1
|
van den Munckhof IC, Jones H, Hopman MT, de Graaf J, Nyakayiru J, van Dijk B, Eijsvogels TM, Thijssen DH. Relation between age and carotid artery intima-medial thickness: a systematic review. Clin Cardiol 2018; 41:698-704. [PMID: 29752816 PMCID: PMC6489962 DOI: 10.1002/clc.22934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotid artery intima-medial thickness (cIMT) represents a popular measure of atherosclerosis and is predictive of future cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Although older age is associated with a higher cIMT, little is known about whether this increase in cIMT follows a linear relationship with age or it is affected under influence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or CVD risk factors. We hypothesize that the relationship between cIMT and age is nonlinear and is affected by CVD or risk factors. A systematic review of studies that examined cIMT in the general population and human populations free from CVD/risk factors was undertaken. The literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Seventeen studies with 32 unique study populations, involving 10,124 healthy individuals free from CVD risk factors, were included. Furthermore, 58 studies with 115 unique study populations were included, involving 65,774 individuals from the general population (with and without CVD risk factors). A strong positive association was evident between age and cIMT in the healthy population, demonstrating a gradual, linear increase in cIMT that did not differ between age decades (r = 0.91, P < 0.001). Although populations with individuals with CVD demonstrated a higher cIMT compared to populations free of CVD, a linear relation between age and cIMT was also present in this population. Our data suggest that cIMT is strongly and linearly related to age. This linear relationship was not affected by CVD or risk factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen Jones
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria T.E. Hopman
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jacqueline de Graaf
- Department of Internal MedicineRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Jean Nyakayiru
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Bart van Dijk
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Thijs M.H. Eijsvogels
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| | - Dick H.J. Thijssen
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise SciencesLiverpool John Moores UniversityLiverpoolUnited Kingdom
- Department of PhysiologyRadboud University Nijmegen Medical CentreNijmegenNetherlands
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ectopic cardiovascular fat in middle-aged men: effects of race/ethnicity, overall and central adiposity. The ERA JUMP study. Int J Obes (Lond) 2014; 39:488-94. [PMID: 25109783 PMCID: PMC4324390 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2014.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Higher volumes of ectopic cardiovascular fat (ECF) are associated with greater risk of coronary heart disease (CHD). Identifying factors that are associated with ECF volumes may lead to new preventive efforts to reduce risk of CHD. Significant racial/ethnic differences exist for overall and central adiposity measures, which are known to be associated with ECF volumes. Whether racial/ethnic differences also exist for ECF volumes and their associations with these adiposity measures remain unclear. SUBJECTS/METHODS Body mass index (BMI), computerized tomography-measured ECF volumes (epicardial, pericardial and their summation) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were examined in a community-based sample of 1199 middle-aged men (24.2% Caucasians, 7.0% African-Americans, 23.6% Japanese-Americans, 22.0% Japanese, 23.2% Koreans). RESULTS Significant racial/ethnic differences existed in ECF volumes and their relationships with BMI and VAT. ECF volumes were the highest among Japanese-Americans and the lowest among African-Americans. The associations of BMI and VAT with ECF differed by racial/ethnic groups. Compared with Caucasians, for each 1-unit increase in BMI, African-Americans had lower, whereas Koreans had higher increases in ECF volumes (P-values<0.05 for both). Meanwhile, compared with Caucasians, for each 1-unit increase in log-transformed VAT, African-Americans, Japanese-Americans and Japanese had similar increases, whereas Koreans had a lower increase in ECF volumes (P-value<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Racial/ethnic groups differed in their propensity to accumulate ECF at increasing level of overall and central adiposity. Future studies should evaluate whether reducing central adiposity or overall weight will decrease ECF volumes more in certain racial/ethnic groups. Evaluating these questions might help in designing race-specific prevention strategy of CHD risk associated with higher ECF.
Collapse
|
3
|
Berger MA, Shin C, Storti KL, Curb JD, Kriska AM, Arena VC, Choo J, Ueshima H, Okamura T, Miura K, Seto TB, Masaki K, El-Saed A, Sekikawa A. Correlation of a self-report and direct measure of physical activity level in the electron-beam tomography and risk assessment among Japanese and US Men in the post World War II birth cohort (ERA JUMP) study. J Epidemiol 2013; 23:411-7. [PMID: 24064592 PMCID: PMC3834277 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20120151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is complex and a difficult behavior to assess as there is no ideal assessment tool(s) that can capture all contexts of PA. Therefore, it is important to understand how different assessment tools rank individuals. We examined the extent to which self-report and direct assessment PA tools yielded the same ranking of PA levels. METHODS PA levels were measured by the Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ) and pedometer at baseline among 855 white (W), African-American (AA), Japanese-American (JA), and Korean (K) men (mean age 45.3 years) in 3 geographic locations in the ERA JUMP study. RESULTS Korean men were more active than W, AA, and JA men, according to both the MAQ and pedometer (MAQ total PA [mean ± SD]: 41.6 ± 17.8, 20.9 ± 9.9, 20.0 ± 9.1, and 29.4 ± 10.3 metabolic equivalent [MET] hours/week, respectively; pedometer: 9584.4 ± 449.4, 8363.8 ± 368.6, 8930.3 ± 285.6, 8335.7 ± 368.6 steps/day, respectively). Higher levels of total PA in Korean men, as shown by MAQ, were due to higher occupational PA. Spearman correlations between PA levels reported on the MAQ and pedometer indicated positive associations ranging from rho = 0.29 to 0.42 for total activity, rho = 0.13 to 0.35 for leisure activity, and rho = 0.10 to 0.26 for occupational activity. CONCLUSIONS The 2 assessment methods correlated and were complementary rather than interchangeable. The MAQ revealed why Korean men were more active. In some subpopulations it may be necessary to assess PA domains other than leisure and to use more than 1 assessment tool to obtain a more representative picture of PA levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie A. Berger
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Chol Shin
- Institute of Human Genomic Study, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kristi L. Storti
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J. David Curb
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Andrea M. Kriska
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Vincent C. Arena
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jina Choo
- College of Nursing, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hirotsuga Ueshima
- Department of Health Sciences, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Otsu, Japan
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Miura
- Department of Health Sciences, Shiga University of Medical Sciences, Otsu, Japan
| | - Todd B. Seto
- Department of Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
- Queen’s Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Kamal Masaki
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, University of Hawaii, John A. Burns School of Medicine, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Aiman El-Saed
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
ZHAO QIAN, WU XINHUAI, CAI JIANMING, ZHAO XIHAI, ZHAO SHAOHONG, YANG LI, CAI ZULONG. Association between coronary artery calcium score and carotid atherosclerotic disease. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:499-504. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
5
|
Hirooka N, Kadowaki T, Sekikawa A, Ueshima H, Choo J, Miura K, Okamura T, Fujiyoshi A, Kadowaki S, Kadota A, Nakamura Y, Maegawa H, Kashiwagi A, Masaki K, Sutton-Tyrrell K, Kuller LH, Curb JD, Shin C. Influence of cigarette smoking on coronary artery and aortic calcium among random samples from populations of middle-aged Japanese and Korean men. J Epidemiol Community Health 2012; 67:119-24. [PMID: 22844083 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2011-200964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking is a risk factor of coronary heart disease. Vascular calcification such as coronary artery calcium (CAC) and aortic calcium (AC) is associated with coronary heart disease. The authors hypothesised that cigarette smoking is associated with coronary artery and aortic calcifications in Japanese and Koreans with high smoking prevalence. METHODS Random samples from populations of 313 Japanese and 302 Korean men aged 40-49 years were examined for calcification of the coronary artery and aorta using electron beam CT. CAC and AC were quantified using the Agatston score. The authors examined the associations of cigarette smoking with CAC and AC after adjusting for conventional risk factors and alcohol consumption. Current and past smokers were combined and categorised into two groups using median pack-years as a cut-off point in each of Japanese and Koreans. The never-smoker group was used as a reference for the multiple logistic regression analyses. RESULTS The ORs of CAC (score ≥10) for smokers with higher pack-years were 2.9 in Japanese (p<0.05) and 1.3 in Koreans (non-significant) compared with never-smokers. The ORs of AC (score ≥100) for smokers with higher pack-years were 10.4 in Japanese (p<0.05) and 3.6 in Koreans (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Cigarette smoking with higher pack-years is significantly associated with CAC and AC in Japanese men, while cigarette smoking with higher pack-years is significantly associated with AC but not significantly with CAC in Korean men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobutaka Hirooka
- Department of General Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sekikawa A, Curb JD, Edmundowicz D, Okamura T, Choo J, Fujiyoshi A, Masaki K, Miura K, Kuller LH, Shin C, Ueshima H. Coronary artery calcification by computed tomography in epidemiologic research and cardiovascular disease prevention. J Epidemiol 2012; 22:188-98. [PMID: 22485011 PMCID: PMC3362675 DOI: 10.2188/jea.je20110138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Both American and European guidelines recommend coronary artery calcification (CAC) as a tool for screening asymptomatic individuals at intermediate risk for coronary heart disease (CHD). These recommendations are based on epidemiologic studies mostly in the United States. We review (1) the use of CAC in primary prevention of CHD in the United States, (2) epidemiologic studies of CAC in asymptomatic adults outside of the United States, and (3) international epidemiologic studies of CAC. This review will not consider clinical studies of CAC among patients or symptomatic individuals. US studies have shown that CAC is a strong independent predictor of CHD in both sexes among middle-aged and old age groups, various ethnic groups, and individuals with and without diabetes and that CAC plays an important role in reclassifying individuals from intermediate to high risk. Studies in Europe support these conclusions. The Electron-Beam Tomography, Risk Factor Assessment Among Japanese and US Men in the Post-World-War-II birth cohort (ERA JUMP) Study is the first international study to compare subclinical atherosclerosis, including CAC among Japanese, Japanese Americans, Koreans, and whites. It showed that as compared with whites, Japanese had lower levels of atherosclerosis, whereas Japanese Americans had similar or higher levels. CAC is being increasingly used as a screening tool for asymptomatic individuals in Europe and the United States. CAC is a powerful research tool, because it enables us to describe differences in atherosclerotic burden across populations. Such research could identify factors responsible for differences among populations, which may improve CHD prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sekikawa A, Shin C, Curb JD, Barinas-Mitchell E, Masaki K, El-Saed A, Seto TB, Mackey RH, Choo J, Fujiyoshi A, Miura K, Edmundowicz D, Kuller LH, Ueshima H, Sutton-Tyrrell K. Aortic stiffness and calcification in men in a population-based international study. Atherosclerosis 2012; 222:473-7. [PMID: 22537531 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2012] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Aortic stiffness, a hallmark of vascular aging, is an independent risk factor of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality. The association of aortic stiffness with aortic calcification in middle-aged general population remains unknown although studies in patients with end-stage renal disease or elderly subjects suggest that aortic calcification is an important determinant of aortic stiffness. The goal of this study was to examine the association of aortic calcification and stiffness in multi-ethnic population-based samples of relatively young men. METHODS We examined the association in 906 men aged 40-49 (81 Black Americans, 276 Japanese Americans, 258 White Americans and 291 Koreans). Aortic stiffness was measured as carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cfPWV) using an automated waveform analyzer. Aortic calcification from aortic arch to iliac bifurcation was evaluated using electron-beam computed tomography. RESULTS Aortic calcium score was calculated and was categorized into four groups: zero (n=303), 1-100 (n=411), 101-300 (n=110), and 401+ (n=82). Aortic calcification category had a significant positive association with cfPWV after adjusting for age, race, and mean arterial pressure (mean (standard error) of cfPWV (cm/s) from the lowest to highest categories: 836 (10), 850 (9), 877 (17) and 941 (19), P for trend <0.001). The significant positive association remained after further adjusting for other cardiovascular risk factors. The significant positive association was also observed in each race group. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that aortic calcification can be one mechanism for aortic stiffness and that the association of aortic calcification with stiffness starts as early as the 40s.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sekikawa
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Martinez LR, Miname MH, Bortolotto LA, Chacra AP, Rochitte CE, Sposito AC, Santos RD. No correlation and low agreement of imaging and inflammatory atherosclerosis’ markers in familial hypercholesterolemia. Atherosclerosis 2008; 200:83-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2007.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|