incisor diastema, and median maxillary anterior alveolar cleft might be considered diagnostic for MSX1-associated TA.
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Lei R, Qiu X, Han Y, Li F, Dong X, Pei S, Zeng T, Ge M, Hu Z, Tian Q, Peng L, Huang J. Identification and functional study of a novel variant of PAX9 causing tooth agenesis. Oral Dis 2024. [PMID: 38515263 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To search for pathogenic gene of a family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis, and explore the possible pathogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS A Chinese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis was recruited and screened for the pathogenic variants by whole exome sequencing technology and co-segregation analysis. The subcellular localization of wild-type and mutant protein was detected by immunofluorescence assay. Cycloheximide chase assay was performed to examine the difference in degradation rate between mutant protein and wild-type one. Dual-luciferase reporter assays were conducted to explore the alterations of mutant protein in the regulation of downstream target genes. RESULTS A novel missense variant of PAX9 (c.296C>A:p.A99D) was found in this family. Bioinformatics software showed β-return and the random coil were shortened in the p.A99D. The variant did not affect the subcellular localization of PAX9, but the degradation rate of p.A99D was accelerated (p < 0.05). p.A99D inhibited the activation of downstream target gene BMP4 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This novel variant expands the pathogenic gene spectrum. The variant impaired the protein structure, accelerated the degradation of protein, and inhibited the activation of the downstream target gene BMP4, an upstream molecule in the TGF-β/BMP pathway, which may contribute to tooth agenesis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Lei
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Xili Qiu
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ying Han
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fenghua Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Saimin Pei
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Ting Zeng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- The First People's Hospital of Changde City, Changde, Hunan, China
| | - Minmin Ge
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhengmao Hu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qi Tian
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Center for Medical Genetics &Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ling Peng
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Junhui Huang
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Oral Health Research & Hunan 3D Printing Engineering Research Center of Oral Care & Hunan Clinical Research Center of Oral Major Diseases and Oral Health & Xiangya Stomatological Hospital & Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Zhao Y, Ren J, Meng L, Hou Y, Liu C, Zhang G, Shen W. Characterization of novel MSX1 variants causally associated with non-syndromic oligodontia in Chinese families. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2024; 12:e2334. [PMID: 38069551 PMCID: PMC10767605 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.2334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MSX1 (OMIM #142983) is crucial to normal dental development, and variants in MSX1 are associated with dental anomalies. The objective of this study was to characterize the pathogenicity of novel MSX1 variants in Chinese families with non-syndromic oligodontia (NSO). METHODS Genomic DNA was extracted from individuals representing 35 families with non-syndromic oligodontia and was analyzed by Sanger sequencing and whole-exome sequencing. Pathogenic variants were screened via analyses involving PolyPhen-2, Sorting-Intolerant from Tolerant, and MutationTaster, and conservative analysis of variants. Patterns of MSX1-related NSO were analyzed. MSX1 structural changes suggested functional consequences in vitro. RESULTS Three previously unreported MSX1 heterozygous variants were identified: one insertion variant (c.576_577insTAG; p.Gln193*) and two missense variants (c. 871T>C; p.Tyr291His and c. 644A>C; p.Gln215Pro). Immunofluorescence analysis revealed abnormal subcellular localization of the p.Gln193* MSX1 variant. In addition, we found that these MSX1 variants likely lead to the loss of second premolars. CONCLUSION Three novel MSX1 variants were identified in Chinese Han families with NSO, expanding the MSX1 variant spectrum and presenting a genetic origin for the pathogenesis detected in patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhao
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Jiabao Ren
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Lingqiang Meng
- Department of Prosthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Yan Hou
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Department of Orthodontics, Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Guozhong Zhang
- College of Forensic MedicineHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
| | - Wenjing Shen
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Hebei Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, School and Hospital of StomatologyHebei Medical UniversityShijiazhuangPR China
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Novel MSX1 variants identified in families with nonsyndromic oligodontia. Int J Oral Sci 2021; 13:2. [PMID: 33419968 PMCID: PMC7794556 DOI: 10.1038/s41368-020-00106-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to identify MSX1 gene variants in multiple Chinese families with nonsyndromic oligodontia and analyse the functional influence of these variants. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify the causal gene variants in five families with nonsyndromic oligodontia, and a series of bioinformatics databases were used for variant confirmation and functional prediction. Phenotypic characterization of the members of these families was described, and an in vitro analysis was performed for functional evaluation. Five novel MSX1 heterozygous variants were identified: three missense variants [c.662A>C (p.Q221P), c.670C>T (p.R224C), and c.809C>T (p.S270L)], one nonsense variant [c.364G>T (p.G122*)], and one frameshift variant [c.277delG (p.A93Rfs*67)]. Preliminary in vitro studies demonstrated that the subcellular localization of MSX1 was abnormal with the p.Q221P, p.R224C, p.G122*, and p.A93Rfs*67 variants compared to the wild type. Three variants (p.Q221P, p.G122*, and p.A93Rfs*67) were classified as pathogenic or likely pathogenic, while p.S270L and p.R224C were of uncertain significance in the current data. Moreover, we summarized and analysed the MSX1-related tooth agenesis positions and found that the type and variant locus were not related to the severity of tooth loss. Our results expand the variant spectrum of nonsyndromic oligodontia and provide valuable information for genetic counselling.
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Wang H, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Zhao X, Lin S, Zhang Q, Zhang X. A novel missense mutation of LRP6 identified by whole-exome sequencing in a Chinese family with non-syndromic tooth agenesis. Orthod Craniofac Res 2020; 24:233-240. [PMID: 32844563 DOI: 10.1111/ocr.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to explore the genetic basis of non-syndromic tooth agenesis (TA) in a Chinese family of five individuals using whole-exome sequencing (WES) analysis. SETTINGS AND SAMPLE POPULATION Five participants/Family-based study of a non-syndromic TA proband. METHODS The proband, proband's mother and grandmother displayed congenital tooth deficiency. Genomic DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood or saliva samples of the proband, her parents and her grandmother, and WES was utilized to identify the causal genetic mutation. The identified mutation was further verified by Sanger sequencing and analysed using bioinformatics tools. RESULTS A novel missense mutation, c.G711T (p.L237F), was identified in the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) gene in all affected individuals. Bioinformatics analysis predicted the mutation to be deleterious, with the mutant LRP6 protein displaying a tertiary structural change that might disturb the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The identification of the mutation in the LRP6 gene and autosomal dominant inheritance with TA in the generations is consistent with the mutation being responsible for TA in the family, and furthers the association of LRP6 with nonsyndromic TA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yafei Zheng
- University Student Innovation and Entrepreneurship Guidance Center, Tianjin Medical College, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoxue Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shiyi Lin
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
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Wakamatsu Y, Egawa S, Terashita Y, Kawasaki H, Tamura K, Suzuki K. Homeobox code model of heterodont tooth in mammals revised. Sci Rep 2019; 9:12865. [PMID: 31492950 PMCID: PMC6731288 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterodonty is one of the hallmarks of mammals. It has been suggested that, homeobox genes, differentially expressed in the ectomesenchyme of the jaw primordium along the distal-proximal axis, would determine the tooth classes (homeobox code model) based on mouse studies. Because mouse has highly specialized tooth pattern lacking canine and premolars (dental formula: 1003/1003, for upper and lower jaws, respectively), it is unclear if the suggested model could be applied for mammals with all tooth classes, including human. We thus compared the homeobox code gene expressions in various mammals, such as opossum (5134/4134), ferret (3131/3132), as well as mouse. We found that Msx1 and BarX1 expression domains in the jaw primordium of the opossum and ferret embryos show a large overlap, but such overlap is small in mouse. Detailed analyses of gene expressions and subsequent morphogenesis of tooth germ in the opossum indicated that the Msx1/BarX1 double-positive domain will correspond to the premolar region, and Alx3-negative/Msx1-positive/BarX1-negative domain will correspond to canine. This study therefore provides a significant update of the homeobox code model in the mammalian heterodonty. We also show that the modulation of FGF-mediated Msx1 activation contributes to the variation in the proximal Msx1 expression among species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshio Wakamatsu
- Department of Developmental Neuroscience, United Centers for Advanced Research and Translational Medicine (ART), Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Shiro Egawa
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Yukari Terashita
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawasaki
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Kanazawa University, Graduate School of Medicine, Kanazawa, 920-8640, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Suzuki
- Research Institute of Oral Science, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, 271-8587, Japan
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Next generation sequencing reveals a novel nonsense mutation in MSX1 gene related to oligodontia. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202989. [PMID: 30192788 PMCID: PMC6128526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tooth agenesis is one of the most common craniofacial disorders in humans. More than 350 genes have been associated with teeth development. In this study, we enrolled 60 child patients (age 13 to 17) with various types of tooth agenesis. Whole gene sequences of PAX9, MSX1, AXIN2, EDA, EDAR and WNT10a genes were sequenced by next generation sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We found previously undescribed heterozygous nonsense mutation g.8177G>T (c.610G>T) in MSX1 gene in one child. Mutation was verified by Sanger sequencing. Sequencing analysis was performed in other family members of the affected child. All family members carrying g.8177G>T mutation suffered from oligodontia (missing more than 6 teeth excluding third molars). Mutation g.8177G>T leads to a stop codon (p.E204X) and premature termination of Msx1 protein translation. Based on previous in vitro experiments on mutation disrupting function of Msx1 homeodomain, we assume that the heterozygous g.8177G>T nonsense mutation affects the amount and function of Msx1 protein and leads to tooth agenesis.
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Kero D, Vukojevic K, Stazic P, Sundov D, Mardesic Brakus S, Saraga-Babic M. Regulation of proliferation in developing human tooth germs by MSX homeodomain proteins and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19 INK4d. Organogenesis 2017; 13:141-155. [PMID: 28933666 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2017.1358337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Before the secretion of hard dental tissues, tooth germs undergo several distinctive stages of development (dental lamina, bud, cap and bell). Every stage is characterized by specific proliferation patterns, which is regulated by various morphogens, growth factors and homeodomain proteins. The role of MSX homeodomain proteins in odontogenesis is rather complex. Expression domains of genes encoding for murine Msx1/2 during development are observed in tissues containing highly proliferative progenitor cells. Arrest of tooth development in Msx knockout mice can be attributed to impaired proliferation of progenitor cells. In Msx1 knockout mice, these progenitor cells start to differentiate prematurely as they strongly express cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p19INK4d. p19INK4d induces terminal differentiation of cells by blocking the cell cycle in mitogen-responsive G1 phase. Direct suppression of p19INK4d by Msx1 protein is, therefore, important for maintaining proliferation of progenitor cells at levels required for the normal progression of tooth development. In this study, we examined the expression patterns of MSX1, MSX2 and p19INK4d in human incisor tooth germs during the bud, cap and early bell stages of development. The distribution of expression domains of p19INK4d throughout the investigated period indicates that p19INK4d plays active role during human tooth development. Furthermore, comparison of expression domains of p19INK4d with those of MSX1, MSX2 and proliferation markers Ki67, Cyclin A2 and pRb, indicates that MSX-mediated regulation of proliferation in human tooth germs might not be executed by the mechanism similar to one described in developing tooth germs of wild-type mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Kero
- a Laboratory for Early Human Development, Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Katarina Vukojevic
- b Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Petra Stazic
- c Study Program of Dental Medicine, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Danijela Sundov
- d Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Snjezana Mardesic Brakus
- d Laboratory for Early Human Development, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
| | - Mirna Saraga-Babic
- b Laboratory for Early Human Development, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine , University of Split , Split , Croatia
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Sarkar T, Bansal R, Das P. A novel G to A transition at initiation codon and exon-intron boundary of PAX9 identified in association with familial isolated oligodontia. Gene 2017; 635:69-76. [PMID: 28847717 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Several studies on experimental animals indicate that the process of organogenesis crucially depends upon the spatiotemporal dose of certain critical bio-molecules. Tooth development is also not an exception. While most of the knowledge regarding the molecular mechanism of tooth development comes from the studies on mouse model, pathogenic variations identified in human tooth agenesis also provide valuable information on mammalian tooth development. Until now five major candidate genes have been identified for tooth agenesis in human. Among them, PAX9 plays the crucial role in tooth development and in non-syndromic congenital tooth agenesis. In this study, microsatellite and SNP based genotyping identifies a disease specific haplotype block, which includes PAX9 gene, segregates with autosomal dominant tooth agenesis phenotype. Direct sequencing of PAX9 identifies a novel heterozygous G to A transition at the third base (c.3G>A) of initiation codon leading to ATG to ATA shift in all affected individuals which is absent in all unaffected relatives and 200 control chromosomes. Further, in vitro functional analysis creating PAX9 minigene construct did apparently show no effect on the splice-site migration. It is therefore proposed that haploinsufficiency of PAX9 is the causal factor for tooth agenesis in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmoy Sarkar
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India
| | - Rajesh Bansal
- Faculty of Dental Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | - Parimal Das
- Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, India.
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