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HDL as Bidirectional Lipid Vectors: Time for New Paradigms. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10051180. [PMID: 35625916 PMCID: PMC9138557 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10051180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The anti-atherogenic properties of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) have been explained mainly by reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheral tissues to the liver. The RCT seems to agree with most of the negative epidemiological correlations between HDL cholesterol levels and coronary artery disease. However, therapies designed to increase HDL cholesterol failed to reduce cardiovascular risk, despite their capacity to improve cholesterol efflux, the first stage of RCT. Therefore, the cardioprotective role of HDL may not be explained by RCT, and it is time for new paradigms about the physiological function of these lipoproteins. It should be considered that the main HDL apolipoprotein, apo AI, has been highly conserved throughout evolution. Consequently, these lipoproteins play an essential physiological role beyond their capacity to protect against atherosclerosis. We propose HDL as bidirectional lipid vectors carrying lipids from and to tissues according to their local context. Lipid influx mediated by HDL appears to be particularly important for tissue repair right on site where the damage occurs, including arteries during the first stages of atherosclerosis. In contrast, the HDL-lipid efflux is relevant for secretory cells where the fusion of intracellular vesicles drastically enlarges the cytoplasmic membrane with the potential consequence of impairment of cell function. In such circumstances, HDL could deliver some functional lipids and pick up not only cholesterol but an integral part of the membrane in excess, restoring the viability of the secretory cells. This hypothesis is congruent with the beneficial effects of HDL against atherosclerosis as well as with their capacity to induce insulin secretion and merits experimental exploration.
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2
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Stadler JT, Wadsack C, Marsche G. Fetal High-Density Lipoproteins: Current Knowledge on Particle Metabolism, Composition and Function in Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9040349. [PMID: 33808220 PMCID: PMC8067099 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9040349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol and other lipids carried by lipoproteins play an indispensable role in fetal development. Recent evidence suggests that maternally derived high-density lipoprotein (HDL) differs from fetal HDL with respect to its proteome, size, and function. Compared to the HDL of adults, fetal HDL is the major carrier of cholesterol and has a unique composition that implies other physiological functions. Fetal HDL is enriched in apolipoprotein E, which binds with high affinity to the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Thus, it appears that a primary function of fetal HDL is the transport of cholesterol to tissues as is accomplished by low-density lipoproteins in adults. The fetal HDL-associated bioactive sphingolipid sphingosine-1-phosphate shows strong vasoprotective effects at the fetoplacental vasculature. Moreover, lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 carried by fetal-HDL exerts anti-oxidative and athero-protective functions on the fetoplacental endothelium. Notably, the mass and activity of HDL-associated paraoxonase 1 are about 5-fold lower in the fetus, accompanied by an attenuation of anti-oxidative activity of fetal HDL. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity is reduced in fetal circulation despite similar amounts of the enzyme in maternal and fetal serum. This review summarizes the current knowledge on fetal HDL as a potential vasoprotective lipoprotein during fetal development. We also provide an overview of whether and how the protective functionalities of HDL are impaired in pregnancy-related syndromes such as pre-eclampsia or gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia T. Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.T.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-316-385-74115 (J.T.S.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
| | - Christian Wadsack
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Auenbruggerplatz 14, 8036 Graz, Austria;
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, 8010 Graz, Austria
- Correspondence: (J.T.S.); (G.M.); Tel.: +43-316-385-74115 (J.T.S.); +43-316-385-74128 (G.M.)
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3
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Metzinger MP, Saldanha S, Gulati J, Patel KV, El‐Ghazali A, Deodhar S, Joshi PH, Ayers C, Rohatgi A. Effect of Anacetrapib on Cholesterol Efflux Capacity: A Substudy of the DEFINE Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e018136. [PMID: 33263263 PMCID: PMC7955402 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.018136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Anacetrapib is the only cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor proven to reduce coronary heart disease (CHD). However, its effects on reverse cholesterol transport have not been fully elucidated. Macrophage cholesterol efflux (CEC), the initial step of reverse cholesterol transport, is inversely associated with CHD and may be affected by sex as well as haptoglobin copy number variants among patients with diabetes mellitus. We investigated the effect of anacetrapib on CEC and whether this effect is modified by sex, diabetes mellitus, and haptoglobin polymorphism. Methods and Results A total of 574 participants with CHD were included from the DEFINE (Determining the Efficacy and Tolerability of CETP Inhibition With Anacetrapib) trial. CEC was measured at baseline and 24‐week follow‐up using J774 macrophages, boron dipyrromethene difluoride–labeled cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B–depleted plasma. Haptoglobin copy number variant was determined using an ELISA assay. Anacetrapib increased CEC, adjusted for baseline CEC, risk factors, and changes in lipids/apolipoproteins (standard β, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05–0.41). This CEC‐raising effect was seen only in men (P interaction=0.002); no effect modification was seen by diabetes mellitus status. Among patients with diabetes mellitus, anacetrapib increased CEC in those with the normal 1‐1 haptoglobin genotype (standard β, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.16–0.69) but not the dysfunctional 2‐1/2‐2 genotypes (P interaction=0.02). Conclusions Among patients with CHD, anacetrapib at a dose linked to improved CHD outcomes significantly increased CEC independent of changes in high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol or other lipids, with effect modification by sex and a novel pharmacogenomic interaction by haptoglobin genotype, suggesting a putative mechanism for reduced risk requiring validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P. Metzinger
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Suzanne Saldanha
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Jaskeerat Gulati
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Kershaw V. Patel
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Ayea El‐Ghazali
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Sneha Deodhar
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Parag H. Joshi
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Colby Ayers
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
| | - Anand Rohatgi
- Division of CardiologyDepartment of Internal MedicineUT Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTX
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Reduced Reverse Cholesterol Transport Efficacy in Healthy Men with Undesirable Postprandial Triglyceride Response. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10050810. [PMID: 32466286 PMCID: PMC7277968 DOI: 10.3390/biom10050810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevation of nonfasting triglyceride (TG) levels above 1.8 g/L (2 mmol/L) is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Exacerbated postprandial hypertriglyceridemia (PP–HTG) and metabolic context both modulate the overall efficacy of the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) pathway, but the specific contribution of exaggerated PP–HTG on RCT efficacy remains indeterminate. Healthy male volunteers (n = 78) exhibiting no clinical features of metabolic disorders underwent a postprandial exploration following consumption of a typical Western meal providing 1200 kcal. Subjects were stratified according to maximal nonfasting TG levels reached after ingestion of the test meal into subjects with a desirable PP–TG response (GLow, TG < 1.8 g/L, n = 47) and subjects with an undesirable PP–TG response (GHigh, TG > 1.8 g/L, n = 31). The impact of the degree of PP–TG response on major steps of RCT pathway, including cholesterol efflux from human macrophages, cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, and hepatic high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesteryl ester (CE) selective uptake, was evaluated. Cholesterol efflux from human macrophages was not significantly affected by the degree of the PP–TG response. Postprandial increase in CETP-mediated CE transfer from HDL to triglyceride-rich lipoprotein particles, and more specifically to chylomicrons, was enhanced in GHigh vs. GLow. The hepatic HDL-CE delivery was reduced in subjects from GHigh in comparison with those from GLow. Undesirable PP–TG response induces an overall reduction in RCT efficacy that contributes to the onset elevation of both fasting and nonfasting TG levels and to the development of cardiometabolic diseases.
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5
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Estrada-Luna D, Carreón-Torres E, Bautista-Pérez R, Betanzos-Cabrera G, Dorantes-Morales A, Luna-Luna M, Vargas-Barrón J, Mejía AM, Fragoso JM, Carvajal-Aguilera K, García-Trejo JJ, Vargas-Alarcón G, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Microencapsulated Pomegranate Reverts High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction and Reduces Postprandial Triglyceridemia in Women with Acute Coronary Syndrome. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081710. [PMID: 31349559 PMCID: PMC6722536 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: the composition of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) becomes altered during the postprandial state, probably affecting their functionality vis-à-vis the endothelium. Since acute coronary syndrome (ACS) in women is frequently associated with endothelial dysfunction, it is likely that HDL are unable to improve artery vasodilation in these patients. Therefore, we characterized HDL from women with ACS in fasting and postprandial conditions. We also determined whether microencapsulated pomegranate (MiPo) reverts the HDL abnormalities, since previous studies have suggested that this fruit improves HDL functionality. (2) Methods: Eleven women with a history of ACS were supplemented daily with 20 g of MiPo, for 30 days. Plasma samples were obtained during fasting and at different times, after a lipid load test to determine the lipid profile and paraoxonase–1 (PON1) activity. HDL were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation to determine their size distribution and to assess their effect on endothelial function, by using an in vitro model of rat aorta rings. (3) Results: MiPo improved the lipid profile and increased PON1 activity, as previously reported, with fresh pomegranate juice. After supplementation with MiPo, the incremental area under the curve of triglycerides decreased to half of the initial values. The HDL distribution shifted from large HDL to intermediate and small-size particles during the postprandial period in the basal conditions, whereas such a shift was no longer observed after MiPo supplementation. Consistently, HDL isolated from postprandial plasma samples hindered the vasodilation of aorta rings, and this endothelial dysfunction was reverted after MiPo consumption. (4) Conclusions: MiPo exhibited the same beneficial effects on the lipid profile and PON1 activity as the previously reported fresh pomegranate. In addition, MiPo supplementation reverted the negative effects of HDL on endothelial function generated during the postprandial period in women with ACS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Estrada-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Carreón-Torres
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rocío Bautista-Pérez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Betanzos-Cabrera
- School of Engineering and Sciences Campus Queretaro, Tecnologico de Monterrey, 76130 Queretaro, Mexico
| | - Alan Dorantes-Morales
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ana María Mejía
- Blood Bank, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José Manuel Fragoso
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Carvajal-Aguilera
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, 04530 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - José J García-Trejo
- Department of Biology, School of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (U.N.A.M.), 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", 14080 Mexico City, Mexico.
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6
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Boyer M, Mitchell PL, Poirier P, Alméras N, Tremblay A, Bergeron J, Després JP, Arsenault BJ. Impact of a one-year lifestyle modification program on cholesterol efflux capacities in men with abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2018; 315:E460-E468. [PMID: 29870675 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00127.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol efflux capacities (CECs) are negatively associated with cardiovascular disease risk, irrespective of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels. Whether interventions targeting lifestyle improve HDL-CECs is unknown. Our objective was to determine whether improving dietary quality and increasing physical activity levels improves HDL-CECs in men with abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia. Our study sample included men (48 ± 8.5 yr) with an elevated waist circumference (≥90 cm) associated with dyslipidemia (triglycerides ≥1.69 and/or HDL cholesterol <1.03 mmol/l); 113 men completed a 1-yr intervention, consisting of a healthy eating and physical activity/exercise program, and 32 were included in a control group. An oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT) was performed in a subsample of 28 men who completed the intervention, and blood was collected every 2 h for 8 h. HDL-CECs were measured using [3H]cholesterol-labeled J774 macrophages and HepG2 hepatocytes. The lifestyle modification program led to an overall improvement in the cardiometabolic risk profile, increases in J774-HDL-CEC by 14.1% (+0.88 ± 1.09%, P < 0.0001), HepG2-HDL-CEC by 3.4% (+0.17 ± 0.75%, P = 0.01), and HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-1 levels (13.5%, P < 0.0001 and 14.9%, P < 0.0001, respectively). J774-HDL-CECs and HepG2-HDL-CECs did not change in the control group. The best predictor for changes in HDL-CEC was apolipoprotein A-1 level. The lifestyle modification program also improved HDL-CEC response in postprandial lipemia during an OLTT. HDL-CEC did not change during the OLTT. Our results suggest that increasing physical activity levels and improving diet quality can have a positive impact on both HDL quantity and quality in men with abdominal obesity and dyslipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie Boyer
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec, QC , Canada
| | - Patricia L Mitchell
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Paul Poirier
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Laval , Quebec, QC , Canada
| | - Natalie Alméras
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Angelo Tremblay
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec, QC , Canada
| | - Jean Bergeron
- Endocrinology and Nephrology Unit, CHU de Québec-Université Laval Research Center , Quebec, QC , Canada
| | - Jean-Pierre Després
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec, QC , Canada
| | - Benoit J Arsenault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval , Quebec, QC , Canada
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7
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Talbot CPJ, Mensink RP, Smolders L, Bakeroot V, Plat J. Theobromine Does Not Affect Fasting and Postprandial HDL Cholesterol Efflux Capacity, While It Decreases Fasting miR-92a Levels in Humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2018; 62:e1800027. [PMID: 29797695 PMCID: PMC6055688 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Chocolate consumption lowers cardiovascular disease risk, which might be attributed to the methylxanthine theobromine. These effects may be mediated through effects on HDL-mediated cholesterol efflux, which may be affected by microRNA (miRNA) levels in the HDL particles. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate effects of theobromine consumption on fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux and miRNAs levels. METHODS AND RESULTS Thirty overweight and 14 obese healthy men and women participated in this randomized, double-blind crossover study. Participants consumed 500 mg d-1 of theobromine or placebo for 4 weeks. ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux was measured using J774 macrophages. MiRNAs levels (miR-92a, miR-223, miR-135a*) were quantified in apolipoprotein B-depleted serum. Theobromine consumption did not affect fasting and postprandial cholesterol efflux. Fasting miR-223 and miR-135a levels were unchanged, while miR-92a levels were decreased (-0.21; p < 0.05). The high-fat meal increased postprandial cholesterol efflux capacity (+4.3 percentage points; p ≤ 0.001), miR-92a (+1.21; p < 0.001), and miR-223 (+1.79; p < 0.001) levels, while a trend was found for miR-135a (+1.08; p = 0.06). CONCLUSION Theobromine did not improve fasting and postprandial ABCA1-mediated cholesterol efflux capacity, but decreased fasting miR-92a levels. High-fat meal intake increased postprandial cholesterol efflux and the three selected miRNAs levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte P J Talbot
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald P Mensink
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Smolders
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Virginie Bakeroot
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jogchum Plat
- Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Epidemiological and clinical studies link low levels of HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) with increased risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, genetic polymorphisms linked to HDL-C do not associate consistently with CVD risk, and randomized clinical studies of drugs that elevate HDL-C via different mechanisms failed to reduce CVD risk in statin-treated patients with established CVD. New metrics that capture HDL's proposed cardioprotective effects are therefore urgently needed. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies demonstrate cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) of serum HDL (serum depleted of cholesterol-rich atherogenic lipoproteins) is an independent and better predictor of incident and prevalent CVD risk than HDL-C. However, it remains unclear whether therapies that increase CEC are cardioprotective. Other key issues are the impact of HDL-targeted therapies on HDL particle size and concentration and the relationship of those changes to CEC and cardioprotection. SUMMARY It is time to end the clinical focus on HDL-C and to understand how HDL's function, protein composition and size contribute to CVD risk. It will also be important to link variations in function and size to HDL-targeted therapies. Developing new metrics for quantifying HDL function, based on better understanding HDL metabolism and macrophage CEC, is critical for achieving these goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella E. Ronsein
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química,
Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jay W. Heinecke
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
98109
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Bagdade J, Barter P, Quiroga C, Alaupovic P. Effects of Torcetrapib and Statin Treatment on ApoC-III and Apoprotein-Defined Lipoprotein Subclasses (from the ILLUMINATE Trial). Am J Cardiol 2017; 119:1753-1756. [PMID: 28431663 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the ILLUMINATE Trial, treatment with the cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitor torcetrapib resulted in a significant increase in both atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events and total mortality which was not explained by changes in the routinely measured plasma lipids. To determine whether alterations in lipoproteins defined by their apoprotein content that are not estimated with conventional laboratory methods contributed to these unexpected events, we measured the apoB- and apoA-containing subclasses in a subgroup of ILLUMINATE participants. We find that torcetrapib treatment significantly increased the high-density lipoprotein subclasses LpA-I and LpA-I:A-II equally (p <0.0001) and the apoC-III content of high-density lipoprotein (p <0.001) without altering the apoB-containing subclasses. In conclusion, these findings provide further evidence that the untoward effects of torcetrapib were attributable to off-target effects and not related to disturbances in lipoprotein transport.
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10
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Bittar R, Aslangul É, Giral P, Assoumou L, Valantin MA, Kalmykova O, Federspiel MC, Cherfils C, Costagliola D, Bonnefont-Rousselot D. Lack of effects of statins on high-density lipoprotein subfractions in HIV-1-infected patients receiving protease inhibitors. C R Biol 2016; 340:109-113. [PMID: 28011249 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We evaluated the effect of 45 days of rosuvastatin or pravastatin treatment on the distribution of HDL subfractions in HIV-1-infected individuals receiving boosted protease inhibitors (PIs) with cardiovascular risk. METHODS The distribution of HDL subclasses by gradient gel electrophoresis was blindly assessed in 74 HIV-1-infected individuals receiving boosted PIs at baseline and at day 45 of statin treatment, and compared with the distribution obtained in 63 healthy normolipidemic individuals taken as controls. RESULTS No significant modification appeared in HDL distribution between the two arms of statins for the HIV-1-infected individuals. Nevertheless, when compared to controls, HDL subfractions showed a significantly lower HDL2b proportion and significantly higher proportions of HDL2a and HDL3b (P<0.001). CONCLUSION No difference was observed in HDL distribution between pravastatin and rosuvastatin after 45 days treatment, in HIV-1-infected individuals under PIs. Nevertheless, when compared to healthy normolipidemic subjects, HDL distribution is clearly different, with a distribution in HIV-infected individuals under PIs associated with an increased cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randa Bittar
- Unité fonctionnelle de biochimie des maladies métaboliques, service de biochimie métabolique, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; UPMC université Paris 06, UMR_S1166 ICAN, 75013 Paris, France.
| | - Élisabeth Aslangul
- Service de médecine interne, Hôpital Louis-Mourier, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 92701 Colombes, France; Université Paris-Descartes, rue de l'École-de-Médecine, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Giral
- UPMC université Paris 06, UMR_S1166 ICAN, 75013 Paris, France; Unité de prévention cardiovasculaire, service d'endocrinologie métabolisme, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Lambert Assoumou
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris-6, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marc-Antoine Valantin
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris-6, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Olga Kalmykova
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris-6, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marie-Christine Federspiel
- Unité fonctionnelle de biochimie des maladies métaboliques, service de biochimie métabolique, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Corinne Cherfils
- Unité fonctionnelle de biochimie des maladies métaboliques, service de biochimie métabolique, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Dominique Costagliola
- Sorbonne universités, UPMC université Paris-6, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Inserm, UMR_S 1136, institut Pierre-Louis d'épidémiologie et de santé publique, 75013 Paris, France; Service des maladies infectieuses et tropicales, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière-Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- Unité fonctionnelle de biochimie des maladies métaboliques, service de biochimie métabolique, hôpitaux universitaires Pitié-Salpêtrière - Charles-Foix, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, 83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75651 Paris cedex 13, France; Inserm U 1022 CNRS UMR 8258, Chimie ParisTech, PSL Research University, unité de technologies chimiques et biologiques pour la santé, faculté de pharmacie, Sorbonne Paris Cité, université Paris-Descartes, 75006 Paris, France
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11
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Low HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels are predictive of incident atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. However, the use of medication to raise HDL-C levels has not consistently shown clinical benefit. As a result, studies have shifted toward HDL function, specifically cholesterol efflux, which has been inversely associated with prevalent subclinical atherosclerosis as well as subsequent atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease events. The purpose of this review is to summarize the effects of current medications and interventions on cholesterol efflux capacity. RECENT FINDINGS Medications for cardiovascular health, including statins, fibrates, niacin, and novel therapeutics, are reviewed for their effect on cholesterol efflux. Differences in population studied and assay used are addressed appropriately. Lifestyle interventions, including diet and exercise, are also included in the review. SUMMARY The modification of cholesterol efflux capacity (CEC) by current medications and interventions has been investigated in both large randomized control trials and smaller observational cohorts. This review serves to compile the results of these studies and evaluate CEC modulation by commonly used medications. Altering CEC could be a novel therapeutic approach to improving cardiovascular risk profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Brownell
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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12
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Annema W, von Eckardstein A. Dysfunctional high-density lipoproteins in coronary heart disease: implications for diagnostics and therapy. Transl Res 2016; 173:30-57. [PMID: 26972566 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Low plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol are associated with increased risks of coronary heart disease. HDL mediates cholesterol efflux from macrophages for reverse transport to the liver and elicits many anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities which are potentially anti-atherogenic. Nevertheless, HDL has not been successfully targeted by drugs for prevention or treatment of cardiovascular diseases. One potential reason is the targeting of HDL cholesterol which does not capture the structural and functional complexity of HDL particles. Hundreds of lipid species and dozens of proteins as well as several microRNAs have been identified in HDL. This physiological heterogeneity is further increased in pathologic conditions due to additional quantitative and qualitative molecular changes of HDL components which have been associated with both loss of physiological function and gain of pathologic dysfunction. This structural and functional complexity of HDL has prevented clear assignments of molecules to the functions of normal HDL and dysfunctions of pathologic HDL. Systematic analyses of structure-function relationships of HDL-associated molecules and their modifications are needed to test the different components and functions of HDL for their relative contribution in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The derived biomarkers and targets may eventually help to exploit HDL for treatment and diagnostics of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wijtske Annema
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Extended-Release Niacin/Laropiprant Improves Overall Efficacy of Postprandial Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:285-94. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Hovingh GK, Ray KK, Boekholdt SM. Is Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Inhibition an Effective Strategy to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk? CETP as a Target to Lower CVD Risk: Suspension of Disbelief? Circulation 2015; 132:433-40. [PMID: 26240264 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.014026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Kees Hovingh
- From Department of Vascular Medicine (G.K.H.) and Department of Cardiology (S.M.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (K.K.R.).
| | - Kausik K Ray
- From Department of Vascular Medicine (G.K.H.) and Department of Cardiology (S.M.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (K.K.R.)
| | - S Matthijs Boekholdt
- From Department of Vascular Medicine (G.K.H.) and Department of Cardiology (S.M.B.), Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom (K.K.R.)
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15
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Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Ray KK. Cholesterol efflux capacity as a novel biomarker for incident cardiovascular events: has high-density lipoprotein been resuscitated? Circ Res 2015; 116:1646-8. [PMID: 25953923 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.305938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Vallejo-Vaz
- From the Cardiovascular Sciences Department, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK (A.J.V.V.); and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (K.K.R.)
| | - Kausik K Ray
- From the Cardiovascular Sciences Department, Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St George's University of London, London, UK (A.J.V.V.); and Department of Primary Care and Public Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK (K.K.R.).
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16
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Potential Signal Transduction Regulation by HDL of the β2-Adrenergic Receptor Pathway. Implications in Selected Pathological Situations. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:361-71. [PMID: 26009249 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The main atheroprotective mechanism of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has been regarded as reverse cholesterol transport, whereby cholesterol from peripheral tissues is removed and transported to the liver for elimination. Although numerous additional atheroprotective mechanisms have been suggested, the role of HDL in modulating signal transduction of cell membrane-bound receptors has received little attention to date. This potential was recently highlighted following the identification of a polymorphism in the adenylyl cyclase 9 gene (ADCY9) that was shown to be a determining factor in the risk of cardiovascular (CV) events in patients treated with the HDL-raising compound dalcetrapib. Indeed, ADCY9 is part of the signaling pathway of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) and both are membrane-bound proteins affected by changes in membrane-rich cholesterol plasma membrane domains (caveolae). Numerous G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels are affected by caveolae, with caveolae composition acting as a 'signalosome'. Polymorphisms in the genes encoding ADCY9 and β2-AR are associated with response to β2-agonist drugs in patients with asthma, malaria and with sickle cell disease. Crystallization of the β2-AR has found cholesterol tightly bound to transmembrane structures of the receptor. Cholesterol has also been shown to modulate the activity of this receptor. Apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1), the major protein component of HDL, destabilizes and removes cholesterol from caveolae with high affinity through interaction with ATP-binding cassette transporter. Furthermore, β2-AR activity may be affected by ApoA1/HDL-targeted therapies. Taken together, these observations suggest a common pathway that potentially links a primary HDL function to the regulation of signal transduction.
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17
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Niesor EJ. Will Lipidation of ApoA1 through Interaction with ABCA1 at the Intestinal Level Affect the Protective Functions of HDL? BIOLOGY 2015; 4:17-38. [PMID: 25569858 PMCID: PMC4381214 DOI: 10.3390/biology4010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular (CV) risk is well recognized; however, in recent years, large-scale phase III studies with HDL-C-raising or -mimicking agents have failed to demonstrate a clinical benefit on CV outcomes associated with raising HDL-C, casting doubt on the "HDL hypothesis." This article reviews potential reasons for the observed negative findings with these pharmaceutical compounds, focusing on the paucity of translational models and relevant biomarkers related to HDL metabolism that may have confounded understanding of in vivo mechanisms. A unique function of HDL is its ability to interact with the ATP-binding cassette transporter (ABC) A1 via apolipoprotein (Apo) A1. Only recently, studies have shown that this process may be involved in the intestinal uptake of dietary sterols and antioxidants (vitamin E, lutein and zeaxanthin) at the basolateral surface of enterocytes. This parameter should be assessed for HDL-raising drugs in addition to the more documented reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) from peripheral tissues to the liver. Indeed, a single mechanism involving the same interaction between ApoA1 and ABCA1 may encompass two HDL functions previously considered as separate: antioxidant through the intestinal uptake of antioxidants and RCT through cholesterol efflux from loaded cells such as macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Niesor
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland.
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18
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Santos-Gallego CG, Badimon JJ, Rosenson RS. Beginning to understand high-density lipoproteins. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2014; 43:913-47. [PMID: 25432389 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This article reconciles the classic view of high-density lipoproteins (HDL) associated with low risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) with recent data (genetics studies and randomized clinical trials) casting doubt over the widely accepted beneficial role of HDL regarding CVD risk. Although HDL cholesterol has been used as a surrogate measure to investigate HDL function, the cholesterol content in HDL particles is not an indicator of the atheroprotective properties of HDL. Thus, more precise measures of HDL metabolism are needed to reflect and account for the beneficial effects of HDL particles. Current and emerging therapies targeting HDL are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Santos-Gallego
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan J Badimon
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave Levy Place, Box 1030, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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19
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Tiozzo E, Gardener H, Hudson BI, Dong C, Della-Morte D, Crisby M, Goldberg RB, Elkind MSV, Cheung YK, Wright CB, Sacco RL, Rundek T. High-density lipoprotein subfractions and carotid plaque: the Northern Manhattan Study. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:163-8. [PMID: 25240111 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this cross-sectional analysis was to investigate the relation between two major high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) subfractions (HDL2-C and HDL3-C) and carotid plaque in a population based cohort. METHODS We evaluated 988 stroke-free participants (mean age 66 ± 8 years; 40% men; 66% Hispanic and 34% Non-Hispanic) with available data on HDL subfractions using precipitation method and carotid plaque area and thickness assessed by a high-resolution 2D ultrasound. The associations between HDL-C subfractions and plaque measurements were analyzed by quantile regression. RESULTS Plaque was present in 56% of the study population. Among those with plaque, the mean ± SD plaque area was 19.40 ± 20.46 mm² and thickness 2.30 ± 4.45 mm. The mean ± SD total HDL-C was 46 ± 14 mg/dl, HDL2-C 14 ± 8 mg/dl, and HDL3-C 32 ± 8 mg/dl. After adjusting for demographics and vascular risk factors, there was an inverse association between HDL3-C and plaque area (per mg/dl: beta = -0.26 at the 75th percentile, p = 0.001 and beta = -0.32 at the 90th percentile, p = 0.02). A positive association was observed between HDL2-C and plaque thickness (per mg/dl; beta = 0.02 at the 90% percentile, p = 0.003). HDL-C was associated with plaque area (per mg/dl: beta = -0.18 at the 90th percentile, p = 0.01), but only among Hispanics. CONCLUSION In our cohort we observed an inverse association between HDL3-C and plaque area and a positive association between HDL2-C and plaque thickness. HDL-C subfractions may have different contributions to the risk of vascular disease. More studies are needed to fully elucidate HDL-C anti-atherosclerotic functions in order to improve HDL-based treatments in prevention of vascular disease and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Tiozzo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Hannah Gardener
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Barry I Hudson
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Chuanhui Dong
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - David Della-Morte
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of System Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy; IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy.
| | - Milita Crisby
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Ronald B Goldberg
- Diabetes Research Institute and Lipid Disorder Clinic, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mitchell S V Elkind
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Ying Kuen Cheung
- Department of Biostatistics, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Clinton B Wright
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Ralph L Sacco
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Tatjana Rundek
- Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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20
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21
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Tomkin GH, Owens D. Investigational therapies for the treatment of atherosclerosis. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2014; 23:1411-21. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2014.922950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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22
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Gomaraschi M, Ossoli A, Pozzi S, Nilsson P, Cefalù AB, Averna M, Kuivenhoven JA, Hovingh GK, Veglia F, Franceschini G, Calabresi L. eNOS activation by HDL is impaired in genetic CETP deficiency. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95925. [PMID: 24830642 PMCID: PMC4022511 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the CETP gene resulting in defective CETP activity have been shown to cause remarkable elevations of plasma HDL-C levels, with the accumulation in plasma of large, buoyant HDL particles enriched in apolipoprotein E. Genetic CETP deficiency thus represents a unique tool to evaluate how structural alterations of HDL impact on HDL atheroprotective functions. Aim of the present study was to assess the ability of HDL obtained from CETP-deficient subjects to protect endothelial cells from the development of endothelial dysfunction. HDL isolated from one homozygous and seven heterozygous carriers of CETP null mutations were evaluated for their ability to down-regulate cytokine-induced cell adhesion molecule expression and to promote NO production in cultured endothelial cells. When compared at the same protein concentration, HDL and HDL3 from carriers proved to be as effective as control HDL and HDL3 in down-regulating cytokine-induced VCAM-1, while carrier HDL2 were more effective than control HDL2 in inhibiting VCAM-1 expression. On the other hand, HDL and HDL fractions from carriers of CETP deficiency were significantly less effective than control HDL and HDL fractions in stimulating NO production, due to a reduced eNOS activating capacity, likely because of a reduced S1P content. In conclusion, the present findings support the notion that genetic CETP deficiency, by affecting HDL particle structure, impacts on HDL vasculoprotective functions. Understanding of these effects might be important for predicting the outcomes of pharmacological CETP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Gomaraschi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Alice Ossoli
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Silvia Pozzi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Peter Nilsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Angelo B. Cefalù
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Policlinico “Paolo Giaccone”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Averna
- Department of Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, Policlinico “Paolo Giaccone”, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - G. Kees Hovingh
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Guido Franceschini
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Calabresi
- Center E. Grossi Paoletti, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
- * E-mail:
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23
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Pirillo A, Norata GD, Catapano AL. High-density lipoprotein subfractions--what the clinicians need to know. Cardiology 2013; 124:116-25. [PMID: 23428644 DOI: 10.1159/000346463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the inverse relationship between plasma levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and cardiovascular disease has been largely demonstrated, many observations have suggested that the assessment of HDL functionality might be more informative than a simple measurement of HDL-cholesterol plasma levels. HDLs are a class of structurally and functionally heterogeneous particles; in atherosclerosis-related diseases, changes in HDL subfraction levels and functions are frequently observed. Circulating levels of large HDL particles are decreased in dyslipidaemic conditions, while levels of small dense HDL particles are increased in patients with coronary heart disease. Furthermore, specific genetic defects in proteins involved in HDL metabolism significantly impact the distribution of HDL subpopulations. Finally, many drugs used for dyslipidaemia induce changes in HDL subfractions strictly related to cardiovascular disease. Although several methods exist to evaluate HDL subclass levels, most of them are not easily applicable in clinical practice, due to the costs and high variability. However, the possibility to measure the levels of specific HDL subfractions in patients with atherosclerosis-related diseases might help to better define their cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Pirillo
- Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, Milan, Italy
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24
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McNeal CJ, Chatterjee S, Hou J, Worthy LS, Larner CD, Macfarlane RD, Alaupovic P, Brocia RW. Human HDL containing a novel apoC-I isoform induces smooth muscle cell apoptosis. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:83-93. [PMID: 23354389 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS We discovered that some adults with coronary heart disease (CHD) have a high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclass which induces human aortic smooth muscle cell (ASMC) apoptosis in vitro. The purpose of this investigation was to determine what properties differentiate apoptotic and non-apoptotic HDL subclasses in adults with and without CHD. METHODS AND RESULTS Density gradient ultracentrifugation was used to measure the particle density distribution and to isolate two HDL subclass fractions, HDL2 and HDL3, from 21 individuals, including 12 without CHD. The HDL fractions were incubated with ASMCs for 24 h; apoptosis was quantitated relative to C2-ceramide and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The observed effect of some HDL subclasses on apoptosis was ∼6-fold greater than TNF-α and ∼16-fold greater than the cell medium. We observed that apoptotic HDL was (i) predominately associated with the HDL2 subclass; (ii) almost exclusively found in individuals with a higher apoC-I serum level and a novel, higher molecular weight isoform of apoC-I; and (iii) more common in adults with CHD, the majority of whom had high (>60 mg/dL) HDL-C levels. CONCLUSIONS Some HDL subclasses enriched in a novel isoform of apoC-I induce extensive ASMC apoptosis in vitro. Individuals with this apoptotic HDL phenotype generally have higher apoC-I and HDL-C levels consistent with an inhibitory effect of apoC-I on cholesteryl ester transfer protein activity. The association of this phenotype with processes that can promote plaque rupture may explain a source of CHD risk not accounted for by the classical risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine J McNeal
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pediatrics, Scott & White Healthcare, Temple, TX 76508, USA.
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25
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Sreckovic I, Birner-Gruenberger R, Obrist B, Stojakovic T, Scharnagl H, Holzer M, Scholler M, Philipose S, Marsche G, Lang U, Desoye G, Wadsack C. Distinct composition of human fetal HDL attenuates its anti-oxidative capacity. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2013; 1831:737-46. [PMID: 23321267 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
In human high-density lipoprotein (HDL) represents the major cholesterol carrying lipoprotein class in cord blood, while cholesterol is mainly carried by low-density lipoprotein in maternal serum. Additionally, to carrying cholesterol, HDL also associates with a range of proteins as cargo. We tested the hypothesis that fetal HDL carries proteins qualitatively and quantitatively different from maternal HDL. These differences then contribute to distinct HDL functionality in both circulations. Shotgun proteomics and biochemical analyses were used to assess composition/function of fetal and maternal HDL isolated from uncomplicated human pregnancies at term of gestation. The pattern of analyzed proteins that were statistically elevated in fetal HDL (apoE, proteins involved in coagulation, transport processes) suggests a particle characteristic for the light HDL2 sub-fraction. In contrast, proteins that were enriched in maternal HDL (apoL, apoF, PON1, apoD, apoCs) have been described almost exclusively in the dense HDL3 fraction and relevant to its anti-oxidative function and role in innate immunity. Strikingly, PON1 mass and activity were 5-fold lower (p<0.01) in the fetus, which was accompanied by attenuation of anti-oxidant capacity of fetal HDL. Despite almost equal quantity of CETP in maternal and fetal HDL, its enzymatic activity was 55% lower (p<0.001) in the fetal circulation, whereas LCAT activity was not altered. These findings indicate that maternally derived HDL differs from fetal HDL with respect to its proteome, size and function. Absence of apoA-1, apoL and PON1 on fetal HDL is associated with decreased anti-oxidative properties together with deficiency in innate immunity collectively indicating distinct HDLs in fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Sreckovic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
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26
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Villard EF, El Khoury P, Duchene E, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Clement K, Bruckert E, Bittar R, Le Goff W, Guerin M. Elevated CETP Activity Improves Plasma Cholesterol Efflux Capacity From Human Macrophages in Women. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2341-9. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.252841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
We aim to identify the impact of endogenous cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity on plasma capacity to mediate free cholesterol efflux from human macrophages.
Methods and Results—
Endogenous plasma CETP activity was measured in a population of 348 women. We defined a low CETP group corresponding to subjects displaying an endogenous plasma CETP activity within the first tertile and a high CETP group corresponding to subjects with an endogenous plasma CETP activity within the third tertile. Subjects from the high CETP activity group displayed a significant increase in the capacity of their plasma (+8.2%;
P
=0.001) to mediate cholesterol efflux from human acute monocytic leukemia cell line human macrophages and from ATP-binding cassette transporter A1-dependent pathway (+23.4%;
P
=0.0001) as compared with those from the low CETP activity group. Multivariate analyses revealed that the impact of CETP activity was independent of plasma lipids levels. Pre–β1-high-density lipoprotein concentrations were significantly elevated (+29.6%;
P
=0.01) in the high CETP activity group as compared with the low CETP activity group. A positive correlation between pre–β1-high-density lipoprotein levels and plasma efflux efficiency from human acute monocytic leukemia cell line human macrophages was observed (
r
=0.29,
P
=0.02).
Conclusion—
CETP leading to the improvement of plasma efflux capacity, as a result of efficient pre–β-high-density lipoprotein formation and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 efflux, should be preserved to prevent lipid accumulation in human macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise F. Villard
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Petra El Khoury
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Emilie Duchene
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Dominique Bonnefont-Rousselot
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Karine Clement
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Eric Bruckert
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Randa Bittar
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Wilfried Le Goff
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
| | - Maryse Guerin
- From the INSERM UMRS939, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Université Pierre et Marie Curie–Paris 6, Paris, France (E.F.V., P.E.K., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Institute of Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, ICAN Paris, France (E.F.V, P.E.K., E.D., D.B.-R., K.C., E.B., R.B., W.L.G., M.G.); Department of Endocrinology (E.D., E.B.), and Department of Metabolic Biochemistry (D.B.-R., R.B.), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris,
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Caspi RR, Silver PB, Luger D, Tang J, Cortes LM, Pennesi G, Mattapallil MJ, Chan CC. Mouse models of experimental autoimmune uveitis. Ophthalmic Res 2008; 40:169-74. [PMID: 18421234 DOI: 10.1159/000119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The mouse model of experimental autoimmune uveitis, induced by immunization of mice with the retinal protein IRBP, was developed in our laboratory 20 years ago and published in 1988. Since that time it has been adopted by many investigators and has given rise to many studies that helped elucidate genetic influences, dissect the basic mechanisms of pathogenesis and test novel immunotherapeutic paradigms. The current overview will summarize the salient features of the experimental autoimmune uveitis model and discuss its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel R Caspi
- Laboratory of Immunology, NEI, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892-1857, USA
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