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Meretsky CR, Krumbach B, Schiuma AT. A Comparative Analysis of Prophylactic Antibiotic Administration in Emergency Surgery Versus Elective Surgery: A Comprehensive Review. Cureus 2024; 16:e57338. [PMID: 38690454 PMCID: PMC11060617 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.57338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Surgical site infections (SSIs) contribute to increased patient morbidity, prolonged hospital stays, and substantial healthcare costs. Prophylactic antibiotics play a pivotal role in mitigating the risk of SSIs, with their administration being a standard practice before both emergency and elective surgeries. This paper provides a comprehensive review and comparative analysis of the benefits of prophylactic antibiotic administration in emergency surgery versus elective surgery. Through a systematic literature review and analysis of relevant studies identified through PubMed searches, this paper highlights the specific benefits of prophylactic antibiotics between emergency and elective surgeries. The findings underscore the importance of tailored antibiotic regimens and administration protocols to optimize patient care and promote successful surgical outcomes in diverse clinical settings. Further research is warranted to refine guidelines and enhance understanding of the relationship between prophylactic antibiotics and surgical outcomes across different surgical contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Krumbach
- Surgery, St. George's University School of Medicine, Great River, USA
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Sanders DL, Pawlak MM, Simons MP, Aufenacker T, Balla A, Berger C, Berrevoet F, de Beaux AC, East B, Henriksen NA, Klugar M, Langaufová A, Miserez M, Morales-Conde S, Montgomery A, Pettersson PK, Reinpold W, Renard Y, Slezáková S, Whitehead-Clarke T, Stabilini C. Midline incisional hernia guidelines: the European Hernia Society. Br J Surg 2023; 110:1732-1768. [PMID: 37727928 PMCID: PMC10638550 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znad284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David L Sanders
- Academic Department of Abdominal Wall Surgery, Royal Devon University
Foundation Healthcare Trust, North Devon District Hospital,
Barnstaple, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School,
Exeter, UK
| | - Maciej M Pawlak
- Academic Department of Abdominal Wall Surgery, Royal Devon University
Foundation Healthcare Trust, North Devon District Hospital,
Barnstaple, UK
- University of Exeter Medical School,
Exeter, UK
| | - Maarten P Simons
- Department of Surgery, OLVG Hospital Amsterdam,
Amsterdam, The
Netherlands
| | - Theo Aufenacker
- Department of Surgery, Rijnstate Hospital Arnhem,
Arnhem, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Balla
- IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute,
Milan, Italy
| | - Cigdem Berger
- Hamburg Hernia Centre, Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery,
Helios Mariahilf Hospital Hamburg, Teaching Hospital of the University of Hamburg,
Hamburg, Germany
| | - Frederik Berrevoet
- Department for General and HPB Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Ghent
University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Barbora East
- 3rd Department of Surgery at 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University,
Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Nadia A Henriksen
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Diseases, University of
Copenhagen, Herlev Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Miloslav Klugar
- The Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge
Translation (Cochrane Czech Republic, Czech CEBHC: JBI Centre of Excellence, Masaryk
University GRADE Centre), Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of
Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Langaufová
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk
University, Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Marc Miserez
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, KU
Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Salvador Morales-Conde
- Unit of Innovation in Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of General and
Digestive Surgery, University Hospital Virgen del Rocio, University of
Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Agneta Montgomery
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital,
Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Faculty of Medicine, Lund
University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Patrik K Pettersson
- Department of Surgery, Skåne University Hospital,
Malmö, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö Faculty of Medicine, Lund
University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Reinpold
- Hamburg Hernia Centre, Department of Hernia and Abdominal Wall Surgery,
Helios Mariahilf Hospital Hamburg, Teaching Hospital of the University of Hamburg,
Hamburg, Germany
| | - Yohann Renard
- Reims Champagne-Ardennes, Department of General, Digestive and Endocrine
Surgery, Robert Debré University Hospital, Reims,
France
| | - Simona Slezáková
- The Czech National Centre for Evidence-Based Healthcare and Knowledge
Translation (Cochrane Czech Republic, Czech CEBHC: JBI Centre of Excellence, Masaryk
University GRADE Centre), Institute of Biostatistics and Analyses, Faculty of
Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Whitehead-Clarke
- Centre for 3D Models of Health and Disease, Division of Surgery and
Interventional Science, University College London,
London, UK
| | - Cesare Stabilini
- Department of Surgery, University of Genoa,
Genoa, Italy
- Policlinico San Martino, IRCCS, Genoa,
Italy
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Loh C, Tan L, Wijerathne S, Lee J, Wai L, Parameswaran R, Goh S, Oo AM, Lomanto D. Open versus laparoscopic intraperitoneal on-lay mesh repair: A comparison of outcomes in small ventral hernia. Asian J Surg 2023; 46:712-717. [PMID: 35842388 DOI: 10.1016/j.asjsur.2022.06.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The ideal surgical treatment of small ventral hernias (defect less than 4 cm) is still debatable. In our study, we sought to compare the outcomes of open versus laparoscopic intraperitoneal on-lay mesh (IPOM) repair in small ventral hernias. METHODS Patients with a single ventral hernia defect of less than 4 cm undergoing surgical mesh repair between January 2016 and September 2018 were prospectively registered for this study. The minimum follow-up duration was 12 months. Patient demographics, operative findings and regular post-operative follow-up details including recurrence rates and complications were recorded and analysed. RESULTS 41 patients underwent laparoscopic IPOM repair and 47 patients underwent open IPOM repair. The mean age for both groups is similar with no significant difference. The mean hernia defect size for the laparoscopic group is 2.8 cm (±0.8) whereas the mean hernia defect size for the open repair group is 2.1 cm (±0.4). The mean surgery duration for open IPOM repair was significantly shorter (59 min (±17) vs 74 min (±26); p = 0.001). There was no significant difference in the incidence of seroma formation and surgical site infections post-operatively. There was also no significant difference in both groups in terms of chronic pain and recurrence at 1-year follow-up. CONCLUSION Open IPOM repair for small ventral hernias may be superior to laparoscopic IPOM repair due to the shorter operative duration, single incision, and no additional risk of port-site hernias. There was no difference in chronic pain, wound infection and recurrence rate between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clement Loh
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lydia Tan
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore.
| | - Sujith Wijerathne
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore; Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, National University Hospital Singapore
| | - James Lee
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore
| | - Louis Wai
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore
| | | | - Serene Goh
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Aung Myint Oo
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore
| | - Davide Lomanto
- Department of Surgery, Alexandra Hospital, Singapore; Minimally Invasive Surgical Centre, National University Hospital Singapore
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Quiroga-Centeno AC, Quiroga-Centeno CA, Guerrero-Macías S, Navas-Quintero O, Gómez-Ochoa SA. Systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for Mesh infection following Abdominal Wall Hernia Repair Surgery. Am J Surg 2021; 224:239-246. [PMID: 34969506 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2021.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical Mesh Infection (SMI) after Abdominal Wall Hernia Repair (AWHR) represents a catastrophic complication. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to analyze the risk factors for SMI in the context of AWHR. METHODS PubMed, Embase, Scielo, and LILACS were searched without language or time restrictions from inception until June 2021. Articles evaluating the association between demographic, clinical, laboratory and surgical characteristics with SMI in AWHR were included. RESULTS 23 studies were evaluated, comprising a total of 118,790 patients (98% males; mean age 56.5 years) with a mesh infection pooled prevalence of 4%. Significant risk factors for SMI were type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, smoking history, steroids use, ASA III/IV, laparotomy vs laparoscopy, emergency surgery, duration of surgery and onlay mesh position vs sublay. The quality of evidence was regarded as very low-moderate. CONCLUSION Several factors, highlighting sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities, and the clinical scenario, may increase the risk of developing mesh infections in AWHR. The recognition and mitigation of these may significantly reduce mesh infection rates in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Alejandro Gómez-Ochoa
- Member Grupo de Investigación en Cirugía y Especialidades Quirúrgicas (GRICES-UIS), Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia; Research Division, Fundación Cardiovascular de Colombia, Floridablanca, Colombia
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Serrano-Aroca Á, Pous-Serrano S. Prosthetic meshes for hernia repair: State of art, classification, biomaterials, antimicrobial approaches, and fabrication methods. J Biomed Mater Res A 2021; 109:2695-2719. [PMID: 34021705 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.37238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, hernia repair represents one of the most frequent surgical procedures encompassing a global market valued at several billion dollars. This type of surgery usually requires the implantation of a mesh that needs the appropriate chemical, physical and biological properties for the type of repair. This review thus presents a description of the types of hernias, current hernia repair methods, and the state of the art of prosthetic meshes for hernia repair providing the most important meshes used in clinical practice by surgeons working in this area classified according to their biological or chemical nature, morphology and whether bioabsorbable or not. We emphasise the importance of surgical site infection in herniatology, how to deal with this microbial problem, and we go further into the future research lines on the production of advanced antimicrobial meshes to improve hernia repair and prevent microbial infections, including multidrug-resistant strains. A great deal of progress has been made in this biomedical field in the last decade. However, we are still far from an ideal antimicrobial mesh that can also provide excellent integration to the abdominal wall, mechanical performance, low visceral adhesion and minimal inflammatory or foreign body reactions, among many other problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángel Serrano-Aroca
- Biomaterials and Bioengineering Lab, Centro de Investigación Traslacional San Alberto Magno, Universidad Católica de Valencia San Vicente Mártir, Valencia, Spain
| | - Salvador Pous-Serrano
- Surgical Unit of Abdominal Wall, Department of General and Digestive Surgery, La Fe University Hospital, Valencia, Spain
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Orelio CC, van Hessen C, Sanchez-Manuel FJ, Aufenacker TJ, Scholten RJ. Antibiotic prophylaxis for prevention of postoperative wound infection in adults undergoing open elective inguinal or femoral hernia repair. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020; 4:CD003769. [PMID: 32315460 PMCID: PMC7173733 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd003769.pub5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inguinal or femoral hernia is a tissue protrusion in the groin region and has a cumulative incidence of 27% in adult men and of 3% in adult women. As most hernias become symptomatic over time, groin hernia repair is one of the most frequently performed surgical procedures worldwide. This type of surgery is considered 'clean' surgery with wound infection rates expected to be lower than 5%. For clean surgical procedures, antibiotic prophylaxis is not generally recommended. However after the introduction of mesh-based hernia repair and the publication of studies that have high wound infection rates the debate as to whether antibiotic prophylaxis is required to prevent postoperative wound infections started again. OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of antibiotic prophylaxis in reducing postoperative (superficial and deep) wound infections in elective open inguinal and femoral hernia repair. SEARCH METHODS We searched several electronic databases: Cochrane Registry of Studies Online, MEDLINE Ovid, Embase Ovid, Scopus and Science Citation Index (search performed on 12 November 2019). We also searched two trial registers and the reference list of included studies. SELECTION CRITERIA We included randomised controlled trials comparing any type of antibiotic prophylaxis versus placebo or no treatment for preventing postoperative wound infections in adults undergoing inguinal or femoral open hernia repair surgery (tissue repair and mesh repair). DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected studies, extracted data and assessed risk of bias. We separately analysed results for two different surgical methods (herniorrhaphy and hernioplasty). Several studies revealed infection rates that were higher than the expected 5% for clean surgery and we therefore divided studies into two subgroups: high infection risk environments (≥ 5% infection rate); and low infection risk environments (< 5% infection rate). We performed meta-analyses with random-effects models. We analysed three outcomes: superficial surgical site infections (SSSI); deep surgical site infections (DSSI); and all postoperative wound infections (SSSI + DSSI). MAIN RESULTS In this review update we identified and included 10 new studies. In total, we included 27 studies with 8308 participants in this review. It is uncertain whether antibiotic prophylaxis as compared to placebo (or no treatment) prevents all types of postoperative wound infections after herniorrhaphy surgery (risk ratio (RR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.56 to 1.33; 5 studies, 1865 participants; very low quality evidence). Subgroup analysis did not change these results. We could not perform meta-analyses for SSSI or DSSI as these outcomes were not reported separately. Twenty-two studies related to hernioplasty surgery (total of 6443 participants) and we analysed three outcomes: SSSI; DSSI; SSSI + DSSI. Within the low infection risk environment subgroup, antibiotic prophylaxis as compared to placebo probably makes little or no difference for the outcomes 'prevention of all wound infections' (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.14; moderate-quality evidence) and 'prevention of SSSI' (RR 0.71, 95% CI 0.44 to 1.17, moderate-quality evidence). Within the high infection risk environment subgroup it is uncertain whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces all types of wound infections (RR 0.58, 95% CI 0.43 to 0.77, very low quality evidence) or SSSI (RR 0.56, 95% CI 0.41 to 0.77, very low quality evidence). When combining participants from both subgroups, antibiotic prophylaxis as compared to placebo probably reduces the risk of all types of wound infections (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.78) and SSSI (RR 0.60, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.78; moderate-quality evidence). Antibiotic prophylaxis as compared to placebo probably makes little or no difference in reducing the risk of postoperative DSSI (RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.26 to 1.65; moderate-quality evidence), both in a low infection risk environment (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.11 to 4.13; moderate-quality evidence) and in the high infection risk environment (RR 0.64, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.89; low-quality evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Evidence of very low quality shows that it is uncertain whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces the risk of postoperative wound infections after herniorrhaphy surgery. Evidence of moderate quality shows that antibiotic prophylaxis probably makes little or no difference in preventing wound infections (i.e. all wound infections, SSSI or DSSI) after hernioplasty surgery in a low infection risk environment. Evidence of low quality shows that antibiotic prophylaxis in a high-risk environment may reduce the risk of all wound infections and SSSI, while evidence of very low quality shows that it is uncertain whether antibiotic prophylaxis reduces DSSI after hernioplasty surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia C Orelio
- Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Research Support, Bosboomstraat 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3582 KE
| | - Coen van Hessen
- Diakonessenhuis Utrecht, Liesbreukcentrum Nederland, Bosboomstraat 1, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3582 KE
| | | | | | - Rob Jpm Scholten
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Cochrane Netherlands, Room Str. 6.126, P.O. Box 85500, Utrecht, Netherlands, 3508 GA
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Surgical site infection in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in developing countries. Int J Infect Dis 2019; 80:34-45. [PMID: 30639405 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical site infection (SSI) is both the most frequently studied healthcare-associated infection and the most common healthcare-associated infection in the developing world. A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the relative size of this burden and to estimate the prevalence of SSI in clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in a large sample of countries in the developing world. METHODS A systematic search of the MEDLINE/PubMed, Scopus, and LILACS databases was conducted to identify studies providing the prevalence of SSI in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries in 39 countries or regions around the world. Data of interest were limited to publications from January 2000 to December 2017. Studies with information on the number of cases of SSI and number of total elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries during the same period were included in this evaluation. Studies lacking clear definition of the total number of exposed patients were excluded. RESULTS Based on the combined data from the 99 articles evaluated in this analysis, the overall prevalence of SSI in elective clean and clean-contaminated surgeries was estimated to be 6% (95% confidence interval (CI) 5-7%). This increased to 15% (95% CI 6-27%) when considering only those reports with post-discharge surveillance data. The overall prevalence of SSI in Africa/Middle East, Latin America, Asia, and China was 10% (95% CI 6-15%), 7% (95% CI 5-10%), 4% (95% CI 4-5%), and 4% (95% CI 2-6%), respectively. Significant variability in the data was confirmed by both the funnel plot and the Egger test (p=0.008). CONCLUSIONS Although the data are variable, it is clear that the incidence of SSI in the developing world is higher than that in the developed world.
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Abstract
Abstract
External abdominal hernia is a common clinical disease. The application of hernia patch is a breakthrough in the treatment of external abdominal hernia. However, complications such as patch infection need to be solved urgently. Patch infection markedly prolongs the hospitalization time and increases the medical expenses of patients. At present, a standard method for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of patch infection remains to be developed. This paper summarizes the literature in recent years to explore the research progress in the prevention and treatment of patch infection.
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Guillaume O, Pérez-Tanoira R, Fortelny R, Redl H, Moriarty TF, Richards RG, Eglin D, Petter Puchner A. Infections associated with mesh repairs of abdominal wall hernias: Are antimicrobial biomaterials the longed-for solution? Biomaterials 2018; 167:15-31. [PMID: 29554478 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of mesh-related infection after abdominal wall hernia repair is low, generally between 1 and 4%; however, worldwide, this corresponds to tens of thousands of difficult cases to treat annually. Adopting best practices in prevention is one of the keys to reduce the incidence of mesh-related infection. Once the infection is established, however, only a limited number of options are available that provides an efficient and successful treatment outcome. Over the past few years, there has been a tremendous amount of research dedicated to the functionalization of prosthetic meshes with antimicrobial properties, with some receiving regulatory approval and are currently available for clinical use. In this context, it is important to review the clinical importance of mesh infection, its risk factors, prophylaxis and pathogenicity. In addition, we give an overview of the main functionalization approaches that have been applied on meshes to confer anti-bacterial protection, the respective benefits and limitations, and finally some relevant future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Guillaume
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH 7270, Davos, Switzerland.
| | - R Pérez-Tanoira
- Division of Infectious Diseases, IIS-Fundación Jiménez Díaz, Madrid, Spain; Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - R Fortelny
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncologic Surgery, Wilhelminen Hospital, Montleartstrasse 37, 1160, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, A-1200, Vienna, Austria; Sigmund Freud University, Medical Faculty, Kelsenstraße 2, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Redl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, A-1200, Vienna, Austria; Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, Donaueschingenstrasse 13, A-1200, Vienna, Austria
| | - T F Moriarty
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - R G Richards
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - D Eglin
- AO Research Institute Davos, Clavadelerstrasse 8, CH 7270, Davos, Switzerland
| | - A Petter Puchner
- Department of General, Visceral and Oncologic Surgery, Wilhelminen Hospital, Montleartstrasse 37, 1160, Vienna, Austria; Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Experimental and Clinical Traumatology, Donaueschingenstraße 13, A-1200, Vienna, Austria
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