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Harzsch S, Krieger J. Genealogical relationships of mushroom bodies, hemiellipsoid bodies, and their afferent pathways in the brains of Pancrustacea: Recent progress and open questions. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 65:101100. [PMID: 34488068 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2021.101100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
According to all latest phylogenetic analyses, the taxon Pancrustacea embraces the crustaceans in the traditional sense and the hexapods. Members of the Pancrustacea for a long time have been known to display distinct similarities in the architecture of their brains. Here, we review recent progress and open questions concerning structural and functional communalities of selected higher integrative neuropils in the lateral protocerebrum of pancrustaceans, the mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies. We also discuss the projection neuron pathway which provides a distinct input channel to both mushroom and hemiellipsoid bodies from the primary chemosensory centers in the deutocerebrum. Neuronal characters are mapped on a current pancrustacean phylogeny in order to extract those characters that are part of the pancrustacean ground pattern. Furthermore, we summarize recent insights into the evolutionary transformation of mushroom body morphology across the Pancrustacea.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Harzsch
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany.
| | - J Krieger
- University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Department of Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, Soldmannstrasse 23, D-17498 Greifswald, Germany
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Piersanti S, Rebora M, Salerno G, Anton S. The Antennal Pathway of Dragonfly Nymphs, from Sensilla to the Brain. INSECTS 2020; 11:E886. [PMID: 33339188 PMCID: PMC7765675 DOI: 10.3390/insects11120886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Dragonflies are hemimetabolous insects, switching from an aquatic life style as nymphs to aerial life as adults, confronted to different environmental cues. How sensory structures on the antennae and the brain regions processing the incoming information are adapted to the reception of fundamentally different sensory cues has not been investigated in hemimetabolous insects. Here we describe the antennal sensilla, the general brain structure, and the antennal sensory pathways in the last six nymphal instars of Libellula depressa, in comparison with earlier published data from adults, using scanning electron microscopy, and antennal receptor neuron and antennal lobe output neuron mass-tracing with tetramethylrhodamin. Brain structure was visualized with an anti-synapsin antibody. Differently from adults, the nymphal antennal flagellum harbors many mechanoreceptive sensilla, one olfactory, and two thermo-hygroreceptive sensilla at all investigated instars. The nymphal brain is very similar to the adult brain throughout development, despite the considerable differences in antennal sensilla and habitat. Like in adults, nymphal brains contain mushroom bodies lacking calyces and small aglomerular antennal lobes. Antennal fibers innervate the antennal lobe similar to adult brains and the gnathal ganglion more prominently than in adults. Similar brain structures are thus used in L. depressa nymphs and adults to process diverging sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy; (S.P.); (M.R.)
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Sylvia Anton
- IGEPP, INRAE, Institut Agro, Univ Rennes, 49045 Angers, France
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Arnold T, Korek S, Massah A, Eschstruth D, Stengl M. Candidates for photic entrainment pathways to the circadian clock via optic lobe neuropils in the Madeira cockroach. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:1754-1774. [PMID: 31860126 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The compound eye of cockroaches is obligatory for entrainment of the Madeira cockroach's circadian clock, but the cellular nature of its entrainment pathways is enigmatic. Employing multiple-label immunocytochemistry, histochemistry, and backfills, we searched for photic entrainment pathways to the accessory medulla (AME), the circadian clock of the Madeira cockroach. We wanted to know whether photoreceptor terminals could directly contact pigment-dispersing factor-immunoreactive (PDF-ir) circadian pacemaker neurons with somata in the lamina (PDFLAs) or somata next to the AME (PDFMEs). Short green-sensitive photoreceptor neurons of the compound eye terminated in lamina layers LA1 and LA2, adjacent to PDFLAs and PDFMEs that branched in LA3. Long UV-sensitive compound eye photoreceptor neurons terminated in medulla layer ME2 without direct contact to ipsilateral PDFMEs that arborized in ME4. Multiple neuropeptide-ir interneurons branched in ME4, connecting the AME to ME2. Before, extraocular photoreceptors of the lamina organ were suggested to send terminals to accessory laminae. There, they overlapped with PDFLAs that mostly colocalized PDF, FMRFamide, and 5-HT immunoreactivities, and with terminals of ipsi- and contralateral PDFMEs. We hypothesize that during the day cholinergic activation of the largest PDFME via lamina organ photoreceptors maintains PDF release orchestrating phases of sleep-wake cycles. As ipsilateral PDFMEs express excitatory and contralateral PDFMEs inhibitory PDF autoreceptors, diurnal PDF release keeps both PDF-dependent clock circuits in antiphase. Future experiments will test whether ipsilateral PDFMEs are sleep-promoting morning cells, while contralateral PDFMEs are activity-promoting evening cells, maintaining stable antiphase via the largest PDFME entrained by extraocular photoreceptors of the lamina organ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thordis Arnold
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Sebastian Korek
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Azar Massah
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - David Eschstruth
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Monika Stengl
- FB 10, Biology, Animal Physiology/Neuroethology, University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
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Piersanti S, Rebora M, Ederli L, Pasqualini S, Salerno G. Role of chemical cues in cabbage stink bug host plant selection. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 120:103994. [PMID: 31830466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The cabbage stink bugs of the genus Eurydema, encompassing several oligophagous species, such as Eurydema oleracea (L.), are known to be important pests of cabbage, broccoli, and other cole crops in Europe. Despite their economic importance, the knowledge regarding the role of chemical cues in host plant selection of these species is very limited. The present investigation on E. oleracea at the adult stage revealed the use of olfaction in host plant selection of this species and demonstrated with behavioural tests that E. oleracea preferred feeding on wild Eruca sativa, rather than on Brassica oleracea. Moreover, ultrastructural data revealed the antennal sensilla of E. oleracea, encompassing single walled and double walled olfactory sensilla, and electroantennographic recordings revealed their sensitivity to several host plant VOCs from E. sativa and B. oleracea. The data shown in the present research may be useful in the development of semiochemical-based strategies or trap crops for the control of this pest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Piersanti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luisa Ederli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Gianandrea Salerno
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Ambientali, University of Perugia, Italy
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Month-Juris E, Ravaiano SV, Lopes DM, Fernandes Salomão TM, Martins GF. Morphological assessment of the sensilla of the antennal flagellum in different castes of the stingless bee
Tetragonisca fiebrigi. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E. Month-Juris
- Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brasil
| | - S. Veiga Ravaiano
- Departamento de Entomologia Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brasil
| | - D. M. Lopes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brasil
| | | | - G. F. Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral Universidade Federal de Viçosa Viçosa Brasil
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Wolf H. Scorpions pectines - Idiosyncratic chemo- and mechanosensory organs. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:753-764. [PMID: 29061448 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Scorpions possess specialised chemosensory appendages, the pectines. These comb-shaped limbs are located ventrally behind the walking legs. Like the antennae of mandibulate arthropods, they also serve a mechanosensory function. However, more than 90% of the sometimes well above 100,000 sensory neurons projecting from a pectine to the central nervous system are chemosensory. There are two primary projection neuropils. The posterior one, immediately adjacent to the pectine nerve entrance, has an intriguing substructure reminiscent of the olfactory glomeruli observed in the primary chemosensory neuropils of many arthropods and indeed of most bilaterian animals. There are further similarities, particularly to the antennal lobes of mandibulate arthropods, including dense innervation by a relatively small number of putative serotonergic interneurons and the presence of GABA immunoreactivity, indicative of inhibitory interactions. Scorpion idiosyncrasies include the flattened shape and broad size range of the glomerulus-like neuropil compartments. Further, these compartments are often not clearly delimited and form layers in the neuropil that are arranged like onion peels. In summary, the pectine appendages of scorpions and their central nervous projections appear as promising study subjects, particularly regarding comparative examination of chemosensory representation and processing strategies. The possibility of combined, rather than discrete, representations of chemo- and mechanosensory inputs should merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Wolf
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study, Wallenberg Research Centre, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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Matushkina NA. Ovipositor setation in oldest insects (Insecta: Archaeognatha) revealed by SEM and He-ion microscopy. Micron 2017; 101:138-150. [PMID: 28728012 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Archaeognatha represent the oldest living lineage of true insects (=Ectognatha), which are remarkable, among others, for plesiomorphic genital morphology and complicated mating behaviour. I used scanning electron microscopy and He-ion microscopy to examine the ovipositor morphology of seven species, in order to describe the cuticle microsculpture. The species studied are characterised by different types of the ovipositor setation pattern, which are considered an important taxonomic feature for Archaeognatha. The common and well discernible elements of ovipositor setation in Archaeognatha are: (1) non-articulated terminal seta, (2) grooved type I basiconic sensillum with apical pore, (3) multiporous type II basiconic sensillum, (4) articulated setae of different length. Coeloconica-like sensilla and campaniform sensilla demonstrate a variety of transient morphology. Results of this study provide morphological evidence of presence of olfactory receptors on the ovipositor in Archaeognatha. The possible functions of the ovipositor setation in Archaeognatha are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliia A Matushkina
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Institute of Biology and Medicine, Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, vul. Volodymirs'ka, 64, Kyiv UA-01033, Ukraine.
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de Carvalho WJ, Fujimura PT, Bonetti AM, Goulart LR, Cloonan K, da Silva NM, Araújo ECB, Ueira-Vieira C, Leal WS. Characterization of antennal sensilla, larvae morphology and olfactory genes of Melipona scutellaris stingless bee. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174857. [PMID: 28423045 PMCID: PMC5396885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence in the literature suggesting that caste differentiation in the stingless bee, Melipona scutellaris, and other bees in the genus Melipona, is triggered by environmental signals, particularly a primer pheromone. With the proper amount of food and a chemical stimulus, 25% of females emerge as queens, in agreement with a long-standing “two loci/two alleles model” proposed in the 1950s. We surmised that these larvae must be equipped with an olfactory system for reception of these chemical signals. Here we describe for the first time the diversity of antennal sensilla in adults and the morphology of larvae of M. scutellaris. Having found evidence for putative olfactory sensilla in larvae, we next asked whether olfactory proteins were expressed in larvae. Since the molecular basis of M. scutellaris is still unknown, we cloned olfactory genes encoding chemosensory proteins (CSP) and odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) using M. scutellaris cDNA template and primers designed on the basis CSPs and OBPs previously reported from the European honeybee, Apis mellifera. We cloned two CSP and two OBP genes and then attempted to express the proteins encoded by these genes. With a recombinant OBP, MscuOBP8, and a combinatorial single-chain variable fragment antibody library, we generated anti-MscuOBP8 monoclonal antibody. By immunohistochemistry we demonstrated that the anti-MscuOBP8 binds specifically to the MscuOBP8. Next, we found evidence that MscuOBP8 is expressed in M. scutellaris larvae and it is located in the mandibular region, thus further supporting the hypothesis of olfactory function in immature stages. Lastly, molecular modeling suggests that MscuOBP8 may function as a carrier of primer pheromones or other ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Washington João de Carvalho
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Patrícia Tieme Fujimura
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ana Maria Bonetti
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Laboratório de Nanobiotecnologia, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Kevin Cloonan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Neide Maria da Silva
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Ester Cristina Borges Araújo
- Laboratório de Immunopatologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Carlos Ueira-Vieira
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- Laboratório de Genética, Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Walter S. Leal
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California-Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kollmann M, Schmidt R, Heuer CM, Schachtner J. Variations on a Theme: Antennal Lobe Architecture across Coleoptera. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0166253. [PMID: 27973569 PMCID: PMC5156346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Beetles comprise about 400,000 described species, nearly one third of all known animal species. The enormous success of the order Coleoptera is reflected by a rich diversity of lifestyles, behaviors, morphological, and physiological adaptions. All these evolutionary adaptions that have been driven by a variety of parameters over the last about 300 million years, make the Coleoptera an ideal field to study the evolution of the brain on the interface between the basic bauplan of the insect brain and the adaptions that occurred. In the current study we concentrated on the paired antennal lobes (AL), the part of the brain that is typically responsible for the first processing of olfactory information collected from olfactory sensilla on antenna and mouthparts. We analyzed 63 beetle species from 22 different families and thus provide an extensive comparison of principal neuroarchitecture of the AL. On the examined anatomical level, we found a broad diversity including AL containing a wide range of glomeruli numbers reaching from 50 to 150 glomeruli and several species with numerous small glomeruli, resembling the microglomerular design described in acridid grasshoppers and diving beetles, and substructures within the glomeruli that have to date only been described for the small hive beetle, Aethina tumida. A first comparison of the various anatomical features of the AL with available descriptions of lifestyle and behaviors did so far not reveal useful correlations. In summary, the current study provides a solid basis for further studies to unravel mechanisms that are basic to evolutionary adaptions of the insect olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kollmann
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Rovenna Schmidt
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Justus-Liebig University Gießen, Gießen, Germany
| | - Carsten M. Heuer
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Naturwissenschaftlich-Technische Trendanalysen INT, Euskirchen, Germany
| | - Joachim Schachtner
- Department of Biology—Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
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Missbach C, Dweck HK, Vogel H, Vilcinskas A, Stensmyr MC, Hansson BS, Grosse-Wilde E. Evolution of insect olfactory receptors. eLife 2014; 3:e02115. [PMID: 24670956 PMCID: PMC3966513 DOI: 10.7554/elife.02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory sense detects a plethora of behaviorally relevant odor molecules; gene families involved in olfaction exhibit high diversity in different animal phyla. Insects detect volatile molecules using olfactory (OR) or ionotropic receptors (IR) and in some cases gustatory receptors (GRs). While IRs are expressed in olfactory organs across Protostomia, ORs have been hypothesized to be an adaptation to a terrestrial insect lifestyle. We investigated the olfactory system of the primary wingless bristletail Lepismachilis y-signata (Archaeognatha), the firebrat Thermobia domestica (Zygentoma) and the neopteran leaf insect Phyllium siccifolium (Phasmatodea). ORs and the olfactory coreceptor (Orco) are with very high probability lacking in Lepismachilis; in Thermobia we have identified three Orco candidates, and in Phyllium a fully developed OR/Orco-based system. We suggest that ORs did not arise as an adaptation to a terrestrial lifestyle, but evolved later in insect evolution, with Orco being present before the appearance of ORs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02115.001 Detecting chemical cues can be a matter of life or death for insects, and many employ three families of receptor proteins to detect a broad range of odors. Members of one of these receptor families, the olfactory receptors, form a complex with another protein, the olfactory coreceptor that is essential for both positioning and stabilizing the receptor, as well as the actual function. Crustaceans share a common ancestor with insects, and since they do not have olfactory receptors it has been proposed that these receptors evolved when prehistoric insects moved from the sea to live on land. According to this idea, olfactory receptors evolved because these ancestors needed to be able to detect odor molecules floating in the air rather than dissolved in water. Previous research on insect olfactory receptors has focused on insects with wings. Missbach et al. have now used a wide range of techniques to investigate how evolutionarily older wingless insect groups detect scents. As all investigated groups evolved from a common ancestor at different times these experiments allow tracking of the historical development of olfactory receptors. In the wingless species that is more closely related to the flying insects there was evidence of the presence of multiple coreceptors but not the olfactory receptors themselves. In the most basal insects no evidence for any part of the olfactory receptor-based system was found. This indicates that the main olfactory receptors evolved independently of the coreceptor long after the migration of insects from water to land. Missbach et al. suggest that olfactory receptors instead developed far later, around the time when vascular plants spread and insects developed the ability to fly. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.02115.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Missbach
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
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Rebora M, Dell’Otto A, Rybak J, Piersanti S, Gaino E, Hansson BS. The antennal lobe of Libellula depressa (Odonata, Libellulidae). ZOOLOGY 2013; 116:205-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.zool.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Kenning M, Müller C, Wirkner CS, Harzsch S. The Malacostraca (Crustacea) from a neurophylogenetic perspective: New insights from brain architecture in Nebalia herbstii Leach, 1814 (Leptostraca, Phyllocarida). ZOOL ANZ 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fröhlich A, Lu Z. Built to break: the antenna of a primitive insect, Petrobius brevistylis (Archaeognatha). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:95-106. [PMID: 23142294 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Jumping bristletails (Archaeognatha) have flagellate antennae with frequent breakpoints, structures destined to break when undue mechanical stress is applied. In natural populations of Petrobius brevistylis at least 67% of animals had broken antennae. In twenty-four trials, all antennae broke at a breakpoint under the animal's weight. Breakpoints consist of two cylinders of laminated cuticle, one stuck inside the other. For half the length of the breakpoint the cylinders are separated by a non-laminated layer of cuticle; thus a tripartite cuticle is formed. During a breakage, the two cylinders slide apart along that non-laminated middle layer that seems to act like a lubricant. While the cylinders pull apart, a thin cuticle unfolds that closes off the new tip of the antenna formed by the outer breakpoint cylinder. Later on, the cylinder is not replaced by a new terminal antennomere. Instead, the antennomere directly proximal to a breakpoint, i.e. the one that after the break forms the last antennomere, already possess the same complement of sensilla as the original terminal antennomere. This includes sensilla basiconica Type A and B found exclusively on these antennomeres and the original terminal antennomere. Breakpoints are common to Archaeognatha and Thysanura, insects that moult throughout their lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fröhlich
- Biology Department, Mount Saint Vincent University, 166 Bedford Highway, Halifax, NS, Canada B3M 2J6.
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Fröhlich A, Lu Z. The "rosette-like" structures in the cuticle of Petrobius brevistylis are the openings of epidermal glands. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2013; 42:89-94. [PMID: 23064145 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 09/30/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the "rosette-like" structures (RS), found in Archaeognatha and Thysanura, in the compound eyes and the antennae of the machilid Petrobius brevistylis using SEM and TEM. The nature of the RS was unknown until now, and hypothesized to be either a sensillum or the opening of a gland. Our studies show that RS are the orifices of epidermal glands. A gland consists of a single glandular unit of 4 cells: a duct cell, a secretory cell, a ciliary cell and an enveloping cell. The glands are class 3 epidermal glands as defined by Noirot and Quennedey (1974).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fröhlich
- Biology Department, Mount Saint Vincent University, Halifax, N.S., Canada.
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15
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Brown S, Wolff G. Fine structural organization of the hemiellipsoid body of the land hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus. J Comp Neurol 2012; 520:2847-63. [PMID: 22318704 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Electron microscopical observations of the hemiellipsoid bodies of the land hermit crab Coenobita clypeatus resolve microglomerular synaptic complexes that are comparable to those observed in the calyces of insect mushroom bodies and which characterize olfactory inputs onto intrinsic neurons. In an adult hermit crab, intrinsic neurons and one class of efferent neurons originate from neuronal somata of globuli cells covering the hemiellipsoid bodies. Counts of their nucleoli show that about 120,000 globuli cells supply each hemiellipsoid body in an adult hermit crab. This number is comparable to the number of globuli cells supplying mushroom bodies of certain insects, such as honey bees and cockroaches. Counts of axons in tracts leading from the olfactory lobes to the hemiellipsoid bodies resolve 20,000 afferent axons, however, an order of magnitude greater than known for any insect. These afferent axons provide numerous swollen varicosities, each presynaptic to many small profiles, and thus comparable to the microglomeruli that characterize insect mushroom body calyces. Also, common to mushroom bodies and hemiellipsoid bodies are arrangements of intrinsic neurons, afferent neurons containing dense core vesicles, and systems of serial synaptic complexes that relate to postsynaptic profiles of efferent neurons. Together, the ultrastructural organization of the hemiellipsoid bodies of C. clypeatus supports the proposition that this center may share a common origin with the insect mushroom body despite obvious divergent evolution of overall shape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Brown
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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Böhm A, Szucsich NU, Pass G. Brain anatomy in Diplura (Hexapoda). Front Zool 2012; 9:26. [PMID: 23050723 PMCID: PMC3585824 DOI: 10.1186/1742-9994-9-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade neuroanatomy has proved to be a valuable source of character systems that provide insights into arthropod relationships. Since the most detailed description of dipluran brain anatomy dates back to Hanström (1940) we re-investigated the brains of Campodea augens and Catajapyx aquilonaris with modern neuroanatomical techniques. The analyses are based on antibody staining and 3D reconstruction of the major neuropils and tracts from semi-thin section series. Results Remarkable features of the investigated dipluran brains are a large central body, which is organized in nine columns and three layers, and well developed mushroom bodies with calyces receiving input from spheroidal olfactory glomeruli in the deutocerebrum. Antibody staining against a catalytic subunit of protein kinase A (DC0) was used to further characterize the mushroom bodies. The japygid Catajapyx aquilonaris possesses mushroom bodies which are connected across the midline, a unique condition within hexapods. Conclusions Mushroom body and central body structure shows a high correspondence between japygids and campodeids. Some unique features indicate that neuroanatomy further supports the monophyly of Diplura. In a broader phylogenetic context, however, the polarization of brain characters becomes ambiguous. The mushroom bodies and the central body of Diplura in several aspects resemble those of Dicondylia, suggesting homology. In contrast, Archaeognatha completely lack mushroom bodies and exhibit a central body organization reminiscent of certain malacostracan crustaceans. Several hypotheses of brain evolution at the base of the hexapod tree are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Böhm
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Polanska MA, Tuchina O, Agricola H, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Neuropeptide complexity in the crustacean central olfactory pathway: immunolocalization of A-type allatostatins and RFamide-like peptides in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab. Mol Brain 2012; 5:29. [PMID: 22967845 PMCID: PMC3523048 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the olfactory system of malacostracan crustaceans, axonal input from olfactory receptor neurons associated with aesthetascs on the animal's first pair of antennae target primary processing centers in the median brain, the olfactory lobes. The olfactory lobes are divided into cone-shaped synaptic areas, the olfactory glomeruli where afferents interact with local olfactory interneurons and olfactory projection neurons. The local olfactory interneurons display a large diversity of neurotransmitter phenotypes including biogenic amines and neuropeptides. Furthermore, the malacostracan olfactory glomeruli are regionalized into cap, subcap, and base regions and these compartments are defined by the projection patterns of the afferent olfactory receptor neurons, the local olfactory interneurons, and the olfactory projection neurons. We wanted to know how neurons expressing A-type allatostatins (A-ASTs; synonym dip-allatostatins) integrate into this system, a large family of neuropeptides that share the C-terminal motif -YXFGLamide. RESULTS We used an antiserum that was raised against the A-type Diploptera punctata (Dip)-allatostatin I to analyse the distribution of this peptide in the brain of a terrestrial hermit crab, Coenobita clypeatus (Anomura, Coenobitidae). Allatostatin A-like immunoreactivity (ASTir) was widely distributed in the animal's brain, including the visual system, central complex and olfactory system. We focussed our analysis on the central olfactory pathway in which ASTir was abundant in the primary processing centers, the olfactory lobes, and also in the secondary centers, the hemiellipsoid bodies. In the olfactory lobes, we further explored the spatial relationship of olfactory interneurons with ASTir to interneurons that synthesize RFamide-like peptides. We found that these two peptides are present in distinct populations of local olfactory interneurons and that their synaptic fields within the olfactory glomeruli are also mostly distinct. CONCLUSIONS We discuss our findings against the background of the known neurotransmitter complexity in the crustacean olfactory pathway and summarize what is now about the neuronal connectivity in the olfactory glomeruli. A-type allatostatins, in addition to their localization in protocerebral brain areas, seem to be involved in modulating the olfactory signal at the level of the deutocerebrum. They contribute to the complex local circuits within the crustacean olfactory glomeruli the connectivity within which as yet is completely unclear. Because the glomeruli of C. clypeatus display a distinct pattern of regionalization, their olfactory systems form an ideal model to explore the functional relevance of glomerular compartments and diversity of local olfactory interneurons for olfactory processing in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta A Polanska
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Faculty of Biology, University of Warsaw, 1 Miecznikowa Street, 02-096 Warsaw, Poland
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Stemme T, Iliffe TM, Bicker G, Harzsch S, Koenemann S. Serotonin immunoreactive interneurons in the brain of the Remipedia: new insights into the phylogenetic affinities of an enigmatic crustacean taxon. BMC Evol Biol 2012; 12:168. [PMID: 22947030 PMCID: PMC3497878 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-12-168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remipedia, a group of homonomously segmented, cave-dwelling, eyeless arthropods have been regarded as basal crustaceans in most early morphological and taxonomic studies. However, molecular sequence information together with the discovery of a highly differentiated brain led to a reconsideration of their phylogenetic position. Various conflicting hypotheses have been proposed including the claim for a basal position of Remipedia up to a close relationship with Malacostraca or Hexapoda. To provide new morphological characters that may allow phylogenetic insights, we have analyzed the architecture of the remipede brain in more detail using immunocytochemistry (serotonin, acetylated α-tubulin, synapsin) combined with confocal laser-scanning microscopy and image reconstruction techniques. This approach allows for a comprehensive neuroanatomical comparison with other crustacean and hexapod taxa. RESULTS The dominant structures of the brain are the deutocerebral olfactory neuropils, which are linked by the olfactory globular tracts to the protocerebral hemiellipsoid bodies. The olfactory globular tracts form a characteristic chiasm in the center of the brain. In Speleonectes tulumensis, each brain hemisphere contains about 120 serotonin immunoreactive neurons, which are distributed in distinct cell groups supplying fine, profusely branching neurites to 16 neuropilar domains. The olfactory neuropil comprises more than 300 spherical olfactory glomeruli arranged in sublobes. Eight serotonin immunoreactive neurons homogeneously innervate the olfactory glomeruli. In the protocerebrum, serotonin immunoreactivity revealed several structures, which, based on their position and connectivity resemble a central complex comprising a central body, a protocerebral bridge, W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts, and lateral accessory lobes. CONCLUSIONS The brain of Remipedia shows several plesiomorphic features shared with other Mandibulata, such as deutocerebral olfactory neuropils with a glomerular organization, innervations by serotonin immunoreactive interneurons, and connections to protocerebral neuropils. Also, we provided tentative evidence for W-, X-, Y-, Z-tracts in the remipedian central complex like in the brain of Malacostraca, and Hexapoda. Furthermore, Remipedia display several synapomorphies with Malacostraca supporting a sister group relationship between both taxa. These homologies include a chiasm of the olfactory globular tract, which connects the olfactory neuropils with the lateral protocerebrum and the presence of hemiellipsoid bodies. Even though a growing number of molecular investigations unites Remipedia and Cephalocarida, our neuroanatomical comparison does not provide support for such a sister group relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torben Stemme
- Division of Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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Rebora M, Salerno G, Piersanti S, Dell'otto A, Gaino E. Olfaction in dragonflies: electrophysiological evidence. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:270-277. [PMID: 22154954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 11/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/28/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The problem of olfaction in Paleoptera (Odonata, Ephemeroptera) cannot be considered fully elucidated until now. These insects have been traditionally considered anosmic, because their brain lacks glomerular antennal lobes, typically involved in Neoptera odor perception. In order to understand if the presumed coeloconic olfactory receptors described on the antennal flagellum of adult Odonata are really functioning, we performed an electrophysiological investigation with electroantennogram (EAG) and single cell recordings (SCR), using Libellula depressa L. (Odonata, Libellulidae) as a model species. Odors representing different chemical classes such as (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (acetate ester), (E)-2-hexenal, octanal (aldehydes), (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol (alcohol), propionic acid, butyric acid (carboxylic acids), and 1,4-diaminobutane (amine) were tested. Most of the tested chemicals elicited depolarizing EAG responses in both male and female antennae; SCR show unambiguously for the first time the presence of olfactory neurons in the antennae of L. depressa and strongly support the olfactory function of the coeloconic sensilla located on the antennal flagellum of this species. Electrophysiological activity may not necessarily indicate behavioral activity, and the biological role of olfactory responses in Odonata must be determined in behavioral bioassays. This study represents a starting point for further behavioral, electrophysiological, neuroanatomical and molecular investigation on Odonata olfaction, a research field particularly interesting owing to the basal position of Paleoptera, also for tracing evolutionary trends in insect olfaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Rebora
- Dipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Ambientale, Via Elce di Sotto, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
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Sombke A, Lipke E, Kenning M, Müller CH, Hansson BS, Harzsch S. Comparative analysis of deutocerebral neuropils in Chilopoda (Myriapoda): implications for the evolution of the arthropod olfactory system and support for the Mandibulata concept. BMC Neurosci 2012; 13:1-17. [PMID: 22214384 PMCID: PMC3320525 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-13-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Originating from a marine ancestor, the myriapods most likely invaded land independently of the hexapods. As these two evolutionary lineages conquered land in parallel but separately, we are interested in comparing the myriapod chemosensory system to that of hexapods to gain insights into possible adaptations for olfaction in air. Our study connects to a previous analysis of the brain and behavior of the chilopod (centipede) Scutigera coleoptrata in which we demonstrated that these animals do respond to volatile substances and analyzed the structure of their central olfactory pathway. Results Here, we examined the architecture of the deutocerebral brain areas (which process input from the antennae) in seven additional representatives of the Chilopoda, covering all major subtaxa, by histology, confocal laser-scan microscopy, and 3D reconstruction. We found that in all species that we studied the majority of antennal afferents target two separate neuropils, the olfactory lobe (chemosensory, composed of glomerular neuropil compartments) and the corpus lamellosum (mechanosensory). The numbers of olfactory glomeruli in the different chilopod taxa ranged from ca. 35 up to ca. 90 and the shape of the glomeruli ranged from spheroid across ovoid or drop-shape to elongate. Conclusion A split of the afferents from the (first) pair of antennae into separate chemosensory and mechanosensory components is also typical for Crustacea and Hexapoda, but this set of characters is absent in Chelicerata. We suggest that this character set strongly supports the Mandibulata hypothesis (Myriapoda + (Crustacea + Hexapoda)) as opposed to the Myriochelata concept (Myriapoda + Chelicerata). The evolutionary implications of our findings, particularly the plasticity of glomerular shape, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andy Sombke
- Ernst Moritz Arndt University of Greifswald, Zoological Institute and Museum, Cytology and Evolutionary Biology, 17487 Greifswald, Germany.
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Kollmann M, Huetteroth W, Schachtner J. Brain organization in Collembola (springtails). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2011; 40:304-316. [PMID: 21420507 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/17/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Arthropoda is comprised of four major taxa: Hexapoda, Crustacea, Myriapoda and Chelicerata. Although this classification is widely accepted, there is still some debate about the internal relationships of these groups. In particular, the phylogenetic position of Collembola remains enigmatic. Some molecular studies place Collembola into a close relationship to Protura and Diplura within the monophyletic Hexapoda, but this placement is not universally accepted, as Collembola is also regarded as either the sister group to Branchiopoda (a crustacean taxon) or to Pancrustacea (crustaceans + hexapods). To contribute to the current debate on the phylogenetic position of Collembola, we examined the brains in three collembolan species: Folsomia candida, Protaphorura armata and Tetrodontophora bielanensis, using antennal backfills, series of semi-thin sections, and immunostaining technique with several antisera, in conjunction with confocal laser scanning microscopy and three-dimensional reconstructions. We identified several neuroanatomical structures in the collembolan brain, including a fan-shaped central body showing a columnar organization, a protocerebral bridge, one pair of antennal lobes with 20-30 spheroidal glomeruli each, and a structure, which we interpret as a simply organized mushroom body. The results of our neuroanatomical study are consistent with the phylogenetic position of Collembola within the Hexapoda and do not contradict the hypothesis of a close relationship of Collembola, Protura and Diplura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kollmann
- Department of Biology - Animal Physiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Karl-von-Frisch-Str. 8, D-35032 Marburg, Germany
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