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Strauß J. Functional Morphology of Leg Mechanosensory Organs in Early Postembryonic Development in the Stick Insect ( Sipyloidea chlorotica). INSECTS 2024; 15:392. [PMID: 38921107 PMCID: PMC11204026 DOI: 10.3390/insects15060392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The subgenual organ complex of stick insects has a unique neuroanatomical organisation with two elaborate chordotonal organs, the subgenual organ and the distal organ. These organs are present in all leg pairs and are already developed in newly hatched stick insects. The present study analyses for the first time the morphology of sensory organs in the subgenual organ complex for a membrane connecting the two sensory organs in newly hatched insects (Sipyloidea chlorotica (Audinet-Serville 1838)). The stick insect legs were analysed following hatching by axonal tracing and light microscopy. The subgenual organ complex in first juvenile instars shows the sensory organs and a thin membrane connecting the sensory organs resembling the morphology of adult animals. Rarely was this membrane not detected, where it is assumed as not developed during embryogenesis. The connection appears to influence the shape of the subgenual organ, with one end extending towards the distal organ as under tension. These findings are discussed for the following functional implications: (1) the physiological responses of the subgenual organ complex to mechanical stimuli after hatching, (2) the influence of the membrane on the displacement of the sensory organs, and (3) the connection between the subgenual organ and distal organ as a possible functional coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Strauß
- AG Integrative Sensory Physiology, Institute for Animal Physiology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, 35392 Gießen, Germany; ; Tel.: +49-641-99-35253
- Center for Mind, Brain and Behavior (CMBB), University of Marburg and Justus Liebig University Gießen, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 6, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Diakova AV, Makarova AA, Pang S, Xu CS, Hess H, Polilov AA. The 3D ultrastructure of the chordotonal organs in the antenna of a microwasp remains complex although simplified. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20172. [PMID: 36424494 PMCID: PMC9691716 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect antennae are astonishingly versatile and have multiple sensory modalities. Audition, detection of airflow, and graviception are combined in the antennal chordotonal organs. The miniaturization of these complex multisensory organs has never been investigated. Here we present a comprehensive study of the structure and scaling of the antennal chordotonal organs of the extremely miniaturized parasitoid wasp Megaphragma viggianii based on 3D electron microscopy. Johnston's organ of M. viggianii consists of 19 amphinematic scolopidia (95 cells); the central organ consists of five scolopidia (20 cells). Plesiomorphic composition includes one accessory cell per scolopidium, but in M. viggianii this ratio is only 0.3. Scolopale rods in Johnston's organ have a unique structure. Allometric analyses demonstrate the effects of scaling on the antennal chordotonal organs in insects. Our results not only shed light on the universal principles of miniaturization of sense organs, but also provide context for future interpretation of the M. viggianii connectome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna V Diakova
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Anastasia A Makarova
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Song Pang
- Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, USA
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - C Shan Xu
- Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Harald Hess
- Janelia Research Campus of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, USA
| | - Alexey A Polilov
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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3
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Sansom TM, Oberst S, Richter A, Lai JCS, Saadatfar M, Nowotny M, Evans TA. Low radiodensity μCT scans to reveal detailed morphology of the termite leg and its subgenual organ. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2022; 70:101191. [PMID: 35816830 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2022.101191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Termites sense tiny substrate-borne vibrations through subgenual organs (SGOs) located within their legs' tibiae. Little is known about the SGOs' structure and physical properties. We applied high-resolution (voxel size 0.45 μm) micro-computed tomography (μCT) to Australian termites, Coptotermes lacteus and Nasutitermes exitiosus (Hill) to test two staining techniques. We compared the effectiveness of a single stain of Lugol's iodine solution (LS) to LS followed by Phosphotungstic acid (PTA) solutions (1% and 2%). We then present results of a soldier of Nasutitermes exitiosus combining μCT with LS + 2%PTS stains and scanning electron microscopy to exemplify the visualisation of their SGOs. The termite's SGO due to its approximately oval shape was shown to have a maximum diameter of 60 μm and a minimum of 48 μm, covering 60 ± 4% of the leg's cross-section and 90.4 ± 5% of the residual haemolymph channel. Additionally, the leg and residual haemolymph channel cross-sectional area decreased around the SGO by 33% and 73%, respectively. We hypothesise that this change in cross-sectional area amplifies the vibrations for the SGO. Since SGOs are directly connected to the cuticle, their mechanical properties and the geometric details identified here may enable new approaches to determine how termites sense micro-vibrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Travers M Sansom
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Audio, Acoustics and Vibration, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia.
| | - Sebastian Oberst
- University of Technology Sydney, Centre for Audio, Acoustics and Vibration, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia; School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Dr, Campbell ACT, 2612, Australia.
| | - Adrian Richter
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Joseph C S Lai
- School of Engineering and IT, University of New South Wales Canberra, Northcott Dr, Campbell ACT, 2612, Australia
| | - Mohammad Saadatfar
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Sydney, 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Manuela Nowotny
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
| | - Theodore A Evans
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia
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Functional importance of the mandibular skeleto-muscular system in the bivalved arthropod Heterocypris incongruens (Crustacea, Ostracoda, Cyprididae). Naturwissenschaften 2022; 109:37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00114-022-01806-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Jiang Y, Zhao P, Ma Z, Shen D, Liu G, Zhang D. Enhanced flow sensing with interfacial microstructures. BIOSURFACE AND BIOTRIBOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1049/bsbt.2019.0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yonggang Jiang
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
- International Research Institute of Multidisciplinary ScienceBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Ma
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Shen
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
| | - Gongchao Liu
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- Institute of Bionic and Micro‐Nano SystemsSchool of Mechanical Engineering and AutomationBeihang UniversityBeijing100191People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Liu W, Xiong Q. Antennal sensilla of Didesmococcus koreanus Borchsenius (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae) in different instars. ZOOL ANZ 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Ospina-Rozo B, Forero-Shelton M, Molina J. Structure and postembryonic development of the intersegmental nodules in the non-muscular joints of the antennae in Rhodnius prolixus. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2017; 46:287-296. [PMID: 27998742 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The antennae of Insecta consist of two basal segments and the distal annulated flagellum lacking intrinsic muscles. Non-muscular joints are important to preserve the flexibility and structure of the long heteropteran antennae which bear an intersegmental nodule on each non-muscular joint. Little is known about their properties or function. Here we characterize the structure and postembryonic development of the non-muscular joints of Rhodnius prolixus antennae. Using Scanning Electron Microscopy, we tracked the changes in shape and size of both intersegmental nodules during the course of the hemimetabolous insect life cycle. Using Atomic Force Microscopy, we established a qualitative correlation between the topography of the surface and the rigidity of the joint between pedicel and flagellum. Our results confirmed the presence of two sub-articulations on each non-muscular joint. Also, the two intersegmental nodules have different origins: the one between the two flagellar segments (intraflagelloid) is a sclerite already present from the early nymph, while the nodule between pedicel and flagellum (prebasiflagellite) originates by gradual separation of the proximal end of the basiflagellum during postembryonic development. Various changes occur in the non-muscular joints and segments of the antenna during the life cycle of R. prolixus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Ospina-Rozo
- CIMPAT Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes Cra 1 No 18 A - 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Manu Forero-Shelton
- Biophysics Group, Physics Department, Universidad de los Andes Cra 1 No 18 A - 12, Bogotá, Colombia.
| | - Jorge Molina
- CIMPAT Laboratory, Biological Sciences Department, Universidad de los Andes Cra 1 No 18 A - 12, Bogotá, 111711, Colombia.
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Ranieri E, Ruschioni S, Riolo P, Isidoro N, Romani R. Fine structure of antennal sensilla of the spittlebug Philaenus spumarius L. (Insecta: Hemiptera: Aphrophoridae). I. Chemoreceptors and thermo-/hygroreceptors. ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2016; 45:432-439. [PMID: 27664780 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The meadow spittlebug, Philaenus spumarius (L.) (Hemiptera: Cercopoidea: Aphrophoridae), is a polyphagous species that transmits Xylella fastidiosa, a bacterium associated with "Olive Quick Decline Syndrome" in Southern Italy. In this study, the morphology and the ultrastructure of the antennal sensilla of P. spumarius were investigated. The antennae consist of three segments: a basal scape, a pedicel and a flagellum composed of a basal enlargement (ampulla) and a long segment (filament). The pedicel bears a single campaniform sensillum while the ampulla houses twelve coeloconic sensilla and three large basiconic sensilla. These latter sensilla show a smooth multiporous external cuticular wall and a total number of 27 sensory neurons per sensillum. The coeloconic sensilla belong to two morphologically distinct types: double-walled and single-walled sensilla. The sensory peg of the double-walled sensilla is smooth at the base and distally has a grooved cuticular surface with pores organized in spoke channels between each ridge. Three sensory neurons enter the lumen while at the basal level, before entering the peg, a fourth sensory neuron is found. The single-walled sensilla show an aporous thick cuticular wall and two sensory neurons entering the sensillar lumen, with a third neuron ending at the sensillum base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Ranieri
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Sara Ruschioni
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Paola Riolo
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Nunzio Isidoro
- Dipartimento Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Politecnica Delle Marche, via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, 60131, Italy
| | - Roberto Romani
- Dipartimento Di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari E Ambientali, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Borgo XX Giugno 74, Perugia, 06121, Italy.
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Rossi Stacconi MV, Hansson BS, Rybak J, Romani R. Comparative neuroanatomy of the antennal lobes of 2 homopteran species. Chem Senses 2014; 39:283-94. [PMID: 24443423 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjt114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the morphology of the primary olfactory center, the antennal lobe (AL), in 2 homopteran insects, Hyalesthes obsoletus Signoret (Homoptera: Cixiidae) and Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Homoptera: Cicadomorpha). The comparison between the ALs of the 2 species is particularly interesting considering that, although both use volatile cues to locate their host plants, their feeding behavior differs considerably: specifically, H. obsoletus is a highly polyphagous species, whereas S. titanus is strictly monophagous (on grapevine). Our investigation of the AL structure using immunocytochemical staining and antennal backfills did not reveal any sexual dimorphism in either the size of the ALs or in the size of individual glomeruli for either species. Instead, the AL of H. obsoletus displayed numerous and well-delineated glomeruli (about 130 in both sexes) arranged in a multilayered structure, whereas the smaller AL of S. titanus contained fewer than 15 glomerular-like structures. This difference is likely to reflect the comparatively reduced olfactory abilities in S. titanus, probably as a consequence of the reduced number of volatiles coming from the single host plant. Instead, in H. obsoletus, the ability to distinguish among several host plants may require a more complex olfactory neuronal network.
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