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Yu Z, Bu G. Attenuating oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophages damage via inhibiting C-type lectin domain family 2 (CLEC2) expression through janus kinase 1 (JAK1)/ signal transducers and activators of transcription-1 (STAT1) pathway. Bioengineered 2022; 13:6440-6449. [PMID: 35486473 PMCID: PMC9208519 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2044253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to explore the effect of C-type lectin-like receptor 2 (CLEC2) expression level on oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL)-induced macrophage damage and the regulatory mechanism of macrophage foaming. Foam cells were derived from RAW264.7 by ox-LDL, and the cell viability was detected by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to detect the levels of inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and Interleulin-1β (IL-1β). Small interfering CLEC2 (si-CLEC2) was synthesized and transfected into RAW264.7, and the apoptosis rate was analyzed by flow cytometry. Western blotting was employed to detect the protein expressions of Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), Signal
transducers
and
activators of
transcription-1 (STAT1), phosphorylation-JAK1 (p-JAK1), phosphorylation-STAT1 (p-STAT1), CLEC2, and the apoptosis-related proteins. The levels of total cholesterol (TC) and free cholesterol (FC) were measured using colorimetric kits. Results showed that ox-LDL could activate the JAK1/STAT1 pathway of macrophages and up-regulate the expression of CLEC2. CLEC2 knockdown could reduce macrophage inflammation and lipid accumulation. Inactivating JAK1/STAT1 pathway with JAK1 inhibitor can significantly reduce the phosphorylation of STAT1 and alleviate the ox-LDL-induced damage in macrophages by regulating the expression of CLEC2. In conclusion, targeting JAK1/STAT1 to inhibit CLEC2 can attenuate ox-LDL-induced macrophage damage. This study enriched the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and provided the possible treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Gang Bu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Qiao XR, Wang L, Liu M, Tian Y, Chen T. MiR-210-3p attenuates lipid accumulation and inflammation in atherosclerosis by repressing IGF2. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2019; 84:321-329. [PMID: 31680642 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2019.1685370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that miR-210-3p is involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis, but its specific mechanisms are still unclear. This study aims to reveal the mechanism of miR-210-3p and its target genes in macrophage lipid deposition and inflammatory response, and provide new ideas for the treatment of atherosclerosis. We found miR-210-3p increased sharply in the first 12 h induced by higher doses of ox-LDL in THP-1 macrophages and then gradually decreased. MiR-210-3p mimic transfection inhibited lipid uptake and inflammatory cytokine production in ox-LDL-induced macrophages. By inhibiting IGF2/IGF2R, miR-210-3p suppressed the expression of fatty acid transcriptase CD36 and transcription factor NF-κB in ox-LDL-induced macrophages. In conclusion, miR-210-3p inhibits the expression of CD36 and NF-κB by inhibiting IGF2 / IGF2R, thereby reducing lipid accumulation and inflammatory response in ox-LDL-induced macrophages. Enhancing miR-210-3p expression may be a new strategy for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Rui Qiao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of cardiovascular surgery, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mengping Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiology, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases (Xi'an Jiaotong University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China.,Department of cardiovascular surgery, The General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
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Wang YC, Hu YW, Sha YH, Gao JJ, Ma X, Li SF, Zhao JY, Qiu YR, Lu JB, Huang C, Zhao JJ, Zheng L, Wang Q. Ox-LDL Upregulates IL-6 Expression by Enhancing NF-κB in an IGF2-Dependent Manner in THP-1 Macrophages. Inflammation 2016; 38:2116-23. [PMID: 26063187 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0194-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine that is well established as a vital factor in determining the risk of coronary heart disease and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Moreover, accumulating evidences have shown that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can promote IL-6 expression in macrophages. Nevertheless, the underlying mechanism of how ox-LDL upregulates IL-6 expression remains largely unexplained. We found that the expression of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), and IL-6 was upregulated at both the messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein levels in a dose-dependent manner when treated with 0, 25, 50, or 100 μg/mL of ox-LDL for 48 h in THP-1 macrophages. Moreover, overexpression of IGF2 significantly upregulated NF-κB and IL-6 expressions in THP-1 macrophages. However, the upregulation of NF-κB and IL-6 expressions induced by ox-LDL were significantly abolished by IGF2 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in THP-1 macrophages. Further studies indicated the upregulation of IL-6 induced by ox-LDL could be abolished when treated with NF-κB siRNA in THP-1 macrophages. Ox-LDL might upregulate IL-6 in the cell and its secretion via enhancing NF-κB in an IGF2-dependent manner in THP-1 macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Chao Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Wei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yan-Hua Sha
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Ji-Juan Gao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Xin Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jia-Yi Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Yu-Rong Qiu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing-Bo Lu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Chuan Huang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jing-Jing Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China.
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Pioglitazone Attenuates Drug-Eluting Stent-Induced Proinflammatory State in Patients by Blocking Ubiquitination of PPAR. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7407153. [PMID: 27403152 PMCID: PMC4923578 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7407153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response after polymer-based drug-eluting stent (DES) placement has recently emerged as a major concern. The biologic roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) activators thiazolidinedione (TZD) remain controversial in cardiovascular disease. Herein, we investigated the antiinflammatory effects of pioglitazone (PIO) on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) in patients after coronary DES implantation. Methods and Results. Twenty-eight patients with coronary artery disease and who underwent DES implantations were randomly assigned to pioglitazone (30 mg/d; PIO) or placebo (control; Con) treatment in addition to optimal standard therapy. After 12 weeks of treatment, plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) were significantly decreased in PIO group compared to the Con group (P = 0.035, 0.011, 0.008, and 0.012, resp.). DES-induced mRNA expressions of IL-6, TNF-α, and MMP-9 in circulating MNC were significantly blocked by PIO (P = 0.031, 0.012, and 0.007, resp.). In addition, PIO markedly inhibited DES-enhanced NF-κB function and DES-blocked PPAR-γ activity. Mechanically, DES induced PPAR-γ ubiquitination and degradation in protein level, which can be totally reversed by PIO. Conclusion. PIO treatment attenuated DES-induced PPAR loss, NF-κB activation, and proinflammation, indicating that PIO may have a novel direct protective role in modulating proinflammation in DES era.
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Alexander GC, Vines JB, Hwang P, Kim T, Kim JA, Brott BC, Yoon YS, Jun HW. Novel Multifunctional Nanomatrix Reduces Inflammation in Dynamic Conditions in Vitro and Dilates Arteries ex Vivo. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5178-5187. [PMID: 26849167 PMCID: PMC5179142 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory responses play a critical role in tissue-implant interactions, often limiting current implant utility. This is particularly true for cardiovascular devices. Existing stent technology does little to avoid or mitigate inflammation or to influence the vasomotion of the artery after implantation. We have developed a novel endothelium-mimicking nanomatrix composed of peptide amphiphiles that enhances endothelialization while decreasing both smooth muscle cell proliferation and platelet adhesion. Here, we evaluated whether the nanomatrix could prevent inflammatory responses under static and physiological flow conditions. We found that the nanomatrix reduced monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells and expression of monocyte inflammatory genes (TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-1β, and IL-6). Furthermore, the nitric-oxide releasing nanomatrix dramatically attenuated TNF-α-stimulated inflammatory responses as demonstrated by significantly reduced monocyte adhesion and inflammatory gene expression in both static and physiological flow conditions. These effects were abolished by addition of a nitric oxide scavenger. Finally, the nanomatrix stimulated vasodilation in intact rat mesenteric arterioles after constriction with phenylephrine, demonstrating the bioavailability and bioactivity of the nanomatrix, as well as exhibiting highly desired release kinetics. These results demonstrate the clinical potential of this nanomatrix by both preventing inflammatory responses and promoting vasodilation, critical improvements in stent and cardiovascular device technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Young-Sup Yoon
- School of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Emory University , Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Severance Biomedical Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine , Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic homeostasis disease that contributes to additional comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer. It has a long undiagnosed latent period during which there can be irreparable damage to the pancreas and cardiovascular tissues. Recent studies have highlighted the roles of several microRNAs in CVD. Determining the microRNAs that link diabetes mellitus and CVD is an important topic to be explored. In the present review, we discuss the microRNAs that contribute to the progression of diabetes mellitus and CVD and focus on the miR-29 family microRNAs whose expression is upregulated by hyperglycemia and proinflammatory cytokines, the hallmarks of diabetes mellitus. Upregulation of miR-29 expression is a key factor in the loss of pancreatic β cells and development of the first stage of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). Additionally, miR-29-mediated suppression of myeloid cell leukemia 1 (MCL-1), an important prosurvival protein, underlies Marfan's syndrome, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and diabetes mellitus-associated cardiomyocyte disorganization. Suppression of miR-29 expression and subsequent increase in the prosurvival MCL-1, however, promotes tumor development. Therefore, miR-29 mimics that suppress MCL-1 are hailed as tumor suppressors. The critical question is whether an increase in miR-29 levels is well tolerated in conditions of comorbidities in which insulin resistance is an underlying disease. In light of increasing awareness of the interconnection of diabetes mellitus, CVD, and cancer, it is of utmost importance to understand the mechanism of action of current treatment options on all of the comorbidities and careful evaluation of cardiovascular toxicity must accompany any treatment paradigm that increases miR-29 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Ślusarz
- aDepartment of Medicine bDepartment of Biochemistry, University of Missouri cHarry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Affairs Hospital dDepartment of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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Xu W, Deng YY, Yang L, Zhao S, Liu J, Zhao Z, Wang L, Maharjan P, Gao S, Tian Y, Zhuo X, Zhao Y, Zhou J, Yuan Z, Wu Y. Metformin ameliorates the proinflammatory state in patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis through sirtuin 1 induction. Transl Res 2015; 166:451-8. [PMID: 26141671 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is a widely used classic antidiabetic drug. However, its clinical pharmacologic mechanism remains poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of metformin on circulating peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNCs) of patients with carotid artery atherosclerosis (AS). A total of 42 patients with carotid artery AS were randomly assigned to metformin (500 mg twice a day; Met; n = 21) or placebo control (Con; n = 21) groups. After 12 weeks of treatment, plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) significantly decreased in the Met group compared with the Con group. In addition, treatment with metformin significantly reduced the expression of IL-6 and TNF-α at the messenger RNA level and attenuated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) DNA binding activity in MNCs. Intriguingly, metformin did not alter the expression of NF-κB p65 subunit, but markedly inhibited its acetylation. Furthermore, metformin significantly induced sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) expression in MNCs. Moreover, we found that metformin treatment dramatically induced SIRT1 expression, blocked p65 acetylation, and inhibited NF-κB activity and the expression of inflammatory factors in MNCs in vitro. We conclude that metformin has a novel direct protective role to ameliorate the proinflammatory response through SIRT1 induction, p65 acetylation reduction, NF-κB inactivation, and inflammatory inhibition in peripheral blood MNCs of patients with carotid artery AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Department of Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yang-Yang Deng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Cardiovascular Department of Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Department of Vascular Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Sijia Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Junhui Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Prabindra Maharjan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Gao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuling Tian
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaozhen Zhuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Juan Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zuyi Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Department of Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of the Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China; Cardiovascular Department of Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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The activation of mTOR is required for monocyte pro-inflammatory response in patients with coronary artery disease. Clin Sci (Lond) 2015; 128:517-26. [PMID: 25428582 DOI: 10.1042/cs20140427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a key regulator of systematic inflammation in atherosclerosis (AS). The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), a serine/threonine protein kinase, has emerged as an important regulator of chronic inflammation. However, the relationship between mTOR and NF-κB remains poorly defined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of mTOR in the pro-inflammatory pathway of human monocytes (HMCs) in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) and to determine the interaction between mTOR and NF-κB signalling in the inflammatory state. HMCs were isolated from fasting blood samples of 68 patients with CAD and 59 subjects without CAD (non-CAD) to test the activity of NF-κB, p65 nuclear translocation and mTOR phosphorylation, which were all significantly elevated in the CAD group compared with those in the non-CAD group. The concentrations of serum interleukin (IL)-6 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were higher in the CAD group than in the non-CAD group. In an in vitro experiment, HMCs isolated from non-CAD subjects were used as culture model and were treated with sera extracted from CAD patients (CAD sera) or non-CAD subjects (con sera). CAD sera induced time-dependent phosphorylation of mTOR, aberrant NF-κB activation, as well as up-regulation of inflammatory factors. Moreover, inhibition of mTOR by pharmacological or genetic means abolished the CAD sera-triggered NF-κB activation and pro-inflammatory response. Furthermore, lipid-lowering drug statins partly blocked the CAD sera-activated mTOR and pro-inflammatory response. Our results show that CAD patients are in the pro-inflammatory state with increased NF-κB binding activity and enhanced mTOR phosphorylation. We also found that the activation of mTOR is required for the pro-inflammatory response via NF-κB-dependent pathway in HMCs, which unveils the underlying mechanism of AS and potential strategies to attenuate AS in clinical practice.
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Homocysteine reduces protein S-nitrosylation in endothelium. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:1277-85. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Liu J, Zhuo XZ, Liu W, Wan Z, Wang X, Zhang W, Gao S, Yuan Z, Wu Y. Drug-Eluting Stent, but Not Bare Metal Stent, Accentuates the Systematic Inflammatory Response in Patients. Cardiology 2014; 128:259-65. [DOI: 10.1159/000358508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhao Z, Wu Y, Cheng M, Ji Y, Yang X, Liu P, Jia S, Yuan Z. Activation of Th17/Th1 and Th1, but not Th17, is associated with the acute cardiac event in patients with acute coronary syndrome. Atherosclerosis 2011; 217:518-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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