1
|
Zeppelini D, de Oliveira‐Neto MA, de Oliveira JVLC, Ferreira AS, de Brito RA, Lopes BCH, Brito NP, Stievano LC, de Lima ECA. New method for taxonomic descriptions with coded notation, producing dynamic and interchangeable output. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11206. [PMID: 38975260 PMCID: PMC11224494 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
A proposal for taxonomic species description notation is presented to replace the traditional descriptive texts for a coded matrix, avoiding redundant adjectives and subjective descriptions. This is an attempt to enhance the species description rate and to make the descriptions output available to other scientific disciplines, machine learning, interactive and computer-assisted identification keys, metadata analysis and its applications. The method consists of presenting the description of the overall morphology in a coded matrix, following a character list with detailed observed conditions for each character. The method is dynamic and open to amendments and new data addition as they become available. We test the new method describing five new species of Collembola Symphypleona of the genus Pararrhopalites as a generalized model and made the coded output available. We conclude that a coded taxonomic description is an advance to the traditional taxonomic text, with potential to enhance the global descriptions rate. The generated descriptions are dynamic, expandable and can be easily used in other fields of science, allowing non-experts to access the data for phylogenetic, biogeographic, ecological studies and metadata analysis. Even though an experienced taxonomist will always be necessary to make a detailed taxonomic description, it is a step forward to a general template to semi-automated taxon recognition and to future development of auxiliary tools for species description using machine learning and templates to speed up the time-consuming phase of schematic figures preparation, after the expert interpretations are done.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Zeppelini
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – ZoologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Misael Augusto de Oliveira‐Neto
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – ZoologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | | | - Aila Soares Ferreira
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Roniere Andrade de Brito
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Bruna Carolline Honório Lopes
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – ZoologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Nathan Paiva Brito
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
- Programa de Pós‐Graduação em Ciências Biológicas – ZoologiaUniversidade Federal da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Luis Carlos Stievano
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| | - Estevam Cipriano Araujo de Lima
- Laboratório de Sistemática de Collembola e Conservação, Instituto de Biologia de SoloUniversidade Estadual da ParaíbaJoão PessoaPBBrazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Roth S. Neofunctionalization of Toll Signaling in Insects: From Immunity to Dorsoventral Patterning. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2023; 39:1-22. [PMID: 37843930 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-120319-120223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Toll signaling plays a crucial role in pathogen defense throughout the animal kingdom. It was discovered, however, for its function in dorsoventral (DV) axis formation in Drosophila. In all other insects studied so far, but not outside the insects, Toll is also required for DV patterning. However, in insects more distantly related to Drosophila, Toll's patterning role is frequently reduced and substituted by an expanded influence of BMP signaling, the pathway implicated in DV axis formation in all major metazoan lineages. This suggests that Toll was integrated into an ancestral BMP-based patterning system at the base of the insects or during insect evolution. The observation that Toll signaling has an immune function in the extraembryonic serosa, an early differentiating tissue of most insect embryos, suggests a scenario of how Toll was co-opted from an ancestral immune function for its new role in axis formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Roth
- Institute of Zoology-Developmental Biology, Biocenter, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany;
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tihelka E, Cai C, Giacomelli M, Lozano-Fernandez J, Rota-Stabelli O, Huang D, Engel MS, Donoghue PCJ, Pisani D. The evolution of insect biodiversity. Curr Biol 2021; 31:R1299-R1311. [PMID: 34637741 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Insects comprise over half of all described animal species. Together with the Protura (coneheads), Collembola (springtails) and Diplura (two-pronged bristletails), insects form the Hexapoda, a terrestrial arthropod lineage characterised by possessing six legs. Exponential growth of genome-scale data for the hexapods has substantially altered our understanding of the origin and evolution of insect biodiversity. Phylogenomics has provided a new framework for reconstructing insect evolutionary history, resolving their position among the arthropods and some long-standing internal controversies such as the placement of the termites, twisted-winged insects, lice and fleas. However, despite the greatly increased size of phylogenomic datasets, contentious relationships among key insect clades remain unresolved. Further advances in insect phylogeny cannot rely on increased depth and breadth of genome and taxon sequencing. Improved modelling of the substitution process is fundamental to countering tree-reconstruction artefacts, while gene content, modelling of duplications and deletions, and comparative morphology all provide complementary lines of evidence to test hypotheses emerging from the analysis of sequence data. Finally, the integration of molecular and morphological data is key to the incorporation of fossil species within insect phylogeny. The emerging integrated framework of insect evolution will help explain the origins of insect megadiversity in terms of the evolution of their body plan, species diversity and ecology. Future studies of insect phylogeny should build upon an experimental, hypothesis-driven approach where the robustness of hypotheses generated is tested against increasingly realistic evolutionary models as well as complementary sources of phylogenetic evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Erik Tihelka
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | - Chenyang Cai
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China.
| | | | - Jesus Lozano-Fernandez
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Institute of Evolutionary Biology (CSIC-UPF), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Omar Rota-Stabelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all Adige, Italy; Center Agriculture Food Environment, University of Trento, 38010 San Michele all Adige, Italy
| | - Diying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy, Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, and Centre for Excellence in Life and Paleoenvironment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Michael S Engel
- Division of Entomology, Natural History Museum, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA; Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - Davide Pisani
- School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mtow S, Smith BJ, Machida R. Egg structure of five antarctoperlarian stoneflies (Insecta: Plecoptera, Antarctoperlaria). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2021; 60:101011. [PMID: 33316753 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2020.101011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The egg structures of five antarctoperlarian species - Stenoperla prasina of Eustheniidae; Austroperla cyrene of Austroperlidae; and Zelandobius truncus, Megaleptoperla grandis, and Acroperla trivacuata of Gripopterygidae, were examined in detail, and the groundplan of the egg structure was considered within the representative lineages of Antarctoperlaria and Plecoptera. The flattened egg shape and the circular arrangement of micropyles along the equator are regarded as potential autapomorphies for not only Eustheniidae but also for Eusthenioidea. Austroperlidae has eggs with thin, less-sclerotized chorion, a gelatinous layer on the surface, and micropyles roughly and randomly arranged along the equator. A significant ultrastructural difference between the attachment disc in Gripopterygidae and the anchor plate of arctoperlarian Systellognatha suggests that these structures were independently derived. The thin less-sclerotized chorion represents a groundplan feature in Plecoptera, along with micropyles arranged in a circle, including those circularly arranged along the equator of the egg. On the other hand, in contrast to previous understanding, the sclerotized hard chorion is regarded as a derived feature, having been independently acquired in each of Eustheniidae and Gripopterygidae of Antarctoperlaria and Systellognatha of Arctoperlaria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shodo Mtow
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan; Faculty of Symbiotic Systems Science, Fukushima University, Kanayagawa 1, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Brian J Smith
- National Institute of Water & Atmospheric Research Ltd., Gate 10 Silverdale Road, Hillcrest, Hamilton 3216, New Zealand
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vargas HCM, Panfilio KA, Roelofs D, Rezende GL. Increase in egg resistance to desiccation in springtails correlates with blastodermal cuticle formation: Eco-evolutionary implications for insect terrestrialization. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2020; 336:606-619. [PMID: 32649025 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Land colonization was a major event in the history of life. Among animals, insects exerted a staggering terrestrialization success, due to traits usually associated with postembryonic life stages, while the egg stage has been largely overlooked in comparative studies. In many insects, after blastoderm differentiation, the extraembryonic serosal tissue wraps the embryo and synthesizes the serosal cuticle, an extracellular matrix that lies beneath the eggshell and protects the egg against water loss. In contrast, in noninsect hexapods such as springtails (Collembola) the early blastodermal cells synthesize a blastodermal cuticle. Here, we investigate the relationship between blastodermal cuticle formation and egg resistance to desiccation in the springtails Orchesella cincta and Folsomia candida, two species with different oviposition environments and developmental rates. The blastodermal cuticle becomes externally visible in O. cincta and F. candida at 22% and 29% of embryogenesis, respectively. To contextualize, we describe the stages of springtail embryogenesis, exemplified by F. candida. Our physiological assays then showed that blastodermal cuticle formation coincides with an increase in egg viability in a dry environment, significantly contributing to hatching success. However, protection differs between species: while O. cincta eggs survive at least 2 hr outside a humid environment, the survival period recorded for F. candida eggs is only 15 min, which correlates with this species' requirement for humid microhabitats. We suggest that the formation of this cuticle protects the eggs, constituting an ancestral trait among hexapods that predated and facilitated the process of terrestrialization that occurred during insect evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helena C M Vargas
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil.,Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Dick Roelofs
- Department of Ecological Science, Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gustavo L Rezende
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil.,School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Manni M, Simao FA, Robertson HM, Gabaglio MA, Waterhouse RM, Misof B, Niehuis O, Szucsich NU, Zdobnov EM. The Genome of the Blind Soil-Dwelling and Ancestrally Wingless Dipluran Campodea augens: A Key Reference Hexapod for Studying the Emergence of Insect Innovations. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:3534-3549. [PMID: 31778187 PMCID: PMC6938034 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The dipluran two-pronged bristletail Campodea augens is a blind ancestrally wingless hexapod with the remarkable capacity to regenerate lost body appendages such as its long antennae. As sister group to Insecta (sensu stricto), Diplura are key to understanding the early evolution of hexapods and the origin and evolution of insects. Here we report the 1.2-Gb draft genome of C. augens and results from comparative genomic analyses with other arthropods. In C. augens, we uncovered the largest chemosensory gene repertoire of ionotropic receptors in the animal kingdom, a massive expansion that might compensate for the loss of vision. We found a paucity of photoreceptor genes mirroring at the genomic level the secondary loss of an ancestral external photoreceptor organ. Expansions of detoxification and carbohydrate metabolism gene families might reflect adaptations for foraging behavior, and duplicated apoptotic genes might underlie its high regenerative potential. The C. augens genome represents one of the key references for studying the emergence of genomic innovations in insects, the most diverse animal group, and opens up novel opportunities to study the under-explored biology of diplurans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mosè Manni
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| | - Felipe A Simao
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Marco A Gabaglio
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Center for Molecular Biodiversity Research, Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig, Bonn, Germany
| | - Oliver Niehuis
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, Albert Ludwig University, Institute of Biology I (Zoology), Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Mtow S, Machida R. Development and ultrastructure of the thickened serosa and serosal cuticle formed beneath the embryo in the stonefly Scopura montana Maruyama, 1987 (Insecta, Plecoptera, Scopuridae). ARTHROPOD STRUCTURE & DEVELOPMENT 2018; 47:643-654. [PMID: 30268728 DOI: 10.1016/j.asd.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to describe the development and ultrastructure of the thickened serosa and serosal cuticle formed beneath the embryo of Plecoptera, using Scopura montana of Scopuridae as a euholognathan representative. Using transmission electron microscopy, we found that the egg membranes were composed of a thick exochorion, a thicker endochorion consisting of two sublayers, and an extremely thin vitelline membrane. The egg membrane construction represents a groundplan feature of the euholognathan egg membranes. The serosa converges beneath the embryo to form a thickened serosa, comprising cells in a radial arrangement, in association with the formation of the amnioserosal fold. The thickened serosa then deposits the thickened serosal cuticle, consisting of four layers differing in fine structure and electron density. After achieving its secretory function, the thickened serosa then disintegrates, and the liberated serosal cells float for a short period in the peripheral region of the egg inside. Collectively, our findings should provide the basis for further characterization of the serosal structures concerned, but we were unable to corroborate previous studies assigning the thickened serosa and serosal cuticle in Plecoptera to the water absorption function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shodo Mtow
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Blanke A, Rühr PT, Mokso R, Villanueva P, Wilde F, Stampanoni M, Uesugi K, Machida R, Misof B. Structural mouthpart interaction evolved already in the earliest lineages of insects. Proc Biol Sci 2016. [PMID: 26203002 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2015.1033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In butterflies, bees, flies and true bugs specific mouthparts are in close contact or even fused to enable piercing, sucking or sponging of particular food sources. The common phenomenon behind these mouthpart types is a complex composed of several consecutive mouthparts which structurally interact during food uptake. The single mouthparts are thus only functional in conjunction with other adjacent mouthparts, which is fundamentally different to biting-chewing. It is, however, unclear when structural mouthpart interaction (SMI) evolved since this principle obviously occurred multiple times independently in several extant and extinct winged insect groups. Here, we report a new type of SMI in two of the earliest wingless hexapod lineages--Diplura and Collembola. We found that the mandible and maxilla interact with each other via an articulatory stud at the dorsal side of the maxillary stipes, and they are furthermore supported by structures of the hypopharynx and head capsule. These interactions are crucial stabilizing elements during food uptake. The presence of SMI in these ancestrally wingless insects, and its absence in those crustacean groups probably ancestral to insects, indicates that SMI is a groundplan apomorphy of insects. Our results thus contradict the currently established view of insect mouthpart evolution that biting-chewing mouthparts without any form of SMI are the ancestral configuration. Furthermore, SMIs occur in the earliest insects in a high anatomical variety. SMIs in stemgroup representatives of insects may have triggered efficient exploitation and fast adaptation to new terrestrial food sources much earlier than previously supposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Blanke
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Peter T Rühr
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany
| | - Rajmund Mokso
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Pablo Villanueva
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Wilde
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Zentrum für Material- und Küstenforschung GmbH, Geesthacht 21502, Germany
| | - Marco Stampanoni
- Swiss Light Source, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Kentaro Uesugi
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8, Sayo, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Ryuichiro Machida
- Sugadaira Montane Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Sugadaira Kogen, Ueda, Nagano 386-2204, Japan
| | - Bernhard Misof
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biodiversitätsforschung, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig, Bonn 53113, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Blanke A, Machida R. The homology of cephalic muscles and endoskeletal elements between Diplura and Ectognatha (Insecta). ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0251-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
|