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Chang W, Wang J, You Y, Wang H, Xu S, Vulcano S, Xu C, Shen C, Li Z, Wang J. Triptolide Reduces Neoplastic Progression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Downregulating the Lipid Lipase Signaling Pathway. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:550. [PMID: 38339301 PMCID: PMC10854634 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16030550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), which is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the world, presents a significant medical challenge. Triptolide (TP) has been identified as an effective therapeutic drug for HCC. However, its precise therapeutic mechanism is still unknown. Understanding the mechanism of action of TP against HCC is crucial for its implementation in the field of HCC treatment. We hypothesize that the anti-HCC actions of TP might be related to its modulation of HCC lipid metabolism given the crucial role that lipid metabolism plays in promoting the progression of HCC. In this work, we first demonstrate that, both in vitro and in vivo, TP significantly reduces lipid accumulation in HCC cells. Additionally, we notice that lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression is markedly upregulated in HCC, and that its levels are positively connected with the disease's progression. It is interesting to note that TP dramatically reduces LPL activity, which in turn prevents HCC growth and reduces lipid accumulation. Additionally, the effect of TP on LPL is a direct correlation. These results definitely demonstrate that TP protects hepatocytes against abnormal accumulation of lipids by transcriptionally suppressing LPL, which reduces the development of HCC. This newly identified pathway provides insight into the process through which TP exerts its anti-HCC actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (W.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.X.)
- Anhui Engineering Technology Research Center of Biochemical Pharmaceuticals, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu 233030, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Pathology and Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (J.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Yuanqi You
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (W.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.X.)
| | - Hongqian Wang
- Department of Pathology and Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (J.W.); (H.W.)
| | - Shendong Xu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (W.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.X.)
| | - Stephen Vulcano
- Autoimmunity and Inflammation Program, HSS Research Institute, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021, USA;
| | - Changlu Xu
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Chenlin Shen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (W.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.X.)
| | - Zhi Li
- Division of Oral and Systemic Health Sciences, School of Dentistry, The University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; (C.X.); (Z.L.)
| | - Jie Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; (W.C.); (Y.Y.); (S.X.)
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Yang T, Qiao S, Zhu X. High-dose radiation-resistant lung cancer cells stored many functional lipid drops through JAK2/p-STAT3/FASN pathway. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2023; 149:14169-14183. [PMID: 37553421 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-023-05106-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The understanding of radiation resistance is still unclear. This study aims to explore the new mechanism of radiation resistance in lung cancer from the perspective of lipid metabolism. METHODS Oil red O was used to detect the amount of lipid droplets in high-dose radiation-resistant lung cancer cells (HDRR-LCCs) and the primary lung cancer cells. Western blot analysis was used to determine the protein expression levels of key molecules related to de novo fatty acid synthesis and fatty acid transport. Orlistat was used to inhibit the de novo fatty acid synthesis. The prediction of the transcriptional regulators of fatty acid synthetase (FASN) was analyzed by bioinformatics. AZD-1480 was used to inhibit the JAK2/STAT3 pathway to observe its effects on FASN and intracellular lipid droplets. The regulation of the transcription factor p-STAT3 on the FASN gene was verified by Chip-qPCR. Finally, we used the public data of lung cancer patients to analyze the correlation between FASN and LPL gene expression with the prognosis. RESULTS There were more lipid drops in the HDRR-LCCs than in the primary lung cancer cells. HDRR-LCCs preferred de novo synthesis of fatty acids, and high expression of LPL homodimers indicated a high intake of extracellular fatty acids. The expression of FASN was increased in HDRR-LCCs compared with the primary lung cancer cells in a radiation-dose-dependent way, while LPL homodimers did not show such a trend. The lipid droplets, cell proliferation, and radiation resistance were decreased in HDRR-LCCs after orlistat treatment. Lipid droplets were significantly reduced, and the protein expression of FASN also decreased when using AZD-1480 to inhibit the JAK2/STAT3 pathway. The Chip-qPCR showed that p-STAT3 was the upstream regulator which binds to the promoter region of FASN. Survival analysis showed that high expression of the FASN gene was associated with a poor prognosis in lung cancer patients who received radiotherapy. CONCLUSION Our studies discovered that lipids deposited in HDRR-LCCs were due to endogenous de novo fatty acids synthesis and exogenous lipids uptake. JAK2/p-TAT3/FASN could be used as promising targets for radiotherapy sensitization. Our study provided a new theoretical basis for studying the mechanism of radiation resistance in lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yang
- Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Simiao Qiao
- Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoxia Zhu
- Southern Medical University, No. 1023, South Shatai Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
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AZ12756122, a novel fatty acid synthase inhibitor, decreases resistance features in EGFR-TKI resistant EGFR-mutated NSCLC cell models. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 156:113942. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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4
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Approaches to Measuring the Activity of Major Lipolytic and Lipogenic Enzymes In Vitro and Ex Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911093. [PMID: 36232405 PMCID: PMC9570359 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the 1950s, one of the goals of adipose tissue research has been to determine lipolytic and lipogenic activity as the primary metabolic pathways affecting adipocyte health and size and thus representing potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of obesity and associated diseases. Nowadays, there is a relatively large number of methods to measure the activity of these pathways and involved enzymes, but their applicability to different biological samples is variable. Here, we review the characteristics of mean lipogenic and lipolytic enzymes, their inhibitors, and available methodologies for assessing their activity, and comment on the advantages and disadvantages of these methodologies and their applicability in vivo, ex vivo, and in vitro, i.e., in cells, organs and their respective extracts, with the emphasis on adipocytes and adipose tissue.
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Targeting Cancer Metabolism and Current Anti-Cancer Drugs. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1286:15-48. [PMID: 33725343 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-55035-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have exploited the metabolic hallmarks that distinguish between normal and cancer cells, aiming at identifying specific targets of anti-cancer drugs. It has become apparent that metabolic flexibility allows cancer cells to survive during high anabolic demand or the depletion of nutrients and oxygen. Cancers can reprogram their metabolism to the microenvironments by increasing aerobic glycolysis to maximize ATP production, increasing glutaminolysis and anabolic pathways to support bioenergetic and biosynthetic demand during rapid proliferation. The increased key regulatory enzymes that support the relevant pathways allow us to design small molecules which can specifically block activities of these enzymes, preventing growth and metastasis of tumors. In this review, we discuss metabolic adaptation in cancers and highlight the crucial metabolic enzymes involved, specifically those involved in aerobic glycolysis, glutaminolysis, de novo fatty acid synthesis, and bioenergetic pathways. Furthermore, we also review the success and the pitfalls of the current anti-cancer drugs which have been applied in pre-clinical and clinical studies.
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6
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Mukha A, Dubrovska A. Metabolic Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells. Front Oncol 2020; 10:537930. [PMID: 33415069 PMCID: PMC7783393 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.537930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human tumors possess a high heterogeneity resulting from both clonal evolution and cell differentiation program. The process of cell differentiation is initiated from a population of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are enriched in tumor-regenerating and tumor-propagating activities and responsible for tumor maintenance and regrowth after treatment. Intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies, as well as a high degree of phenotypic plasticity, makes CSCs hard-to-target tumor cell population. Reprogramming of CSC metabolic pathways plays an essential role in tumor progression and metastatic spread. Many of these pathways confer cell adaptation to the microenvironmental stresses, including a shortage of nutrients and anti-cancer therapies. A better understanding of CSC metabolic dependences as well as metabolic communication between CSCs and the tumor microenvironment are of utmost importance for efficient cancer treatment. In this mini-review, we discuss the general characteristics of CSC metabolism and potential metabolic targeting of CSC populations as a potent strategy to enhance the efficacy of conventional treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mukha
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anna Dubrovska
- OncoRay-National Center for Radiation Research in Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden and Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany.,Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden - Rossendorf, Institute of Radiooncology - OncoRay, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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Fernández LP, Gómez de Cedrón M, Ramírez de Molina A. Alterations of Lipid Metabolism in Cancer: Implications in Prognosis and Treatment. Front Oncol 2020; 10:577420. [PMID: 33194695 PMCID: PMC7655926 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.577420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains the second leading cause of mortality worldwide. In the course of this multistage and multifactorial disease, a set of alterations takes place, with genetic and environmental factors modulating tumorigenesis and disease progression. Metabolic alterations of tumors are well-recognized and are considered as one of the hallmarks of cancer. Cancer cells adapt their metabolic competences in order to efficiently supply their novel demands of energy to sustain cell proliferation and metastasis. At present, there is a growing interest in understanding the metabolic switch that occurs during tumorigenesis. Together with the Warburg effect and the increased glutaminolysis, lipid metabolism has emerged as essential for tumor development and progression. Indeed, several investigations have demonstrated the consequences of lipid metabolism alterations in cell migration, invasion, and angiogenesis, three basic steps occurring during metastasis. In addition, obesity and associated metabolic alterations have been shown to augment the risk of cancer and to worsen its prognosis. Consequently, an extensive collection of tumorigenic steps has been shown to be modulated by lipid metabolism, not only affecting the growth of primary tumors, but also mediating progression and metastasis. Besides, key enzymes involved in lipid-metabolic pathways have been associated with cancer survival and have been proposed as prognosis biomarkers of cancer. In this review, we will analyze the impact of obesity and related tumor microenviroment alterations as modifiable risk factors in cancer, focusing on the lipid alterations co-occurring during tumorigenesis. The value of precision technologies and its application to target lipid metabolism in cancer will also be discussed. The degree to which lipid alterations, together with current therapies and intake of specific dietary components, affect risk of cancer is now under investigation, and innovative therapeutic or preventive applications must be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara P Fernández
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) University Autonomous of Madrid (UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Gómez de Cedrón
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) University Autonomous of Madrid (UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Ramírez de Molina
- Precision Nutrition and Cancer Program, Molecular Oncology Group, IMDEA Food Institute, Campus of International Excellence (CEI) University Autonomous of Madrid (UAM) + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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8
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Zhao G. Functions of metabolic enzymes in the development of non-small cell lung cancer. Thorac Cancer 2019; 10:1744-1747. [PMID: 31369210 PMCID: PMC6718017 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Zhao
- Department of Gereral Surgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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9
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Gaber O, Eldessouki I, Hassan R, Magdy M, Morris JC, Abdel Karim N. Retrospective Study of the Effect of Statins on the Outcome of Lung Cancer Patients, University of Cincinnati Experience. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2019; 20:2391-2396. [PMID: 31450911 PMCID: PMC6852798 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2019.20.8.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Numerous studies addressed the effect of statin on cancer patients. The aim of this study is to define the effect of statin administration with chemotherapy on the patients’ outcomes. Methods: We retrospectively researched the database of the University of Cincinnati cancer to identify lung cancer patients who received statins (S+, n=41) during their treatment in our institute. We also, retrieved data for contemporaneously treated patients who did not receive statins (S-, n=159) as a control arm. Clinico-demographical data and overall survival (OS) were analyzed using Pearson’s Chi-square (χ2) test and Kaplan-Meier survival curves with Log-rank test. Adjustment using Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR) were done based on (age, gender, race and stage) to identify effect of statins on their outcomes. Results: The median age for S+ was 64y (IQR; 55-69) and 71.2% of the patients were white. Histopathology was 55.4% and 31.7% for adenocarcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma, respectively. Fifty-six percent were stage IV in each study arm and the median OS was14.9 m. Median OS was insignificantly lower in S–ve arm (13.7 vs 15.6 months; P=0.652, HR=0.91, 95%CI 0.52-1.57). Our results show that after different types of adjustments, S+ did not show survival advantage (P>0.05) compared to the control arm. Conclusion: While showing an increase in overall survival in patients with advanced lung cancer, the results of this study did not reach statistical significance. This could be due for the small sample size of this retrospective study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Gaber
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Division of Internal Medicine, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States.
| | - Ihab Eldessouki
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Division of Internal Medicine, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States.
| | - Rammey Hassan
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Division of Internal Medicine, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States.
| | | | - John C Morris
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Division of Internal Medicine, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States.
| | - Nagla Abdel Karim
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Division of Internal Medicine, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati, 3125 Eden Ave, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States.
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10
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Baig MH, Adil M, Khan R, Dhadi S, Ahmad K, Rabbani G, Bashir T, Imran MA, Husain FM, Lee EJ, Kamal MA, Choi I. Enzyme targeting strategies for prevention and treatment of cancer: Implications for cancer therapy. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 56:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Chu D, Li J, Lin H, Zhang X, Pan H, Liu L, Yu T, Yan M, Yao M. Quantitative proteomic analysis of the miR-148a-associated mechanisms of metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9941-9952. [PMID: 29928367 PMCID: PMC6004687 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-148a suppressed the metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in vitro and in vivo. However, the modulatory mechanism of this effect remains unclear. In the present study, quantitative proteomic technology was used to study the protein expression profile of SPC-A-1 cells subsequent to the downregulation of miR-148a expression, in order to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the suppression of NSCLC metastasis by miR-148a. The differentially expressed proteins identified were analyzed using bioinformatics tools, including the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes/proteins. In two experiments, 4,048 and 4,083 proteins were identified, and 4,014 and 4,039 proteins were quantified, respectively. In total, 44 proteins were upregulated and 40 proteins were downregulated. This was verified at the protein and mRNA levels by western blotting and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, respectively. Bioinformatics analysis was used to identify potential interactions and signaling networks for the differentially expressed proteins. This may have provided an appropriate perspective for the comprehensive analysis of the modulatory mechanism underlying the metastasis-suppressive effects of miR-148a in NSCLC. In conclusion, quantitative proteomic technology revealed that miR-148a may regulate a panel of tumor-associated proteins to suppress metastasis in NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hechun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Tao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Mingxia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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12
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Sahu D, Lotan Y, Wittmann B, Neri B, Hansel DE. Metabolomics analysis reveals distinct profiles of nonmuscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2106-2120. [PMID: 28766915 PMCID: PMC5603845 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urothelial carcinoma is the most common form of bladder cancer, but pathway changes that occur with stage-wise progression have not been well defined. We used a metabolomics approach to identify potential metabolic pathways uniquely altered in normal urothelium, nonmuscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), and muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). We performed global metabolomic profiling using GC-mass spectrometry (MS) and LC-MS platforms to identify metabolite signatures between normal urothelium and high-grade urothelial carcinoma of different stages. Pathways globally dysregulated in cancer relative to normal urothelium included glucose, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, lipid, amino acid, and nucleotide pathways. Urothelial carcinoma showed elevated glucose utilization for glycolysis and increased sorbitol pathway intermediates, consistent with Warburg effect. Anaplerosis to sustain energy production suggested by increased late TCA cycle intermediates, amino acids, and dipeptides occurs in bladder cancer. Urothelial carcinoma also shows altered membrane lipid membrane metabolism and differential derivation of nucleic acid components pyrimidine and purine. In stage comparison, MIBC appears to preferentially enhance cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) signaling, increase heme catabolism, and alter nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) synthesis with a possible influence from associated inflammatory cells. We identify numerous metabolomic alterations in NMIBC and MIBC that likely reflect underlying pathway changes. Differential pathway activity may have value in designing stage-specific novel therapeutics in urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divya Sahu
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
| | - Yair Lotan
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | | | | | - Donna E. Hansel
- Department of PathologyUniversity of California at San DiegoLa JollaCalifornia
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13
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Gong J, Shen S, Yang Y, Qin S, Huang L, Zhang H, Chen L, Chen Y, Li S, She S, Yang M, Ren H, Hu H. Inhibition of FASN suppresses migration, invasion and growth in hepatoma carcinoma cells by deregulating the HIF-1α/IGFBP1 pathway. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:883-892. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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14
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Cao D, Song X, Che L, Li X, Pilo MG, Vidili G, Porcu A, Solinas A, Cigliano A, Pes GM, Ribback S, Dombrowski F, Chen X, Li L, Calvisi DF. Both de novo synthetized and exogenous fatty acids support the growth of hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Liver Int 2017; 37:80-89. [PMID: 27264722 PMCID: PMC5140766 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Although it is well established that fatty acids (FA) are indispensable for the proliferation and survival of cancer cells in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), inhibition of Fatty Acid Synthase (FASN) cannot completely repress HCC cell growth in culture. Thus, we hypothesized that uptake of exogenous FA by cancer cells might play an important role in the development and progression of HCC. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of triglycerides into free fatty acids (FFA) and increases the cellular uptake of FA. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse transcription real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate LPL expression in human and mouse HCC samples. Using lipoprotein-deficient medium as well as siRNAs against LPL and/or FASN, we investigated whether human HCC cells depend on both endogenous and exogenous fatty acids for survival in vitro. RESULTS We found that LPL is upregulated in mouse and human HCC samples. High expression of LPL in human HCC samples is associated with poor prognosis. In HCC cell lines, silencing of FASN or LPL or culturing the cells in lipoprotein-deficient medium significantly decreased cell proliferation. Importantly, when FASN suppression was coupled to concomitant LPL depletion, the growth restraint of cell lines was further augmented. CONCLUSIONS The present study strongly suggests that both de novo synthetized and exogenous FA play a major role along hepatocarcinogenesis. Thus, combined suppression of LPL and FASN might be highly beneficial for the treatment of human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China,Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xinhua Song
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Nutrition and Health, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Che
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolei Li
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Maria G. Pilo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Vidili
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Solinas
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Cigliano
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Giovanni M. Pes
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Silvia Ribback
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Frank Dombrowski
- Institute of Pathology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences and Liver Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Diego F. Calvisi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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15
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Dong W, Gong H, Zhang G, Vuletic S, Albers J, Zhang J, Liang H, Sui Y, Zheng J. Lipoprotein lipase and phospholipid transfer protein overexpression in human glioma cells and their effect on cell growth, apoptosis, and migration. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2017; 49:62-73. [PMID: 27864281 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioma is one of the common tumors in brain. The expression level of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) or phospholipid transfer protein (PLTP) may influence glioma progression and its relationship with clinical and pathological parameters. The clinical significance of LPL or PLTP expression in glioma has not been established. In the present study, the LPL and PLTP levels in glioma tumors were investigated and the relationship between the LPL and PLTP level and the grade of malignant glioma was analyzed, with the aim to provide new ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of gliomas in clinical and basic research settings. LPL and PLTP mRNA and protein levels were significantly higher in Grade IV glioma than those in the lower grade tumors (P < 0.01). Double immunofluorescent staining showed that the levels of LPL and PLTP were significantly associated with the pathological grade of glioma (P = 0.005). The levels of LPL and PLTP were increased with the shortened survival of glioma patients (P < 0.001). Knockdown of LPL and PLTP led to decreased cell growth and migration but increased apoptosis in vitro Additionally, cell cycle-related cyclins and their partners were found to be down-regulated while cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16, p21, and Rb were up-regulated. Furthermore, knockdown of LPL or PLTP resulted in the up-regulation of pro-apoptotic molecules and the down-regulation of anti-apoptotic molecules. Ablation of LPL or PLTP in U251 cells resulted in the down-regulation of epithelial mesenchymal transition markers and invasion molecules matrix metalloproteinases. LPL and PLTP appear to be novel glioma-associated proteins and play a role in the progression of human glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijiang Dong
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Huilin Gong
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Guanjun Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Simona Vuletic
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109 WA
| | - John Albers
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, 98109 WA
| | - Jiaojiao Zhang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hua Liang
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yanxia Sui
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Hospital of Nephrology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, China
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16
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Quantitative proteomic analysis reveals that proteins required for fatty acid metabolism may serve as diagnostic markers for gastric cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2016; 464:148-154. [PMID: 27884752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2016.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths worldwide. The sensitivities and specificities of current biomarkers for gastric cancer are insufficient for clinical detection, and new diagnostic tests are therefore urgently required. METHODS A discovery set of gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues were analyzed for differentially expressed proteins by labeling of peptide digests with isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) reagents followed by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry. A validation set of 70 pairs of gastric cancer and adjacent normal tissues were examined to confirm the expression levels of the potential biomarkers identified by iTRAQ labeling. RESULTS We detected 431 proteins associated with 16 KEGG pathways that were differentially expressed in gastric cancer tissues, of which 224 were upregulated and 207 were downregulated in gastric cancer tissues. Coexpression of fatty acid binding protein (FABP1) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) in gastric cancer tissues (61.4% sensitivity and 77.1% specificity) was strongly associated with lymph node metastasis and Tumor, Node, Metastasis stage I/II. CONCLUSION Quantitative proteomic analysis of gastric cancer tissues revealed that coexpression of FABP1 and FASN may serve as a biomarker for detection of early gastric cancer.
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17
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Dowling P, Moran B, McAuley E, Meleady P, Henry M, Clynes M, McMenamin M, Leonard N, Monks M, Wynne B, Ormond P, Larkin A. Quantitative label-free mass spectrometry analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue representing the invasive cutaneous malignant melanoma proteome. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:3296-3304. [PMID: 27899996 PMCID: PMC5103945 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the events at a protein level that govern the progression from melanoma in situ to invasive melanoma are important areas of current research to be developed. Recent advances in the analysis of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue by proteomics, particularly using the filter-aided sample preparation protocol, has opened up the possibility of studying vast archives of clinical material and associated medical records. In the present study, quantitative protein profiling was performed using tandem mass spectrometry, and the proteome differences between melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma were compared. Biological pathway analyses revealed several signalling pathways differing between melanoma in situ and invasive melanoma, including metabolic pathways and the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signalling pathway. Selected proteins of interest (14–3-3ε and fatty acid synthase) were subsequently investigated using immunohistochemical analysis of tissue microarrays. Identifying the key proteins that play significant roles in the establishment of a more invasive phenotype in melanoma may ultimately aid diagnosis and treatment decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Republic of Ireland
| | - Benvon Moran
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland; Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Edel McAuley
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mairin McMenamin
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Niamh Leonard
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Mary Monks
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Bairbre Wynne
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Patrick Ormond
- Department of Dermatology, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Republic of Ireland
| | - Annemarie Larkin
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Republic of Ireland
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18
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He M, Guo S, Ren J, Li Z. In Situ Characterizing Membrane Lipid Phenotype of Human Lung Cancer Cell Lines Using Mass Spectrometry Profiling. J Cancer 2016; 7:810-6. [PMID: 27162539 PMCID: PMC4860797 DOI: 10.7150/jca.14310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolisms are closely associated with cancers. In this study, mass spectrometry was employed to in situ investigate the associations of membrane lipid phenotypes of six human lung cancer cell lines (i.e., A549, H1650, H1975 from adenocarcinoma, H157 and H1703 from squamous cell carcinomas, and H460 from a large cell carcinoma) with cancer cell types and finally total 230 lipids were detected. Based these 230 lipids, partial least-square discriminant analysis indicated that fifteen lipids (i.e., PE 18:0_18:1, PI 18:0_20:4, SM 42:2, PE 16:0_20:4, PE 36:2, PC 36:2, SM 34:1, PA 38:3,C18:0, C22:4, PA 34:2, C20:5, C20:2, C18:2, and CerP 36:2) with variable importance in the projection (VIP) value of > 1.0 could be used to differentiate six cancer cell lines with the Predicted Residual Sum of Square (PRESS) score of 0.1974. Positive correlation between polyunsaturated fatty acids (i.e., C20:4, C22:4, C22:5, and C22:6) and polyunsaturated phospholipids (PE 16:0_20:4, PE 38:4, and PI 18:0_20:4) was observed in lung adenocarcinoma cells, especially for H1975 cells. Three adenocarcinoma cell lines (i.e., A549, H1650, and H1975) could be differentiated from other lung cancer cell lines based on the expression of C18:1, C20:1, C20:2, C20:5, and C22:6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manwen He
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Junling Ren
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
| | - Zhili Li
- Department of Biophysics and Structural Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, PR China
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19
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Jiang H, Dai J, Huang X, Chen Y, Qu P, Li J, Yi C, Yang Y, Zhang K, Huang Q. Genetic variants in de novo lipogenic pathway genes predict the prognosis of surgically-treated hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9536. [PMID: 25826294 PMCID: PMC4379911 DOI: 10.1038/srep09536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Over-expression of de novo lipogenesis (DNL) pathway genes is associated with the prognosis of various types of cancers. However, effects of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes on recurrence and death of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients after surgery are still unknown. A total of 492 primary HCC patients treated with surgery were included in this study. Nine SNPs in 3 genes (ACACA, FASN and ACLY) of DNL pathway were genotyped. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression model and Kaplan-Meier curve were used to analyze the association of SNPs with clinical outcomes. Two SNPs in ACACA gene were significantly associated with overall survival of HCC patients. Patients carrying homozygous variant genotype (VV) in rs7211875 had significantly increased risk of death, while patients carrying VV genotype in rs11871275 had significant decreased risk of death, when compared with those carrying homozygous wild-type or heterozygous genotypes. Moreover, patients carrying VV genotype in rs11871275 had decreased recurrence risk, while patients carrying variant genotype in rs4485435 of FASN gene had increased recurrence risk. Further cumulative effect analysis showed significant dose-dependent effects of unfavorable SNPs on both death and recurrence. SNPs in DNL genes may serve as independent prognostic markers for HCC patients after surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hequn Jiang
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Jingyao Dai
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yibing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Ping Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jibin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Cheng Yi
- Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Yefa Yang
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Kejing Zhang
- College of Life Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, China
| | - Qichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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20
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Obesity and cancer progression: is there a role of fatty acid metabolism? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:274585. [PMID: 25866768 PMCID: PMC4383231 DOI: 10.1155/2015/274585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is renewed interest in elucidating the metabolic characteristics of cancer and how these characteristics may be exploited as therapeutic targets. Much attention has centered on glucose, glutamine and de novo lipogenesis, yet the metabolism of fatty acids that arise from extracellular, as well as intracellular, stores as triacylglycerol has received much less attention. This review focuses on the key pathways of fatty acid metabolism, including uptake, esterification, lipolysis, and mitochondrial oxidation, and how the regulators of these pathways are altered in cancer. Additionally, we discuss the potential link that fatty acid metabolism may serve between obesity and changes in cancer progression.
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21
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Chen Y, Ma Z, Li A, Li H, Wang B, Zhong J, Min L, Dai L. Metabolomic profiling of human serum in lung cancer patients using liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2014; 141:705-18. [PMID: 25293627 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-014-1846-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Lung cancer is one of the most common causes of death from cancer. Serum markers that enable diagnosis of the disease in the early stage have not been found. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 30 healthy volunteers and from 30 lung cancer patients preoperatively and postoperatively. Samples were subjected to metabolomic analysis using liquid chromatography/hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Differences in metabolomic profiles among the three groups were characterized by multivariate statistical techniques such as principal components analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). An independent t test was used to determine whether levels of biomarker candidates identified using PLS-DA modeling were significantly different among groups at the univariate analysis level (p < 0.05). RESULTS Based on pattern recognition results and univariate analysis, we showed that levels of ten potential biomarkers in serum were significantly different in the preoperative lung cancer patients compared with healthy volunteers and/or the postoperative lung cancer patients. The levels of sphingosine, phosphorylcholine, glycerophospho-N-arachidonoyl ethanolamine, γ-linolenic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, oleic acid, and serine were significantly different in preoperative lung cancer patients compared to healthy volunteers and to postoperative lung cancer patients. For prasterone sulfate, α-hydroxyisobutyric acid, 2,3,4-trihydroxybutyric acid, the levels were statistically different in preoperative and postoperative lung cancer patients compared with the healthy volunteers. CONCLUSIONS Our study identified potential metabolic biomarkers for diagnosis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingrong Chen
- Huzhou Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Huzhou Central Hospital, 180 Hongqi Road, Huzhou, 313000, Zhejiang Province, China
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22
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Hao Q, Li T, Zhang X, Gao P, Qiao P, Li S, Geng Z. Expression and roles of fatty acid synthase in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2471-6. [PMID: 25231933 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell metabolism abnormalities are closely related to tumor occurrence and development. Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the key molecule for catalyzing fatty acid synthesis. Increasing evidence indicates that FASN is highly expressed in a number of malignant tumors; it can promote the synthesis of endogenous fatty acids in tumor cells and then the synthesized fatty acids provide energy for the proliferation of tumor cells. However, there has been no systematic study focusing on FASN expression and function in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The aim of the present study was to verify the high expression of FASN in HCC cells at the histological and cellular levels, and to construct FASN shRNA eukaryotic expression vector for interfering FASN expression in HCC cell line SK-Hep-1, in an effort to explore the role of FASN in the proliferation, apoptosis, invasion and migration of HCC cells. In the present study, we demonstrated that FASN was highly expressed in HCC tissues compared with tumor-adjacent tissue and normal liver cell line 7702 (P<0.05). FASN expression in the high metastatic MHCC97H and SK-Hep-1 cell lines was increased compared with low metastatic HCC cell lines (P<0.05). Then, we constructed a FASN shRNA eukaryotic expression vector; after HCC SK-Hep-1 cells were transfected, the cell proliferation, migration and invasion were inhibited, but FASN had no impact on the apoptosis of HCC cells. Collectively, these data indicate that FASN is possibly involved in the occurrence and metastasis of HCC. Thus, inhibition of FASN may be a promising approach for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiwei Hao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Ping Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Peiyu Qiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Second Hospital of Yulin City, Yulin, Shaanxi 719000, P.R. China
| | - Zhimin Geng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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23
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Jin X, Zhang KJ, Guo X, Myers R, Ye Z, Zhang ZP, Li XF, Yang HS, Xing JL. Fatty Acid Synthesis Pathway Genetic Variants and Clinical Outcome of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Patients after Surgery. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2014; 15:7097-103. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2014.15.17.7097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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24
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Grube S, Dünisch P, Freitag D, Klausnitzer M, Sakr Y, Walter J, Kalff R, Ewald C. Overexpression of fatty acid synthase in human gliomas correlates with the WHO tumor grade and inhibition with Orlistat reduces cell viability and triggers apoptosis. J Neurooncol 2014; 118:277-287. [PMID: 24789255 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-014-1452-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), catalyzing the de novo synthesis of fatty acids, is known to be deregulated in several cancers. Inhibition of this enzyme reduces tumor cell proliferation. Unfortunately, adverse effects and chemical instability prevent the in vivo use of the best-known inhibitors, Cerulenin and C75. Orlistat, a drug used for obesity treatment, is also considered as a potential FASN inhibitor, but its impact on glioma cell biology has not yet been described. In this study, we analyzed FASN expression in human glioma samples and primary glioblastoma cell cultures and the effects of FASN inhibition with Orlistat, Cerulenin and C75. Immunohistochemistry followed by densitometric analysis of 20 glioma samples revealed overexpression of FASN that correlated with the WHO tumor grade. Treatment of glioblastoma cells with these inhibitors resulted in a significant, dose-dependent reduction in tumor cell viability and fatty acid synthesis. Compared to Cerulenin and C75, Orlistat was a more potent inhibitor in cell cultures and cell lines. In LN229, cell-growth was reduced by 63.9 ± 8.7 % after 48 h and 200 µM Orlistat compared to controls; in LT68, the reduction in cell growth was 76.3 ± 23.7 %. Nuclear fragmentation assay and Western blotting analysis after targeting FASN with Orlistat demonstrated autophagy and apoptosis. Organotypic slice cultures treated with Orlistat showed reduced proliferation after Ki67 staining and increased caspase-3 cleavage. Our results suggest that FASN may be a therapeutic target in malignant gliomas and identify Orlistat as a possible anti-tumor drug in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Grube
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany.
| | - Pedro Dünisch
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Diana Freitag
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Maren Klausnitzer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Yasser Sakr
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Jan Walter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Rolf Kalff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Ewald
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Experimental Neurooncology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, Erlanger Allee 101, 07747, Jena, Germany
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Zinrajh D, Hörl G, Jürgens G, Marc J, Sok M, Cerne D. Increased phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer tissue predicts shorter patient survival. Oncol Lett 2014; 7:2175-2179. [PMID: 24932311 PMCID: PMC4049682 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2014.2035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid mobilization is of great importance for tumor growth and studies have suggested that cancer cells exhibit abnormal choline phospholipid metabolism. In the present study, we hypothesized that phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase (PEMT) gene expression is increased in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissues and that increased gene expression acts as a predictor of shorter patient survival. Forty-two consecutive patients with resected NSCLC were enrolled in this study. Paired samples of lung cancer tissues and adjacent non-cancer lung tissues were collected from resected specimens for the estimation of PEMT expression. SYBR Green-based real-time polymerase chain reaction was used for quantification of PEMT mRNA in lung cancer tissues. Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and fatty acid synthase (FASN) activities had already been measured in the same tissues. During a four-year follow-up, 21 patients succumbed to tumor progression. One patient did not survive due to non-cancer reasons and was not included in the analysis. Cox regression analysis was used to assess the prognostic value of PEMT expression. Our findings show that elevated PEMT expression in the cancer tissue, relative to that in the adjacent non-cancer lung tissue, predicts shorter patient survival independently of standard prognostic factors and also independently of increased LPL or FASN activity, the two other lipid-related predictors of shorter patient survival. These findings suggest that active phosphatidylcholine and/or choline metabolism are essential for tumor growth and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Zinrajh
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Gerd Hörl
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Günther Jürgens
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Center for Physiological Medicine, Medical University of Graz, A-8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Janja Marc
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miha Sok
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Darko Cerne
- Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Podgornik H, Sok M, Kern I, Marc J, Cerne D. Lipoprotein lipase in non-small cell lung cancer tissue is highly expressed in a subpopulation of tumor-associated macrophages. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:516-20. [PMID: 23880163 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
High lipoprotein lipase (LPL) activity in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tissue strongly predicts shorter patient survival. We tested the hypothesis that in NSCLC tissue, macrophages are the major site of LPL expression. LPL expression in the entire NSCLC tissue and in the adjacent non-cancer lung tissue was compared to the expression of genes preferentially expressed in macrophages. LPL expression at the cellular level was analyzed by mRNA fluorescence in situ hybridization. In the whole cancer tissue (but not in the adjacent non-cancer tissue), expression of LPL correlated with expression of genes preferentially expressed in macrophages (MSR1, CD163, FOLR2), but not with expression of genes preferentially expressed in tumor cells. All cells in the cancer and adjacent non-cancer tissue exhibit low LPL expression. However, in cancer tissue only, there were individual highly LPL-expressing cells which were macrophages. These LPL-overexpressing cells were approximately 10 times less abundant than anti-CD163-stained, tumor-associated macrophages. To conclude, in NSCLC tissue, a subpopulation of tumor-associated macrophages highly expresses LPL. Because tumor-associated macrophages are pro-tumorigenic, these cells should be further characterized to better understand the underlying nature of the close relationship between high LPL activity in NSCLC tissue and shorter patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Podgornik
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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27
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Meng X, Lu P, Bai H, Xiao P, Fan Q. Transcriptional regulatory networks in human lung adenocarcinoma. Mol Med Rep 2012; 6:961-6. [PMID: 22895549 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2012.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung adenocarcinoma (AC) is the most common histological subtype of lung cancer worldwide and its absolute incidence is increasing markedly. Transcriptional regulation is one of the most fundamental processes in lung AC development. However, high-throughput functional analyses of multiple transcription factors and their target genes in lung AC are rare. Thus, the objective of our study was to interpret the mechanisms of human AC through the regulatory network using the GSE2514 microarray data. Our results identified the genes peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARG), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein β (CEBPB), ets variant 4 (ETV4), Friend leukemia virus integration 1 (FLI1), T-cell acute lymphocytic leukemia 1 (TAL1) and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells 1 (NFKB1) as hub nodes in the transcriptome network. Among these genes, it appears that: PPARG promotes the PPAR signaling pathway via the upregulation of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) expression, but suppresses the cell cycle pathway via downregulation of growth arrest and DNA-damage-inducible, γ (GADD45G) expression; ETV4 stimulates matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP9) expression to induce the bladder cancer pathway; FLI upregulates transforming growth factor, β receptor II (TGFBR2) expression to activate TGF-β signaling and upregulates cyclin D3 (CCND3) expression to promote the cell cycle pathway; NFKB1 upregulates interleukin 1, β (IL-1B) expression and initiates the prostate cancer pathway; CEBPB upregulates IL-6 expression and promotes pathways in cancer; and TAL1 promotes kinase insert domain receptor (KDR) expression to promote the TGF-β signaling pathway. This transcriptional regulation analysis may provide an improved understanding of the molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of lung AC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrui Meng
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, PR China
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Mammalian fatty acid synthase activity from crude tissue lysates tracing ¹³C-labeled substrates using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 2012; 428:158-66. [PMID: 22728958 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2012.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN or FAS, EC 2.3.1.85) is the sole mammalian enzyme to synthesize fatty acids de novo from acetyl- and malonyl-coenzyme A (CoA) esters. This article describes a new method that directly quantifies uniformly labeled (¹³C₁₆-labeled palmitate ([¹³C₁₆]palmitate) by tracing [¹³C₂]acetyl-CoA and [¹³C₃]malonyl-CoA using an in vitro FASN assay. This method used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to detect [¹³C₁₆]palmitate carboxylate anions (m/z 271) of pentafluorobenzyl (PFB) derivatives and was highly sensitive at femtomole quantities. Uniformly incorporated [¹³C₁₆]palmitate was the primary product of both recombinant and crude tissue lysate FASN. Quantification of FASN protein within crude tissue lysates ensured equal FASN amounts, preserved steady-state kinetics, and enabled calculation of FASN-specific activity. FASN activity determined by [¹³C₁₆]palmitate synthesis was consistent with values obtained from β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide 2'-phosphate (NADPH) oxidation assays. Analysis of FASN activity from tissue extracts was not hampered by contaminating enzymes or preexisting fatty acids. Crude mammary gland and liver lysates had significantly different activities at 82 and 65 nmol min⁻¹ mg⁻¹, respectively, suggesting that tissue-specific activity levels differ in a manner unrelated to FASN amount. GC-MS quantification of [¹³C₁₆]palmitate synthesis permits sensitive evaluation of FASN activity from tissues of varied physiological states and of purified FASN activity in the presence of modifying proteins, enzymes, or drugs.
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29
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Moore RG, Lange TS, Robinson K, Kim KK, Uzun A, Horan TC, Kawar N, Yano N, Chu SR, Mao Q, Brard L, DePaepe ME, Padbury JF, Arnold LA, Brodsky A, Shen TL, Singh RK. Efficacy of a non-hypercalcemic vitamin-D2 derived anti-cancer agent (MT19c) and inhibition of fatty acid synthesis in an ovarian cancer xenograft model. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34443. [PMID: 22509304 PMCID: PMC3317945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Numerous vitamin-D analogs exhibited poor response rates, high systemic toxicities and hypercalcemia in human trials to treat cancer. We identified the first non-hypercalcemic anti-cancer vitamin D analog MT19c by altering the A-ring of ergocalciferol. This study describes the therapeutic efficacy and mechanism of action of MT19c in both in vitro and in vivo models. Methodology/Principal Finding Antitumor efficacy of MT19c was evaluated in ovarian cancer cell (SKOV-3) xenografts in nude mice and a syngenic rat ovarian cancer model. Serum calcium levels of MT19c or calcitriol treated animals were measured. In-silico molecular docking simulation and a cell based VDR reporter assay revealed MT19c–VDR interaction. Genomewide mRNA analysis of MT19c treated tumors identified drug targets which were verified by immunoblotting and microscopy. Quantification of cellular malonyl CoA was carried out by HPLC-MS. A binding study with PPAR-Y receptor was performed. MT19c reduced ovarian cancer growth in xenograft and syngeneic animal models without causing hypercalcemia or acute toxicity. MT19c is a weak vitamin-D receptor (VDR) antagonist that disrupted the interaction between VDR and coactivator SRC2-3. Genome-wide mRNA analysis and western blot and microscopy of MT19c treated xenograft tumors showed inhibition of fatty acid synthase (FASN) activity. MT19c reduced cellular levels of malonyl CoA in SKOV-3 cells and inhibited EGFR/phosphoinositol-3kinase (PI-3K) activity independently of PPAR-gamma protein. Significance Antitumor effects of non-hypercalcemic agent MT19c provide a new approach to the design of vitamin-D based anticancer molecules and a rationale for developing MT19c as a therapeutic agent for malignant ovarian tumors by targeting oncogenic de novo lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Moore
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Thilo S. Lange
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Katina Robinson
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Kyu K. Kim
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Alper Uzun
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Horan
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Nada Kawar
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Naohiro Yano
- Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Sharon R. Chu
- Developmental Pathology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Quanfu Mao
- Developmental Pathology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Laurent Brard
- Gynecology Oncology, Southern Illinois Medical School, Springfield, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Monique E. DePaepe
- Developmental Pathology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - James F. Padbury
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Leggy A. Arnold
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Alexander Brodsky
- Department of Biology and Medicine, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Tun-Li Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
| | - Rakesh K. Singh
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Program in Women's Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Women and Infants' Hospital of Rhode Island, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Blockade of fatty acid synthase triggers significant apoptosis in mantle cell lymphoma. PLoS One 2012; 7:e33738. [PMID: 22485149 PMCID: PMC3317445 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0033738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), a key player in the de novo synthetic pathway of long-chain fatty acids, has been shown to contribute to the tumorigenesis in various types of solid tumors. We here report that FASN is highly and consistently expressed in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), an aggressive form of B-cell lymphoid malignancy. Specifically, the expression of FASN was detectable in all four MCL cell lines and 15 tumors examined. In contrast, benign lymphoid tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from normal donors were negative. Treatment of MCL cell lines with orlistat, a FASN inhibitor, resulted in significant apoptosis. Knockdown of FASN expression using siRNA, which also significantly decreased the growth of MCL cells, led to a dramatic decrease in the cyclin D1 level. β-catenin, which has been previously reported to be upregulated in a subset of MCL tumors, contributed to the high level of FASN in MCL cells, Interesting, siRNA knock-down of FASN in turn down-regulated β-catenin. In conclusion, our data supports the concept that FASN contributes to the pathogenesis of MCL, by collaborating with β-catenin. In view of its high and consistent expression in MCL, FASN inhibitors may hold promises for treating MCL.
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Notarnicola M, Miccolis A, Tutino V, Lorusso D, Caruso MG. Low levels of lipogenic enzymes in peritumoral adipose tissue of colorectal cancer patients. Lipids 2011; 47:59-63. [PMID: 22090062 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-011-3630-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is the crucial enzyme for intravascular catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) is a key anabolic enzyme that catalyzes the terminal steps in the novo biosynthesis of 18:2n-6. The involvement of both LPL and FAS in tumor biology has been widely demonstrated in different studies and to verify whether there are regional differences in the expression of these enzymes in visceral adipose tissue from patients with colorectal cancer might be representative of events which sustain tumor growth. The objective of this study was to evaluate LPL and FAS activity and expression of their genes in adipose tissue adjacent to neoplasia and distant from it from patients operated for colorectal cancer. LPL enzymatic activity was evaluated by a fluorescent method and FAS activity by a radiometer assay. Reverse-transcription and real-time PCR were used to detect mRNA levels of two enzymes. Our findings show a significant reduction in both LPL and FAS gene expression and activity levels in adipose tissue adjacent to tumor lesion compared to those detected in paired tissue distant from neoplasia. These results underline the influence of tumor microenvironment on lipid metabolism in adipose tissue, demonstrating a tumor-induced impairment in the formation and lipid storing capacity of adipose tissue in patients with colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Notarnicola
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases "S. de Bellis", Via Turi, 27, 70013, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy.
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Uddin S, Jehan Z, Ahmed M, Alyan A, Al-Dayel F, Hussain A, Bavi P, Al-Kuraya KS. Overexpression of fatty acid synthase in Middle Eastern epithelial ovarian carcinoma activates AKT and Its inhibition potentiates cisplatin-induced apoptosis. Mol Med 2011; 17:635-45. [PMID: 21442130 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2011.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid synthase (FASN), the enzyme responsible for de novo synthesis of fatty acids, has been shown to be deregulated in several cancers, including epithelial ovarian carcinoma (EOC). In this study, we investigated the function of the FASN signaling pathway in a large series of Middle Eastern EOC patient samples, a panel of cell lines and nude mouse model. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected overexpression of FASN in 75.5% (114/151) of the tumor samples. Overexpression of FASN was associated significantly with tumor proliferative marker Ki-67 (P = 0.0009), activated AKT (P = 0.0117) and XIAP (P = 0.0046). Treatment of EOC cell lines with C-75, a selective inhibitor of FASN, caused inhibition of EOC cell viability via induction of apoptosis. Inhibition of FASN by C-75 led apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. FASN inhibition caused downregulation of activated AKT and its downstream targets. In addition, inhibition by FASN siRNA caused downregulation of FASN and activation of caspases, suggesting the role of FASN in C-75 mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, treatment of EOC cells with subtoxic doses of C-75 augmented the effect of cisplatin-mediated induction of apoptosis. Finally, treatment of EOC cell line xenografts with a combination of C-75 and cisplatin resulted in growth inhibition of tumors in nude mice through downregulation of FASN and activation of caspases. Altogether, our results show overexpression of FASN in Middle Eastern EOC, suggesting that FASN may be a potential therapeutic target in a subset of EOC, alone or in combination with other conventional chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahab Uddin
- Human Cancer Genomic Research, Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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