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Liu L, Lei S, Lin X, Ji J, Wang Y, Zheng B, Zhang Y, Zeng H. Lotus seed resistant starch and sodium lactate regulate small intestinal microflora and metabolite to reduce blood lipid. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 233:123553. [PMID: 36740125 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Liu
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Suzhen Lei
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xiaoli Lin
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Junfu Ji
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, National Engineering Research Center for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, China Agricultural University, Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yanbo Wang
- School of Food and Health, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Baodong Zheng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Hongliang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality Science and Processing Technology in Special Starch, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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2
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Jalalvand AR. Chemometrics-assisted electrochemical biosensing of cholesterol as the sole precursor of steroids by a novel electrochemical biosensor. Steroids 2023; 190:109159. [PMID: 36566822 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2022.109159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This project was performed with the aims of increasing the sensitivity of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) which itself is a sensitive electroanalytical technique, and also to compare the area under peak (univariate calibration), height of peak (univariate calibration) and whole of vector (multivariate calibration) for calibration purposes. These topics were investigated by fabrication of a novel electrochemical biosensor for determination of cholesterol (CHO). The procedure used in this project was based on the synthesis of molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) to the preconcentration of CHO and its biosensing by a rotating glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified by co-immobilization of cholesterol oxidase (CO), cholesterol esterase (CE) and horseradish peroxidase (HP) onto multiwalled carbon nanotubes-ionic liquid (COCEHP/MWCNTs-IL/GCE). The results showed that the hydrodynamic DPV (HYDPV) was much more sensitive than DPV and using the area under peak for univariate calibration purposes was more suitable than height of peak. Adsorption at the electrode surface is an important trouble which affects the height and position of voltammetric peaks, but the area under peak is not affected by adsorption therefore, it can be more suitable for univariate calibration purposes. The biosensor response was also calibrated by chronoamperometry and the results confirmed that the HYDPV was more sensitive than chronoamperometry. The next attempt was based on recording the biosensor responses based on second-order HYDPV data and modeling of them (whole of vectors) by three-way calibration methods which showed the best performance among the tested methods for determination of CHO. The biosensor response was long-term stable, repeatable and reproducible which was successfully applied to the analysis of serum sample towards determination of CHO whose results were comparable with a reference method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R Jalalvand
- Research Center of Oils and Fats, Research Institute for Health Technology, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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3
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Desmarchelier C, Wolff E, Defoort C, Nowicki M, Morange P, Alessi M, Valéro R, Nicolay A, Lairon D, Borel P. A Combination of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms is Associated with the Interindividual Variability of Cholesterol Bioavailability in Healthy Adult Males. Mol Nutr Food Res 2020; 64:e2000480. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202000480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Estelle Wolff
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Catherine Defoort
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Marion Nowicki
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | | | | | - René Valéro
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
- APHM, CHU Conception Department of Nutrition Metabolic Diseases and Endocrinology 13005 Marseille France
| | - Alain Nicolay
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Denis Lairon
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
| | - Patrick Borel
- Aix‐Marseille University, INRAE, INSERM, C2VN 13005 Marseille France
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4
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Jones PJH, Shamloo M, MacKay DS, Rideout TC, Myrie SB, Plat J, Roullet JB, Baer DJ, Calkins KL, Davis HR, Barton Duell P, Ginsberg H, Gylling H, Jenkins D, Lütjohann D, Moghadasian M, Moreau RA, Mymin D, Ostlund RE, Ras RT, Ochoa Reparaz J, Trautwein EA, Turley S, Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O. Progress and perspectives in plant sterol and plant stanol research. Nutr Rev 2019; 76:725-746. [PMID: 30101294 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuy032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that foods with added plant sterols or stanols can lower serum levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. This review summarizes the recent findings and deliberations of 31 experts in the field who participated in a scientific meeting in Winnipeg, Canada, on the health effects of plant sterols and stanols. Participants discussed issues including, but not limited to, the health benefits of plant sterols and stanols beyond cholesterol lowering, the role of plant sterols and stanols as adjuncts to diet and drugs, and the challenges involved in measuring plant sterols and stanols in biological samples. Variations in interindividual responses to plant sterols and stanols, as well as the personalization of lipid-lowering therapies, were addressed. Finally, the clinical aspects and treatment of sitosterolemia were reviewed. Although plant sterols and stanols continue to offer an efficacious and convenient dietary approach to cholesterol management, long-term clinical trials investigating the endpoints of cardiovascular disease are still lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J H Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Maryam Shamloo
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- George and Fay Yee Centre for Healthcare Innovation, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.,Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Baptiste Roullet
- Division of Metabolism, Child Development and Rehabilitation Center-Portland, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - David J Baer
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, Maryland, USA
| | - Kara L Calkins
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA; and the UCLA Mattel's Children's Hospital, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Henry Ginsberg
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and the Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - David Jenkins
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; and the Clinical Nutrition and Risk Factor Modification Centre, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Mohammad Moghadasian
- Department of Food and Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Robert A Moreau
- Eastern Regional Research Center, US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Wyndmoor, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mymin
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University, St Louis, USA
| | - Rouyanne T Ras
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Elke A Trautwein
- Unilever Research & Development Vlaardingen, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Immunology and Biochemistry, Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Oliver Weingärtner
- Klinik für Innere Medizin I, Universitätsklinikum Jena, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Jena, Germany; Abteilung für Kardiologie, Klinikum Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Oldenburg, Germany
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5
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Yoshida H, Tada H, Ito K, Kishimoto Y, Yanai H, Okamura T, Ikewaki K, Inagaki K, Shoji T, Bujo H, Miida T, Yoshida M, Kuzuya M, Yamashita S. Reference Intervals of Serum Non-Cholesterol Sterols by Gender in Healthy Japanese Individuals. J Atheroscler Thromb 2019; 27:409-417. [PMID: 31484845 PMCID: PMC7242229 DOI: 10.5551/jat.50187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study was conducted to establish a practical method for measuring non-cholesterol sterols and reference intervals of serum levels. METHODS Healthy subjects (109 men and 151 women), four patients with sitosterolemia, and 10 heterozygous mutation carriers of ABCG5/ABCG8 genes were investigated. Then, three non-cholesterol sterols (sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol) of fasting serum samples were measured via a practical and highly sensitive gas chromatography (GC) method with 0.2 µg/mL as the lower limit of quantification. The coefficient of variation (CV) values for within-run reproducibility were 3.06%, 1.89%, and 1.77% for lathosterol, campesterol, and sitosterol, respectively. The CV values for between-run reproducibility were 2.81%, 2.06%, and 2.10% for lathosterol, campesterol, and sitosterol, respectively. RESULTS The serum levels of sitosterol and campesterol were significantly higher in women than in men, whereas the serum levels of lathosterol were significantly higher in men than in women. Because of these gender difference, the determination of reference intervals of the three sterol values was performed by considering gender. The reference intervals of sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol were 0.99-3.88, 2.14-7.43, and 0.77-3.60 µg/mL in men and 1.03-4.45, 2.19-8.34, and 0.64-2.78 µg/mL in women, respectively. The serum levels of sitosterol and campesterol were higher in patients with sitosterolemia (94.3±47.3 and 66.3±36.6 µg/mL, respectively) than in healthy subjects. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate a practical and highly sensitive GC method to measure non-cholesterol sterol levels and gender-segregated reference intervals of sitosterol, campesterol, and lathosterol in Japanese healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yoshida
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Jikei University Kashiwa Hospital
| | - Hayato Tada
- Division of Cardiovascular and Internal Medicine, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences
| | - Kumie Ito
- Outpatient department of Internal Medicine, Nihonbashi Sakura Clinic
| | | | - Hidekatsu Yanai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Center for Global Health and Medicine Kohnodai Hospital
| | - Tomonori Okamura
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Keio University School of Medicine
| | - Katsunori Ikewaki
- Division of Anti-aging and Vascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, National Defense Medical College
| | - Kyoko Inagaki
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Nippon Medical School
| | - Tetsuo Shoji
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University
| | - Hideaki Bujo
- Department of Clinical-Laboratory and Experimental-Research Medicine, Toho University Sakura Medical Center
| | - Takashi Miida
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Juntendo University School of Medicine
| | - Masayuki Yoshida
- Department of Life sciences and Bioethics, Tokyo Medical and Dental University
| | - Masafumi Kuzuya
- Department of Community Healthcare & Geriatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Shizuya Yamashita
- Rinku General Medical Center, Izumisano.,Department of Community Medicine, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine
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6
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Lütjohann D, Björkhem I, Friedrichs S, Kerksiek A, Lövgren-Sandblom A, Geilenkeuser WJ, Ahrends R, Andrade I, Ansorena D, Astiasarán I, Baila-Rueda L, Barriuso B, Becker S, Bretillon L, Browne RW, Caccia C, Ceglarek U, Cenarro A, Crick PJ, Fauler G, Garcia-Llatas G, Gray R, Griffiths WJ, Gylling H, Harding S, Helmschrodt C, Iuliano L, Janssen HG, Jones P, Kaipiainen L, Kannenberg F, Lagarda MJ, Leoni V, Lottenberg AM, MacKay DS, Matysik S, McDonald J, Menendez-Carreño M, Myrie SB, Sutti Nunes V, Ostlund RE, Polisecki E, Ramos F, Rideout TC, Schaefer EJ, Schmitz G, Wang Y, Zerbinati C, Diczfalusy U, Schött HF. First international descriptive and interventional survey for cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterol determination by gas- and liquid-chromatography-Urgent need for harmonisation of analytical methods. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 190:115-125. [PMID: 30940596 PMCID: PMC6525271 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Serum concentrations of lathosterol, the plant sterols campesterol and sitosterol and the cholesterol metabolite 5α-cholestanol are widely used as surrogate markers of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, respectively. Increasing numbers of laboratories utilize a broad spectrum of well-established and recently developed methods for the determination of cholesterol and non-cholesterol sterols (NCS). In order to evaluate the quality of these measurements and to identify possible sources of analytical errors our group initiated the first international survey for cholesterol and NCS. The cholesterol and NCS survey was structured as a two-part survey which took place in the years 2013 and 2014. The first survey part was designed as descriptive, providing information about the variation of reported results from different laboratories. A set of two lyophilized pooled sera (A and B) was sent to twenty laboratories specialized in chromatographic lipid analysis. The different sterols were quantified either by gas chromatography-flame ionization detection, gas chromatography- or liquid chromatography-mass selective detection. The participants were requested to determine cholesterol and NCS concentrations in the provided samples as part of their normal laboratory routine. The second part was designed as interventional survey. Twenty-two laboratories agreed to participate and received again two different lyophilized pooled sera (C and D). In contrast to the first international survey, each participant received standard stock solutions with defined concentrations of cholesterol and NCS. The participants were requested to use diluted calibration solutions from the provided standard stock solutions for quantification of cholesterol and NCS. In both surveys, each laboratory used its own internal standard (5α-cholestane, epicoprostanol or deuterium labelled sterols). Main outcome of the survey was, that unacceptably high interlaboratory variations for cholesterol and NCS concentrations are reported, even when the individual laboratories used the same calibration material. We discuss different sources of errors and recommend all laboratories analysing cholesterol and NCS to participate in regular quality control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anja Kerksiek
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Anita Lövgren-Sandblom
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | | | - Robert Ahrends
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Diana Ansorena
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iciar Astiasarán
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Lucía Baila-Rueda
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, CIBERV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Bianca Barriuso
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Susen Becker
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- Centre des Sciences du Goŭt et de l'Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Richard W Browne
- Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Claudio Caccia
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Uta Ceglarek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ana Cenarro
- Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, CIBERV, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Peter J Crick
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Günter Fauler
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Robert Gray
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King´s College London, London, UK
| | - William J Griffiths
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Gylling
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Internal Medicine and Abdominal Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Scott Harding
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine King´s College London, London, UK; Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada
| | - Christin Helmschrodt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology VMF, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Hans-Gerd Janssen
- Unilever Research and Development, Analytical Sciences, Vlaardingen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Leena Kaipiainen
- University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Internal Medicine and Abdominal Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frank Kannenberg
- Centrum für Laboratoriumsmedizin, Zentrallaboratorium, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - María Jesús Lagarda
- Nutrition and Food Science Area, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Valerio Leoni
- Laboratory of Clinical Chemistry, Hospital of Varese, ASST-Settelaghi, Varese, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Pathology, Foundation IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Ana Maria Lottenberg
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dylan S MacKay
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Silke Matysik
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Jeff McDonald
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Southwestern Medical Center, University of Texas, Dallas, United States
| | | | - Semone B Myrie
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Valéria Sutti Nunes
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Endocrinology and Metabolism Division, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard E Ostlund
- Core Laboratory for Clinical Studies, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Lipid Research, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, United States
| | | | - Fernando Ramos
- REQUIMTE/LAQV, Health Sciences Campus, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Todd C Rideout
- Department of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Buffalo, Bufalo, NY, United States
| | | | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Institute of Life Science, Swansea University Medical School, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Sapienza University of Rome, Latina, Italy
| | - Ulf Diczfalusy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Chemistry, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Hans-Frieder Schött
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital, Bonn, Germany; Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
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7
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Non-Cholesterol Sterol Concentrations as Biomarkers for Cholesterol Absorption and Synthesis in Different Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11010124. [PMID: 30634478 PMCID: PMC6356200 DOI: 10.3390/nu11010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cholesterol sterols are validated biomarkers for intestinal cholesterol absorption and endogenous cholesterol synthesis. However, their use in metabolic disturbances has not been systematically explored. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review to provide an overview of non-cholesterol sterols as markers for cholesterol metabolism in different metabolic disorders. Potentially relevant studies were retrieved by a systematic search of three databases in July 2018 and ninety-four human studies were included. Cholesterol-standardized levels of campesterol, sitosterol and cholestanol were collected to reflect cholesterol absorption and those of lathosterol and desmosterol to reflect cholesterol synthesis. Their use as biomarkers was examined in the following metabolic disorders: overweight/obesity (n = 16), diabetes mellitus (n = 15), metabolic syndrome (n = 5), hyperlipidemia (n = 11), cardiovascular disease (n = 17), and diseases related to intestine (n = 16), liver (n = 22) or kidney (n = 2). In general, markers for cholesterol absorption and synthesis displayed reciprocal patterns, showing that cholesterol metabolism is tightly regulated by the interplay of intestinal absorption and endogenous synthesis. Distinctive patterns for cholesterol absorption or cholesterol synthesis could be identified, suggesting that metabolic disorders can be classified as 'cholesterol absorbers or cholesterol synthesizers'. Future studies should be performed to confirm or refute these findings and to examine whether this information can be used for targeted (dietary) interventions.
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8
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Increased cholesterol absorption rather than synthesis is involved in boosted protease inhibitor-associated hypercholesterolaemia. AIDS 2018; 32:1309-1316. [PMID: 29683854 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the differential effects of first-line efavirenz (EFV)-based vs. boosted lopinavir-based antiretroviral regimens on cholesterol metabolism. DESIGN Multicentre, open-label, randomized clinical trial. METHODS Forty-nine naive HIV-infected patients were randomized (1 : 1) to receive either ritonavir-boosted lopinavir (LPV/r) or EFV both in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00759070). Lipid profile and serum phytosterols and cholesterol precursors were determined at baseline and after 16 weeks. RESULTS After 16 weeks of intervention, total and non-HDL cholesterol as well as triglyceride levels significantly increased in the LPV/r-group (+1.0 ± 0.8; +0.8 ± 0.7 and +0.8 ± 1.5 mmol/l, respectively), but not in the EFV-group (+0.4 ± 0.7; +0.4 ± 0.6 and 0.2 ± 0.5 mmol/l, respectively). Markers of cholesterol absorption (campesterol-to-cholesterol and sitosterol-to-cholesterol ratios) significantly increased in the LPV/r-group, but not in the EFV-group, whereas there were no changes in either group of the lathosterol-to-cholesterol ratio, a marker of cholesterol synthesis. CONCLUSION Treatment with an LPV/r-based therapy increased total cholesterol relative to EFV-based therapy. Our data suggest that absorption rather than synthesis is the mechanism involved in LPV/r-associated increased total cholesterol.
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9
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Abstract
Underlying mechanisms responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of β-glucan have been proposed, yet have not been fully demonstrated. The primary aim of this study was to determine whether the consumption of barley β-glucan lowers cholesterol by affecting the cholesterol absorption, cholesterol synthesis or bile acid synthesis. In addition, this study was aimed to assess whether the underlying mechanisms are related to cholesterol 7α hydroxylase (CYP7A1) SNP rs3808607 as proposed by us earlier. In a controlled, randomised, cross-over study, participants with mild hypercholesterolaemia (n 30) were randomly assigned to receive breakfast containing 3 g high-molecular weight (HMW), 5 g low-molecular weight (LMW), 3 g LMW barley β-glucan or a control diet, each for 5 weeks. Cholesterol absorption was determined by assessing the enrichment of circulating 13C-cholesterol over 96 h following oral administration; fractional rate of synthesis for cholesterol was assessed by measuring the incorporation rate of 2H derived from deuterium oxide within the body water pool into the erythrocyte cholesterol pool over 24 h; bile acid synthesis was determined by measuring serum 7α-hydroxy-4-cholesten-3-one concentrations. Consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan decreased total cholesterol (TC) levels (P=0·029), but did not affect cholesterol absorption (P=0·25) or cholesterol synthesis (P=0·14). Increased bile acid synthesis after consumption of 3 g HMW β-glucan was observed in all participants (P=0·049), and more pronounced in individuals carrying homozygous G of rs3808607 (P=0·033). In addition, a linear relationship between log (viscosity) of β-glucan and serum 7α-HC concentration was observed in homozygous G allele carriers. Results indicate that increased bile acid synthesis rather than inhibition of cholesterol absorption or synthesis may be responsible for the cholesterol-lowering effect of barley β-glucan. The pronounced TC reduction in G allele carriers of rs3808607 observed in the previous study may be due to enhanced bile acid synthesis in response to high-viscosity β-glucan consumption in those individuals.
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Weingärtner O, Lütjohann D, Plösch T, Elsässer A. Individualized lipid-lowering therapy to further reduce residual cardiovascular risk. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:198-201. [PMID: 27215141 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Serum cholesterol concentrations are regulated by enteral absorption, biliary secretion, and hepatic synthesis. Statins inhibit the rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol synthesis, HMG-CoA-reductase, and reduce serum cholesterol concentrations as well as cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Some studies indicate that patients with high baseline cholesterol absorption may show only a small response to statin treatment in terms of cholesterol lowering. Data from genetic association studies and from the IMPROVE-IT trial show that reducing intestinal cholesterol absorption via NCP1L1 further reduces cardiovascular risk. However, some patients do not attain LDL-cholesterol targets on combination therapy. For these patients PCSK9-antibody treatment and lipid-apheresis are options to be considered. This article reviews the current literature on this issue and suggests 'individualized lipid-lowering therapy' as an approach to optimize and personalize lipid-lowering treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia to further reduce residual cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Weingärtner
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Torsten Plösch
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Albrecht Elsässer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Oldenburg, European Medical School Oldenburg-Groningen, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis markers in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults: A cross-sectional study. Eur J Intern Med 2016; 28:85-90. [PMID: 26577223 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2015.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2015] [Revised: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The dynamics of cholesterol homeostasis and the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD) are complex and multifactorial, to which adds individual variability in the proportion of cholesterol from exogenous versus endogenous sources. The aim of this study was to undertake the first characterization of cholesterol absorption and synthesis profiles in Portuguese hypercholesterolemic adults through the quantification of surrogate markers, and the analysis of the predictive value of age and sex on the cholesterol homeostasis biomarkers. METHODS Serum samples for the measurement of lipid profiles and cholesterol homeostasis markers were obtained for 100 men and 112 women, aged 30-65, with TC ≥ 5.2 mmol/L (~200mg/dL) and/or LDL-C ≥ 2.6 mmol/L (~100mg/dL), none of whom were on any lipid-lowering therapy. RESULTS Overall, sex-specific significant differences were observed in the cholesterol homeostasis markers and lipid profiles; women had lower cholesterol synthesis marker concentrations (P<0.01 for lathosterol) and lipid parameters (except for HDL-C concentrations). Age-related significant differences were also found, including higher concentrations of cholesterol absorption markers in association with increasing age. CONCLUSION In our study, the predictors of higher levels of cholesterol absorption markers were higher age and female gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Andrade
- Instituto Politécnico de Coimbra, ESTESC-Coimbra Health School, Ciências Complementares, Rua 5 Outubro, S. Martinho do Bispo, Apartado 7006, 3046-854 Coimbra, Portugal; CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Department of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospitals, Medicine Faculty, University of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal; CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Pharmacy Faculty, University of Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
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MacKay DS, Eck PK, Gebauer SK, Baer DJ, Jones PJ. CYP7A1-rs3808607 and APOE isoform associate with LDL cholesterol lowering after plant sterol consumption in a randomized clinical trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:951-7. [PMID: 26333513 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 07/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of plant sterols (PSs) for cholesterol lowering are hampered by large heterogeneity across individuals, potentially because of genetic polymorphisms. OBJECTIVE We investigated the impact of candidate genetic variations on cholesterol response to PSs in a trial that recruited individuals with high or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis, estimated by lathosterol to cholesterol (L:C) ratio. DESIGN Mildly hypercholesterolemic adults preselected as possessing either high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 24; mean ± SEM: L:C ratio = 2.03 ± 0.39 μmol/mmol) or low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (n = 39; mean ± SEM: L:C ratio = 0.99 ± 0.28 μmol/mmol) consumed 2 g PS/d or a placebo for 28 d by using a dual-center, single-blind, randomized crossover design. Cholesterol synthesis and change in cholesterol absorption were measured with stable isotopic tracers. Candidate single-nucleotide polymorphisms and apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoform were assessed by TaqMan genotyping assay. RESULTS The cholesterol fractional synthesis rate was higher (P < 0.001) in participants with high endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean ± SEM: placebo: 9.16% ± 0.47%; PSs: 9.74% ± 0.47%) than in participants with low endogenous cholesterol synthesis (mean ± SEM placebo: 5.72% ± 0.43%; PS: 7.10% ± 0.43%). Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol lowering in response to PSs was associated with individuals' genotypes. Cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase (CYP7A1-rs3808607) T/T homozygotes showed no LDL cholesterol lowering (mean ± SEM: -0.05 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 20), whereas the presence of the G-allele associated with LDL cholesterol response in a dose-dependent fashion (mean ± SEM G/T: -0.22 ± 0.06 mmol/L, P = 0.0006, n = 35; G/G: -0.46 ± 0.12 mmol/L, P = 0.0009, n = 8). Similarly, APOE ɛ3 carriers (mean ± SEM: -0.13 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P = 0.0370, n = 40) responded less than APOE ɛ4 carriers (mean ± SEM: -0.31 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P < 0.0001, n = 23). Moreover, genoset CYP7A1-rs3808607 T/T/APOE ɛ3 was associated with nonresponsiveness (mean ± SEM: +0.09 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P = 0.9999, n = 14). rs5882 in cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and rs4148217 in ATP-binding cassette subfamily G member 8 (ABCG8) did not associate with LDL cholesterol lowering. Cholesterol absorption decreased as a result of PS consumption, but this decrease was not related to circulating LDL cholesterol concentrations, cholesterol synthesis phenotype, or genotypes. CONCLUSION CYP7A1-rs3808607 and APOE isoform are associated with the extent of reduction in circulating LDL cholesterol in response to PS consumption and could serve as potential predictive genetic markers to identify individuals who would derive maximum LDL cholesterol lowering with PS consumption. The trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01131832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S MacKay
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Human Nutritional Sciences
| | | | - Sarah K Gebauer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, and
| | - David J Baer
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Center, Beltsville, MD, and
| | - Peter Jh Jones
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals, Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada
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Dayspring TD, Varvel SA, Ghaedi L, Thiselton DL, Bruton J, McConnell JP. Biomarkers of cholesterol homeostasis in a clinical laboratory database sample comprising 667,718 patients. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:807-816. [PMID: 26687702 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2015.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating noncholesterol sterols/stanols (NCS) are used in clinical lipidology as surrogate measures of cholesterol synthesis and absorption, where they can be valuable tools in assessing cholesterol metabolism and personalizing therapies in patients with dyslipidemia. OBJECTIVES To describe the distributions of plasma NCS concentrations and inter-NCS correlations in a large cohort of American patients constituting a clinical laboratory database, and to investigate the relationship between circulating NCS, age, sex, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype. METHODS A total of 667,718 patient blood samples submitted for testing to Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc. (Richmond, VA) were analyzed for cholesterol absorption markers (sitosterol, campesterol, and cholestanol) and one cholesterol synthesis marker (desmosterol). NCS percentiles were determined, along with intermarker correlations (Pearson's R). Analysis of variance was used to assess the effect of age and sex on NCS level, and to evaluate the relationship between cholesterol synthesis/absorption status and APOE genotype in a subset of 336,866 patients. RESULTS Mean NCS concentrations were: sitosterol, 2.45 μg/mL; campesterol, 3.3 μg/mL; cholestanol, 2.92 μg/mL; and desmosterol 0.99 μg/mL. The correlations between each NCS and its ratio to total cholesterol ranged from 0.72 (cholestanol) to 0.94 (desmosterol). NCS levels were significantly affected by age and sex (P < .0001), and prevalence of cholesterol hyperabsorption was higher in APOE ε4 allele carriers compared with the other APOE genotypes. CONCLUSIONS We have described sample distributions of NCS biomarkers and characterized their relationship to age, sex, and APOE genotype. These data may facilitate research into altered cholesterol homeostasis and human disease, and help physicians optimize lipid-lowering therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas D Dayspring
- Clinical Education Department, Foundation for Health Improvement and Technology (FHIT), Richmond, VA, USA; Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA.
| | - Stephen A Varvel
- Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Leila Ghaedi
- Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Dawn L Thiselton
- Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | - James Bruton
- Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Joseph P McConnell
- Clinical Affairs Department, Health Diagnostic Laboratory, Inc., Richmond, VA, USA
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Stellaard F, Lütjohann D. Fractional cholesterol absorption measurements in humans: Determinants of the blood-based dual stable isotope tracer technique. J Clin Lipidol 2015; 9:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Mackay DS, Jones PJH, Myrie SB, Plat J, Lütjohann D. Methodological considerations for the harmonization of non-cholesterol sterol bio-analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 957:116-22. [PMID: 24674990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Non-cholesterol sterols (NCS) are used as surrogate markers of cholesterol metabolism which can be measured from a single blood sample. Cholesterol precursors are used as markers of endogenous cholesterol synthesis and plant sterols are used as markers of cholesterol absorption. However, most aspects of NCS analysis show wide variability among researchers within the area of biomedical research. This variability in methodology is a significant contributor to variation between reported NCS values and hampers the confidence in comparing NCS values across different research groups, as well as the ability to conduct meta-analyses. This paper summarizes the considerations and conclusions of a workshop where academic and industrial experts met to discuss NCS measurement. Highlighted is why each step in the analysis of NCS merits critical consideration, with the hopes of moving toward more standardized and comparable NCS analysis methodologies. Alkaline hydrolysis and liquid-liquid extraction of NCS followed by parallel detection on GC-FID and GC-MS is proposed as an ideal methodology for the bio-analysis of NCS. Furthermore the importance of cross-comparison or round robin testing between various groups who measure NCS is critical to the standardization of NCS measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S Mackay
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Peter J H Jones
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada; Department of Food Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Semone B Myrie
- Department of Human Nutritional Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Human Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Amir Shaghaghi M, Harding SV, Jones PJ. Water dispersible plant sterol formulation shows improved effect on lipid profile compared to plant sterol esters. J Funct Foods 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Lambert JE, Ryan EA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT. De novo lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis in humans with long-standing type 1 diabetes are comparable to non-diabetic individuals. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82530. [PMID: 24376543 PMCID: PMC3871159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synthesis of lipid species, including fatty acids (FA) and cholesterol, can contribute to pathological disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate FA and cholesterol synthesis in individuals with type 1 diabetes, a group at elevated risk for vascular disease, using stable isotope analysis. METHODS Individuals with type 1 diabetes (n = 9) and age-, sex-, and BMI-matched non-diabetic subjects (n = 9) were recruited. On testing day, meals were provided to standardize food intake and elicit typical feeding responses. Blood samples were analyzed at fasting (0 and 24 h) and postprandial (2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after breakfast) time points. FA was isolated from VLDL to estimate hepatic FA synthesis, whereas free cholesterol (FC) and cholesteryl ester (CE) was isolated from plasma and VLDL to estimate whole-body and hepatic cholesterol synthesis, respectively. Lipid synthesis was measured using deuterium incorporation and isotope ratio mass spectrometry. RESULTS Fasting total hepatic lipogenesis (3.91 ± 0.90% vs. 5.30 ± 1.22%; P = 0.41) was not significantly different between diabetic and control groups, respectively, nor was synthesis of myristic (28.60 ± 4.90% vs. 26.66 ± 4.57%; P = 0.76), palmitic (12.52 ± 2.75% vs. 13.71 ± 2.64%; P = 0.65), palmitoleic (3.86 ± 0.91% vs. 4.80 ± 1.22%; P = 0.65), stearic (5.55 ± 1.04% vs. 6.96 ± 0.97%; P = 0.29), and oleic acid (1.45 ± 0.28% vs. 2.10 ± 0.51%; P = 0.21). Postprandial lipogenesis was also not different between groups (P = 0.38). Similarly, fasting synthesis of whole-body FC (8.2 ± 1.3% vs. 7.3 ± 0.8%/day; P = 0.88) and CE (1.9 ± 0.4% vs. 2.0 ± 0.3%/day; P = 0.96) and hepatic FC (8.2 ± 2.0% vs. 8.1 ± 0.8%/day; P = 0.72) was not significantly different between diabetic and control subjects. CONCLUSIONS Despite long-standing disease, lipogenesis and cholesterol synthesis was not different in individuals with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy non-diabetic humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer E. Lambert
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Edmond A. Ryan
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alan B. R. Thomson
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michael T. Clandinin
- Alberta Institute for Human Nutrition, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Qi Y, Liu J, Ma C, Wang W, Liu X, Wang M, Lv Q, Sun J, Liu J, Li Y, Zhao D. Association between cholesterol synthesis/absorption markers and effects of cholesterol lowering by atorvastatin among patients with high risk of coronary heart disease. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3189-97. [PMID: 23964121 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
No indices are currently available to facilitate clinicians to identify patients who need either statin monotherapy or statin-ezetimibe combined treatment. We aimed to investigate whether cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers can predict the cholesterol-lowering response to statin. Total 306 statin-naïve patients with high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) were treated with atorvastatin 20 mg/day for 1 month. Cholesterol synthesis and absorption markers and LDL cholesterol (LDL-C) levels were measured before and after treatment. Atorvastatin decreased LDL-C by 36.8% (range: decrease of 74.5% to increase of 31.9%). Baseline cholesterol synthesis marker lathosterol and cholesterol absorption marker campesterol codetermined the effect of atorvastatin treatment. The effect of cholesterol lowering by atorvastatin was significantly associated with baseline lathosterol levels but modified bidirectionally by baseline campesterol levels. In patients with the highest baseline campesterol levels, atorvastatin treatment decreased cholesterol absorption by 46.1%, which enhanced the effect of LDL-C lowering. Atorvastatin treatment increased cholesterol absorption by 52.3% in those with the lowest baseline campesterol levels, which attenuated the effect of LDL-C reduction. Especially those with the highest lathosterol but the lowest campesterol levels at baseline had significantly less LDL-C reduction than those with the same baseline lathosterol levels but the highest campesterol levels (27.3% versus 42.4%, P = 0.002). These results suggest that combined patterns of cholesterol synthesis/absorption markers, rather than each single marker, are potential predictors of the LDL-C-lowering effects of atorvastatin in high-risk CHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Qi
- Departments of Epidemiology Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Lipidol 2013; 24:86-94. [PMID: 23298962 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0b013e32835cb4f6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Jakulj L, Mohammed H, van Dijk TH, Boer T, Turner S, Groen AK, Vissers MN, Stroes ESG. Plasma plant sterols serve as poor markers of cholesterol absorption in man. J Lipid Res 2012. [PMID: 23178226 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.p031021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The validation of the use of plasma plant sterols as a marker of cholesterol absorption is frail. Nevertheless, plant sterol concentrations are routinely used to describe treatment-induced changes in cholesterol absorption. Their use has also been advocated as a clinical tool to tailor cholesterol-lowering therapy. Prior to wider implementation, however, the validity of plant sterols as absorption markers needs solid evaluation. Therefore, we compared plasma plant sterol concentrations to gold-standard stable isotope-determined cholesterol absorption. Plasma campesterol/TC concentrations (camp/TC) were measured in a population of 175 mildly hypercholesterolemic individuals (age: 59.7 ± 5.6 years; BMI: 25.5 ± 2.9 kg/m(2); LDL-C: 4.01 ± 0.56 mmol/l). We compared cholesterol absorption according to the plasma dual-isotope method in subjects with the highest camp/TC concentrations (N = 41, camp/TC: 2.14 ± 0.68 μg/mg) and the lowest camp/TC concentrations (N = 39, camp/TC: 0.97 ± 0.22 μg/mg). Fractional cholesterol absorption did not differ between the groups (24 ± 12% versus 25 ± 16%, P = 0.60), nor was it associated with plasma camp/TC concentrations in the total population of 80 individuals (β = 0.13; P = 0.30, adjusted for BMI and plasma triglycerides). Our findings do not support a relation between plasma plant sterol concentrations and true cholesterol absorption and, therefore, do not favor the use of these sterols as markers of cholesterol absorption. This bears direct consequences for the interpretation of earlier studies, as well as for future studies targeting intestinal regulation of cholesterol metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily Jakulj
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Andrade I, Santos L, Ramos F. Advances in analytical methods to study cholesterol metabolism: the determination of serum noncholesterol sterols. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 27:1234-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2012] [Revised: 10/12/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lèlita Santos
- Internal Medicine Department; Coimbra University Hospitals; Medicine Faculty; 3000-075; Coimbra; Portugal
| | - Fernando Ramos
- CEF-Center for Pharmaceutical Studies, Health Sciences Campus, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, Pharmacy Faculty; Coimbra University; 3000-548; Coimbra; Portugal
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Okada K, Iwahashi N, Endo T, Himeno H, Fukui K, Kobayashi S, Shimizu M, Iwasawa Y, Morita Y, Wada A, Shigemasa T, Mochida Y, Shimizu T, Sawada R, Uchino K, Umemura S, Kimura K. Long-term effects of ezetimibe-plus-statin therapy on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels as compared with double-dose statin therapy in patients with coronary artery disease. Atherosclerosis 2012; 224:454-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2012.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 07/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Noncholesterol sterols (NCSs) in plasma encompass endogenous cholesterol precursors and exogenous phytosterols and cholesterol metabolites, which are used as surrogate measures of cholesterol synthesis and cholesterol absorption, respectively. The ratios of cholesterol synthesis to cholesterol absorption surrogates are also utilized to assess the overall balance of cholesterol metabolism, with higher values representing more synthesis and lower values more absorption. The objective of this review is to focus on recent findings using plasma NCSs and their potential in customizing dietary and pharmacological hypolipidemic therapies. RECENT FINDINGS NCSs are often used to assess the impact of pharmacological and dietary interventions on cholesterol metabolism. Various forms of dyslipidemia have been characterized using NCSs, and NCSs may be a valuable tool in selecting appropriate treatment therapies. NCSs levels are affected by genetic, dietary and physiological factors and have been related to cardiovascular disease risk. SUMMARY The expanded use of plasma NCSs is currently limited by the lack of standardized methodology. However, noncholesterol sterols are still a valuable research tool for the overall assessment of cholesterol metabolism and may have clinical potential in the personalization of diet and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan S MacKay
- Richardson Centre for Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Department of Human Nutritional Sciences Department of Food Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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