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Cano-Gómez CI, Alonso-Castro AJ, Carranza-Alvarez C, Wong-Paz JE. Advancements in Litchi chinensis Peel Processing: A Scientific Review of Drying, Extraction, and Isolation of Its Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2024; 13:1461. [PMID: 38790761 PMCID: PMC11119950 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This article systematically reviews the advancements in processing litchi peel (Litchi chinensis), emphasizing drying, extraction, purification methods, and the potential of bioactive compounds obtained from litchi peel. This work also highlights the impact of various drying techniques on phytochemical profiles, focusing on how methods such as hot air and freeze-drying affect the preservation of bioactive compounds. The study delves into extraction methods, detailing how different solvents and techniques influence the efficiency of extracting bioactive compounds from litchi peel. Furthermore, the purification and characterization of active compounds, showcasing the role of chromatographic techniques in isolating specific bioactive molecules, is discussed. Biological properties and mechanisms of action, such as antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, cardioprotective, hepatoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, and anticancer activities, are reviewed, providing insight into the potential health benefits of litchi peel compounds. This review highlights the importance of optimizing and selecting accurate drying and extraction methods to maximize the therapeutic effects of litchi peel and its bioactive compounds. This review also reveals the broad pharmacological potential of the isolated compounds, underscoring the need for further research to discover their specific actions and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Iván Cano-Gómez
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Cd. Valles, San Luis Potosi 79080, Mexico; (C.I.C.-G.); (C.C.-A.)
| | - Angel Josabad Alonso-Castro
- Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta, Colonia Noria Alta Guanajuato, Guanajuato 36250, Mexico;
| | - Candy Carranza-Alvarez
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Cd. Valles, San Luis Potosi 79080, Mexico; (C.I.C.-G.); (C.C.-A.)
| | - Jorge E. Wong-Paz
- Facultad de Estudios Profesionales Zona Huasteca, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Cd. Valles, San Luis Potosi 79080, Mexico; (C.I.C.-G.); (C.C.-A.)
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Yuan L, Fan L, Zhang Z, Huang X, Liu Q, Zhang Z. Procyanidin B2 alleviates oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced cell injury, inflammation, monocyte chemotaxis, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the nuclear factor kappa-B pathway in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2024; 24:231. [PMID: 38679696 PMCID: PMC11057093 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-024-03858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/01/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) can initiate and affect almost all atherosclerotic events including endothelial dysfunction. In this text, the role and underlying molecular basis of procyanidin B2 (PCB2) with potential anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities in ox-LDL-induced HUVEC injury were examined. METHODS HUVECs were treated with ox-LDL in the presence or absence of PCB2. Cell viability and apoptotic rate were examined by CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of genes were tested by RT-qPCR and western blot assays, respectively. Potential downstream targets and pathways of apple procyanidin oligomers were examined by bioinformatics analysis for the GSE9647 dataset. The effect of PCB2 on THP-1 cell migration was examined by recruitment assay. The effect of PCB2 on oxidative stress was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). RESULTS ox-LDL reduced cell viability, induced cell apoptosis, and facilitated the expression of oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor 1 (LOX-1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (MCP-1), vascular cell adhesion protein 1 (VCAM-1) in HUVECs. PCB2 alleviated ox-LDL-induced cell injury in HUVECs. Apple procyanidin oligomers triggered the differential expression of 592 genes in HUVECs (|log2fold-change| > 0.58 and adjusted p-value < 0.05). These dysregulated genes might be implicated in apoptosis, endothelial cell proliferation, inflammation, and monocyte chemotaxis. PCB2 inhibited C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 1/8 (CXCL1/8) expression and THP-1 cell recruitment in ox-LDL-stimulated HUVECs. PCB2 inhibited ox-LDL-induced oxidative stress and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation in HUVECs. CONCLUSION PCB2 weakened ox-LDL-induced cell injury, inflammation, monocyte recruitment, and oxidative stress by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway in HUVECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limei Yuan
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Lihua Fan
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Xing Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Qingle Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, 63 Dongming Road, Henan province, Zhengzhou, 450063, China.
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Shoji T, Masumoto S, Miura T. Mechanism of procyanidins for health functionality by improving the intestinal environment. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2024; 88:345-351. [PMID: 38059864 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbad174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidins are one of the polyphenols consisting of multiple flavan-3-ols (eg epicatechin). They have a complex chemical structure, with the degree of polymerization and linked position of flavan-3-ols varying among various foods, such as apples and chocolate. Physiological functional studies of procyanidins have investigated their mechanisms in cells and animals based on their antioxidant effects. Recently, the intestinal environment, including the intestinal microflora, has played an important role in the energy metabolism and health status of the host. Regulation of the intestinal environment by dietary polyphenols is becoming a new concept in health functions, and we have begun to investigate the mechanism of apple procyanidins, focusing on the gut microbiota and metabolites in our functional research. In this minireview, we will discuss the effects of procyanidin ingestion on the gut microbiota and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshihiko Shoji
- Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 2-1-12 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saeko Masumoto
- Faculty of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Fukushima University, 1, Kanayagawa, Fukushima-shi, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1, Hon-cho, Hirosaki-shi, Aomori, Japan
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Liao G, Liu W, Dai Y, Shi X, Liu Y, Li D, Xu T. Beneficial effects of flavonoids on animal models of atherosclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. iScience 2023; 26:108337. [PMID: 38026172 PMCID: PMC10665821 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the main cause of cardiovascular diseases that seriously endanger human health. The existing treatment drugs are effective, but they have some side effects. Accumulating evidence suggests that flavonoids have attracted wide attention due to their multiple cardioprotective effects and fewer side effects. PubMed, Web of Science database, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched for studies evaluating the effects of flavonoids against atherosclerosis. 119 studies published from August 1954 to April 2023 were included. Random-effects models were performed for synthesis. Compared with the control group, flavonoids significantly reduced longitudinal and cross-sectional plaque area. The findings indicated that flavonoids significantly reduced the concentrations of serum TC, TG, and LDL-C and increased serum HDL-C concentrations. Besides, flavonoids reduced the levels of circulating pro-inflammatory factors, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, and increased the serum IL-10 level. This study provides evidence for the potential cardiovascular benefits of flavonoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gege Liao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Wanlu Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yiming Dai
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiangxiang Shi
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Dongye Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease Research, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Department of Cardiology, the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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Zineb OY, Rashwan AK, Karim N, Lu Y, Tangpong J, Chen W. Recent Developments in Procyanidins on Metabolic Diseases, Their Possible Sources, Pharmacokinetic Profile, and Clinical Outcomes. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2062770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ould Yahia Zineb
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Ningbo Research Institute, Zhejiang University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Ahmed K. Rashwan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Food and Dairy Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Naymul Karim
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yang Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jitbanjong Tangpong
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Biomedical Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat 80161, Thailand
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Polyphenol Extracts from Grape Seeds and Apple Can Reactivate Latent HIV-1 Transcription through Promoting P-TEFb Release from 7SK snRNP. DISEASE MARKERS 2022; 2022:6055347. [PMID: 35178129 PMCID: PMC8843978 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6055347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The principal barrier for the eradication of HIV/AIDS is the virus latency. One of the effective strategies so called “shock and kill” is to use latency-reversing agents (LRAs) to activate the latent HIV reservoirs and then combine them with the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to eradicate the virus. However, most of the current LRAs are too toxic; therefore, they have not been used clinically. Our preliminary data indicated that polyphenols from grape seeds can activate HIV in latently infected Jurkat T cells. Owing to a lot of food containing polyphenols and based on a reasoning whether all of these kinds of polyphenols contain the latency-reversing function, in this study, we screened 22 fruits/vegetables to see whether polyphenols from these can reactivate latent HIV-1 transcription. We finally proved that the polyphenols from grape seeds, apple, pomegranate, and bilberry can reactivate latent HIV-1 transcription. The activation of which can be detected on the level of protein and mRNA. The activation of which is in a dose- and time-dependent manner, while the activated polyphenol extracts have the effects to stimulate Tat-independent HIV-1 transcription. The mechanism shows that polyphenol extracts from grape seeds and apple can stimulate P-TEFb's release from 7SK snRNP to induce HIV gene transcription. These results indicate that using a few food of high-content polyphenols as latent activators and combining HARRT may be of great use for the treatment of HIV/AIDS in the future.
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Zhou H, You P, Liu H, Fan J, Tong C, Yang A, Jiang Y, Liu B. Artemisinin and Procyanidins loaded multifunctional nanocomplexes alleviate atherosclerosis via simultaneously modulating lipid influx and cholesterol efflux. J Control Release 2021; 341:828-843. [PMID: 34942304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of new reagents combining with nanotechnology has become an efficient strategy for improving the immune escaping ability and increasing local drug concentration for natural compounds with low therapy efficiency. In this study, we prepared biomimetic membrane-coated Prussian blue nanoparticles (PB NPs) for the treatment of atherosclerosis, using the function of Artemisinin (ART) and Procyanidins (PC) on the lipid influx and cholesterol efflux of macrophages, two logical steps involved in the plaque progression. In vitro results indicated that the prepared nanocomplexes have significant scavenging effect on ROS and NO, followed by inhibiting NF-κB/NLRP3 pathway, leading to the suppression of lipid influx. Meanwhile, they can notably reduce the uptake and internalization of oxLDL through significantly enhancing AMPK/mTOR/autophagy pathway, accompanied by promoting cholesterol efflux. In vivo study showed that the improved biocompatibility and immune-escape ability of nanocomplexes allowed less drug clearance during the circulation and high drug accumulation in the atherosclerotic plaque of ApoE-/- mice model. More importantly, the ART and PC co-loaded nanocomplexes showed the high efficacy against atherosclerosis of ApoE-/- mice model with both 8-week low dosage treatment or 1-week high dosage treatment. These findings indicated that ART and PC co-loaded nanocomplexes was promising for the targeted treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Zhou
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Peidong You
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Jialong Fan
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Chunyi Tong
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
| | - Anning Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Yideng Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
| | - Bin Liu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Metabolic Cardiovascular Diseases Research, Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China.
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Yang N, Zhao B, Chen Y, D'Alessandro E, Chen C, Ji T, Wu X, Song C. Distinct Retrotransposon Evolution Profile in the Genome of Rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Genome Biol Evol 2021; 13:6322960. [PMID: 34270728 PMCID: PMC8346653 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evab168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the rabbit genome has already been annotated, it is mobilome remains largely unknown. Here, multiple pipelines were used to de novo mine and annotate the mobilome in rabbit. Four families and 19 subfamilies of LINE1s, two families and nine subfamilies of SINEs, and 12 ERV families were defined in rabbit based on sequence identity, structural organization, and phylogenetic tree. The analysis of insertion age and polymerase chain reaction suggests that a number of families are very young and may remain active, such as L1B, L1D, OcuSINEA, and OcuERV1. RepeatMasker annotation revealed a distinct transposable element landscape within the genome, with approximately two million copies of SINEs, representing the greatest proportion of the genome (19.61%), followed by LINEs (15.44%), and LTRs (4.11%), respectively, considerably different from most other mammal mobilomes except hedgehog and tree shrew, in which LINEs have the highest proportion. Furthermore, a very high rate of insertion polymorphisms (>85%) for the youngest subfamily (OcuSINEA1) was identified by polymerase chain reaction. The majority of retrotransposon insertions overlapped with protein-coding regions (>80%) and lncRNA (90%) genes. Genomic distribution bias was observed for retrotransposons, with those immediately upstream (-1 kb) and downstream (1 kb) of genes significantly depleted. Local GC content in 50-kb widows had significantly negative correlations with LINE (rs=-0.996) and LTR (rs=-0.829) insertions. The current study revealed a distinct mobilome landscape in rabbit, which will assist in the elucidation of the evolution of the genome of lagomorphs, and even other mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naisu Yang
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bohao Zhao
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yang Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | | | - Cai Chen
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ting Ji
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xinsheng Wu
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chengyi Song
- College of Animal Science & Technology, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China
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Yang S, Zhang Y, Li W, You B, Yu J, Huang X, Yang R. Gut Microbiota Composition Affects Procyanidin A2-Attenuated Atherosclerosis in ApoE -/- Mice by Modulating the Bioavailability of Its Microbial Metabolites. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:6989-6999. [PMID: 34142543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Procyanidin A2 (PCA2) has been shown to improve lipid metabolism. However, it remains to know whether it can play a role in preventing atherosclerosis (AS) through gut microbiota. This study examined the effect of PCA2 on high fat diet (HFD)-induced AS in ApoE-/- mice with an intact and antibiotic-depleted microbiota. PCA2 administration for 12 weeks attenuated HFD-induced AS in ApoE-/- mice, evidenced by obviously alleviating the histological abnormalities of the aorta, lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation, which were accompanied by downregulating the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and upregulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma, cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, and ATP-binding cassette transporter A1. Moreover, PCA2 treatment reshaped the gut microbiota imbalance caused by HFD, especially reducing the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes and increasing the abundance of Verrucomicrobia. However, antibiotic intervention almost offset the alleviation of AS by PCA2 and prevented the biotransformation of PCA2 by gut microbiota, thus resulting in a 2327.21-6.27-fold decrease in its microbial metabolites of plasma. There was a marked correlation among the microbiota composition, the bioavailability of PCA2-derived microbial metabolites, and AS indicators. The findings indicate that the gut microbiota robustly influences the bioavailability of microbial metabolites that may partially drive the AS resilience property of PCA2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiying Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yuying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Bangyan You
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiawen Yu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xiaoxia Huang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ruili Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Oxidative Stress Mediates Vascular Tortuosity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060926. [PMID: 34200411 PMCID: PMC8228074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular tortuosity is associated with various disorders and is being increasingly detected through advances in imaging techniques. The underlying mechanisms for vascular tortuosity, however, remain unclear. Here, we tested the hypothesis that oxidative stress mediates the generation of tortuous vessels. We used the bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) ligation model to induce vascular tortuosity. Both young and adult rats showed basilar artery tortuous morphological changes one month after bilateral CCA ligation. These tortuous changes were permanent but more pronounced in the adult rats. Microarray and real-time PCR analysis revealed that these tortuous changes were accompanied by the induction of oxidative stress-related genes. Moreover, the indicated model in rabbits showed that tortuous morphological changes to the basilar artery were suppressed by antioxidant treatment. These results are highly suggestive of the significance of oxidative stress in the development of vascular tortuosity. Although further studies will be needed to elucidate the possible mechanisms by which oxidative stress enhances vascular tortuosity, our study also points toward possible prophylaxis and treatment for vascular tortuosity.
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Bioactive procyanidins from dietary sources: The relationship between bioactivity and polymerization degree. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.02.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Apple Supplementation Improves Hemodynamic Parameter and Attenuates Atherosclerosis in High-Fat Diet-Fed Apolipoprotein E-Knockout Mice. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8110495. [PMID: 33198144 PMCID: PMC7697153 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8110495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies describe the association between apple consumption and improved cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. Our recent multiparametric screening on cellular model studies has shown that apples exhibit vascular tropism including Granny Smith (GS) variety independently of the storage condition. The present study aimed to evaluate the cardiovascular and metabolic protection of supplementation of GS variety after storage in classic cold (GSCC) and extreme ultra-low oxygen conditions (GSXO) in the apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old mice fed with high fat diet for 14 weeks. Supplementation with GSCC and GXO decreases circulating triglycerides, the expression of genes involved in lipogenesis, without change in cholesterol and glucose concentrations and HOMA-IR. Only GSXO supplementation ameliorates body weight gain, insulin level, and HDL/LDL ratio. GSXO supplementation does not modify cardiac parameters; while supplementation with GSCC decreases heart rate and improves cardiac output. Interestingly, GSCC and GSXO reduce systolic and diastolic blood pressure with a differential time course of action. These effects are associated with substantial decrease of atherosclerotic lesions. These data reinforce the knowledge about the vascular tropism of apple supplementation and underscore their ability to improve both cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in a mouse model of atherosclerosis.
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Shao D, Di Y, Lian Z, Zhu B, Xu X, Guo D, Huang Q, Jiang C, Kong J, Shi J. Grape seed proanthocyanidins suppressed macrophage foam cell formation by miRNA-9 via targeting ACAT1 in THP-1 cells. Food Funct 2020; 11:1258-1269. [PMID: 31967154 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo02352f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal lipid metabolism in macrophages leads to atherosclerosis (AS). Excessive LDL cholesterol uptake by macrophages in the aortic endothelium leads to formation of foam cells. Previous studies suggested that proanthocyanidins effectively suppress this process, while the in-depth mechanism has not been elucidated. In mononuclear THP-1 cells, we found that the oligomeric fraction of proanthocyanidins was more effective in suppressing foam cell formation and 25 μg ml-1 for 48 h were the optimum conditions. Under these model conditions, we investigated gene expression and for the first time reported expression of regulatory microRNA (miRNA). It was found that the proanthocyanidins restrained macrophage foaming mainly by lowering the expression levels of cholesterol influx-related receptors CD36 and SR-A, and promoting the expression of cholesterol efflux-related receptor ABCA1. Further, it was latest revealed that proanthocyanidins could notably inhibit the expression of ACAT1, a key gene for intracellular cholesterol esterification. Further investigation was performed on the expression of regulatory miRNAs (miR-134 for CD36, miR-134, miR-155 for SR-A, miR-155, let-7g for LOX-1, miR-9 for ACAT1, miR-27a, miR-19b, miR-10b and miR-33a for ABCA1). The relative expression of miR-9, a miRNA targeting ACAT1, was decreased after the treatment of proanthocyanidins. It was most likely that proanthocyanidins suppressed the expression of ACAT1 via up-regulating the expression of miR-9, thus lessening the intracellular lipid accumulation and eventually inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation. This assumption was further verified by use of miR-9 mimic and its inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Shao
- Key Laboratory for Space Bioscience and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710072, P. R. China.
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Procyanidins exhibits neuroprotective activities against cerebral ischemia reperfusion injury by inhibiting TLR4-NLRP3 inflammasome signal pathway. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3283-3293. [PMID: 32729095 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke is a serious cardiovascular disease with high morbidity and mortality rates that affects millions of people worldwide.Currently, the only therapy with proven efficacy for acute ischemic stroke is alteplase, however, it still has many shortcomings and limitations. Therefore,we screen new compounds from traditional Chinese medicine to explore their efficacy against ischemic reperfusion injury. Procyanidins, a natural productextracted from grapes seed, which have been shown can ameliorate cerebral ischemic injury. However, the underlying mechanism is still not very clear. Theaim of this study was to investigate the effect of procyanidins on middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-mediated cerebral ischemic injuryand its underlying possible mechanisms. METHODS SD rats were used to evaluate the effect of procyanidins on MCAO/R induced cerebral ischemic injury in vivo. Histological analysis was used toassess neuronal apoptosis. Cell signaling was assayed by Western blot. RESULTS In this study, we found that procyanidins can significantly ameliorate the middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-mediatedneurological deficits, and relieved brain edema, cerebral infarction volume, histopathological damage and apoptosis in rats. In addition, procyanidins canalso markedly inhibit MCAO/R and oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-mediated activation of TLR4-p38-NF-κB-NLRP3 signalingpathway in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, procyanidins can inhibit MCAO/R and OGD/R-induced the production of inflammatory cytokines such asinterleukin-1β (IL-1β) in vitro and in vivo. Besides, treatment with TLR4 inhibitor (Cli-095) in BV2 cell also shows the same effect. CONCLUSION Altogether, these data suggested that procyanidins exerted a potential neuroprotective effect may by inhibit the TLR4-p38-NF-κB-NLRP3signaling pathway in the brain in MCAO/R rats.
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Park S, Son HK, Chang HC, Lee JJ. Effects of Cabbage-Apple Juice Fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM on Lipid Profile Improvement and Obesity Amelioration in Rats. Nutrients 2020; 12:E1135. [PMID: 32325640 PMCID: PMC7230889 DOI: 10.3390/nu12041135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential of cabbage-apple juice, fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum EM isolated from kimchi, to protect against obesity and dyslipidemia that are induced by a high-fat diet in a rat model. Male rats were fed a modified AIN-93M high-fat diet (HFD), the same diet supplemented with non-fermented cabbage-apple juice, or the same diet supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice for eight weeks. In the HFD-fermented cabbage- apple juice administered groups the following parameters decreased: body weight, liver and white fat pad weights, serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-cholesterol, insulin, glucose and leptin levels, TG levels, while HDL-C and adiponectin levels in serum increased as compared with the HFD group. The HFD-fed rats that were supplemented with fermented cabbage-apple juice exhibited significantly lower fatty acid synthase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and malic enzyme gene expression levels when compared to the exclusively HFD-fed rats. The anti-obesity and hypolipidemic effects were marginally greater in the fermented juice administered group than in the non-fermented juice administered group. These results suggest that cabbage-apple juice-especially fermented cabbage-apple juice-might have beneficial effects on lipid metabolism dysfunction and obesity-related abnormalities. However, further studies are necessary for analyzing the biochemical regulatory mechanisms of fermented juice for obesity amelioration and lipid metabolic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jae-Joon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chosun University, Gwangju 61452, Korea; (S.P.); (H.-K.S.); (H.-C.C.)
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Zhao W, Wang L, Haller V, Ritsch A. A Novel Candidate for Prevention and Treatment of Atherosclerosis: Urolithin B Decreases Lipid Plaque Deposition in apoE -/- Mice and Increases Early Stages of Reverse Cholesterol Transport in ox-LDL Treated Macrophages Cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2019; 63:e1800887. [PMID: 30762936 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201800887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE HDL cholesterol is inversely related to the incidence of atherosclerosis. Polyphenols including ellagitannins have been shown to exert antiatherogenic properties. Urolithin B is formed from ellagitannins by components of the gut microbiota, and urolithins might be involved in beneficial effects against cardiovascular diseases in vitro. In this study, the influence of urolithin B on several parameters involved in the lipid plaque deposition and the reverse cholesterol transport is investigated. METHODS AND RESULTS In apoE-/- mice and two different macrophage cell lines, the influence of urolithin B and its phase II conjugated metabolite on lipid plaque deposition, cholesterol uptake, and expression of ABCA1 and SR-BI is tested. It is shown that urolithin B decreases lipid plaque deposition, both urolithin B and urolithin B sulfate modulate expression of SR-BI and ABCA1, and cholesterol efflux increases from cholesterol laden macrophages to HDL particles as well as to reverse lipid uptake by stimulated THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSIONS Urolithin B can decrease lipid plaque deposition, and urolithin B and urolithin B sulfate are able to induce reverse cholesterol transport by influencing expression of key proteins of this pathway. Urolithin B may represent the basis for development of new drugs for prevention and treatment of atherosclerosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhao
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao,You An Men, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Lixue Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, 10 Xitoutiao,You An Men, Beijing, 100069, P. R. China
| | - Viktoria Haller
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andreas Ritsch
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Fumoto T, Naraoka M, Katagai T, Li Y, Shimamura N, Ohkuma H. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Microvascular Disturbances after Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:684-694. [PMID: 30628008 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress was shown to play a crucial role in the diverse pathogenesis of early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Microcirculatory dysfunction is thought to be an important and fundamental pathological change in EBI. However, other than blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, the influence of oxidative stress on microvessels remains to be elucidated. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of oxidative stress on microcirculatory integrity in EBI. SAH was induced in male Sprague-Dawley rats using an endovascular perforation technique. A free radical scavenger, edaravone, was administered prophylactically by intraperitoneal injection. SAH grade, neurological score, brain water content, and BBB permeability were measured at 24 h after SAH induction. In addition, cortical samples taken at 24 h after SAH were analyzed to explore oxidative stress, microvascular mural cell apoptosis, microspasm, and microthrombosis. Edaravone treatment significantly ameliorated neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB disruption. In addition, oxidative stress-induced modifications and subsequent apoptosis of microvascular endothelial cells and pericytes increased after SAH induction, while the administration of edaravone suppressed this. Consistent with apoptotic cell inhibition, microthromboses were also inhibited by edaravone administration. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the induction of multiple pathological changes in microvessels in EBI. Antioxidants are potential candidates for the treatment of microvascular disturbances after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Fumoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Masato Naraoka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Takeshi Katagai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Yuchen Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Norihito Shimamura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ohkuma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, 5 Zaifucho, Hirosaki, Aomori, 036-8562, Japan.
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Soleti R, Hilairet G, Mallegol P, Dourguia C, Frifra M, Guillou MC, Gacel A, Guyot S, Pignon P, Basset L, Cadot Y, Renou JP, Orsel M, Andriantsitohaina R. Screening of ordinary commercial varieties of apple fruits under different storage conditions for their potential vascular and metabolic protective properties. Food Funct 2018; 9:5855-5867. [PMID: 30358797 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo00967h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies reported that apple consumption is associated with a decrease of cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction, probably due to the polyphenols and fibers present in this fruit. The storage conditions and genetic origin of apples have been reported to influence their content and, as a consequence, their pharmacological properties. The present study evaluated the influence of varieties and storage conditions of traditional and highly appreciated apples including Gala, Golden Delicious, Granny Smith and Pink Lady varieties after harvest and storage under classic cold conditions, under a controlled atmosphere, or under extreme ultra-low oxygen conditions. Thus, a multi-parametric screening on cell models associated with vascular and metabolic dysfunctions - such as endothelial and smooth muscle cells, hepatocytes, adipocytes and macrophages - in relation to the apple polyphenol content has been developed. This strategy demonstrated that, overall, peeled apple samples exhibited a vascular tropism and acted mainly on proliferation and oxidative stress in endothelial and smooth muscle cells. Apple extracts appeared to be less effective on adipocytes and macrophages, but they exhibited antioxidant properties in hepatocytes. Among the varieties, Gala and Golden Delicious were the most efficient against the processes involved in the development of atherosclerosis. Concerning storage conditions, most of the apple varieties were more efficient under harvest conditions, while they could not be discriminated under all other cold conditions and the concentration used, except for the Gala samples. Interestingly, pharmacological properties were associated with the polyphenol profiles of freeze dried apple flesh powder. The present report revealed the potential use of some apple extracts as effective food supplements or nutraceuticals for the prevention and/or management of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Soleti
- INSERM UMR1063, Stress oxydant et pathologies métaboliques, Faculté de Santé, UNIV Angers, Université Bretagne Loire, Angers, France.
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Wu X, Li C, Mariyam Z, Jiang P, Zhou M, Zeb F, Haq IU, Chen A, Feng Q. Acrolein-induced atherogenesis by stimulation of hepatic flavin containing monooxygenase 3 and a protection from hydroxytyrosol. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:475-485. [PMID: 29953618 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Acrolein, a highly toxic α, β-unsaturated aldehyde, promotes the progression of atherosclerosis in association with inflammatory signaling pathway and reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process. Additionally, hepatic flavin containing monooxygenase 3 (FMO3) is involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis by regulating cholesterol metabolism. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), as a major phenolic compound in olive oil, exerts anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic activities in vitro and animal models. The current study was designed to evaluate whether FMO3 participated in pro-atherogenic process by acrolein and HT showed protective effect during this process. Here, endothelial cells and macrophage Raw264.7 cells were used as the cell models. Following oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OX-LDL) treatment, acrolein exposure promoted foam cells formation in macrophage Raw264.7 cells. The expression of FMO3 and inflammatory makers such as phospho-NF-κB, IL-1β, TNFα as well as IL-6 were significantly increased. However, ATP-binding cassette transporters subfamily A member 1 (ABCA1), a major transporter in RCT process, was repressed by acrolein. In addition, FMO3 knockdown could suppress inflammatory markers and promote ABCA1 expression. Hydroxytyrosol (HT) was observed to reduce lipid accumulation, FMO3 expression as well as inflammatory response. Moreover, it promoted ABCA1 expression. Therefore, our findings indicated that acrolein-enhanced atherogenesis by increasing FMO3 which increased inflammatory responses and decreased ABCA1 in vitro can be alleviated by HT, which may have a therapeutic potential for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Wu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chaofeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zahula Mariyam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pan Jiang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Falak Zeb
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ijaz Ul Haq
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Aochang Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Feng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Zhang YY, Li XL, Li TY, Li MY, Huang RM, Li W, Yang RL. 3-(4-Hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid, a major microbial metabolite of procyanidin A2, shows similar suppression of macrophage foam cell formation as its parent molecule. RSC Adv 2018; 8:6242-6250. [PMID: 35540422 PMCID: PMC9078275 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of procyanidin A2 (PCA2) and its major colonic metabolite 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (HPPA) on the suppression of macrophage foam cell formation, and underlying mechanism, were investigated for the first time. The results showed that 12.5 μg mL-1 PCA2 and HPPA significantly reduced cellular lipid accumulation and inhibited foam cell formation. HPPA promoted macrophage cholesterol efflux by up-regulating mRNA expressions of ABCA1 and SR-B1, while PCA2 significantly increased SR-B1 and LXR-α mRNA expression levels. Moreover, PCA2 and HPPA significantly lowered the elevated levels of CD36 mRNA expression in ox-LDL-treated macrophage cells. Besides these, the ox-LDL-induced cellular oxidative stress and inflammation was also restricted by PCA2 and HPPA treatment via nuclear factor kappa-B pathways. In conclusion, PCA2 and its major microbial metabolite, HPPA, inhibited the conversion of macrophage into foam cells via regulating cellular lipid metabolism and suppressing cellular oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ying Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China +86-20-85280270 +86-20-85283448
| | - Xiao-Le Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China +86-898-66193581 +86-898-66198861
| | - Tong-Yun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China +86-20-85280270 +86-20-85283448
| | - Mei-Ying Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China +86-20-85280270 +86-20-85283448
| | - Ri-Ming Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China +86-20-85280270 +86-20-85283448
| | - Wu Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Hainan University Haikou 570228 China +86-898-66193581 +86-898-66198861
| | - Rui-Li Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University Guangzhou 510642 China +86-20-85280270 +86-20-85283448
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