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Gregersen I, Narverud I, Christensen JJ, Hovland A, Øyri LKL, Ueland T, Retterstøl K, Bogsrud MP, Aukrust P, Halvorsen B, Holven KB. Plasma legumain in familial hypercholesterolemia: associations with statin use and cardiovascular risk markers. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024; 84:24-29. [PMID: 38319290 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2309617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Legumain is known to be regulated in atherosclerotic disease and may have both pro- and anti-atherogenic properties. The study aimed to explore legumain in individuals with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a population with increased cardiovascular risk. Plasma legumain was measured in 251 subjects with mostly genetically verified FH, of which 166 were adults (≥18 years) and 85 were children and young adults (<18 years) and compared to 96 normolipidemic healthy controls. Plasma legumain was significantly increased in the total FH population compared to controls (median 4.9 versus 3.3 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001), whereof adult subjects with FH using statins had higher levels compared to non-statin users (5.7 versus 3.9 pg/mL, respectively, p < 0.001). Children and young adults with FH (p = 0.67) did not have plasma legumain different from controls at the same age. Further, in FH subjects, legumain showed a positive association with apoB, and markers of inflammation and platelet activation (i.e. fibrinogen, NAP2 and RANTES). In the current study, we show that legumain is increased in adult subjects with FH using statins, whereas there was no difference in legumain among children and young adults with FH compared to controls. Legumain was further associated with cardiovascular risk markers in the FH population. However the role of legumain in regulation of cardiovascular risk in these individuals is still to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingunn Narverud
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob Juel Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Hovland
- Nordland Heart Center, Norway
- Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Linn K L Øyri
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Kjetil Retterstøl
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- The Lipid Clinic, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Norway
| | - Martin P Bogsrud
- Unit for Cardiac and Cardiovascular Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Thrombosis Research and Expertise Centre, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Wang Q, Huang X, Zeng S, Zhou R, Wang D. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis and machine learning identified the lipid metabolism-related gene LGMN as a novel biomarker for keloid. Exp Dermatol 2024; 33:e14974. [PMID: 37930112 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
The aetiology of keloid formation remains unclear, and existing treatment modalities have not definitively established a successful approach. Therefore, it is necessary to identify reliable and novel keloid biomarkers as potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In this study, we performed differential expression analysis and functional enrichment analysis on the keloid related datasets, and found that multiple metabolism-related pathways were associated with keloid formation. Subsequently, the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were intersected with the results of weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and the lipid metabolism-related genes (LMGs). Then, three learning machine algorithms (SVM-RFE, LASSO and Random Forest) together identified legumain (LGMN) as the most critical LMGs. LGMN was overexpressed in keloid and had a high diagnostic performance. The protein-protein interaction (PPI) network related to LGMN was constructed by GeneMANIA database. Functional analysis of indicated PPI network was involved in multiple immune response-related biological processes. Furthermore, immune infiltration analysis was conducted using the CIBERSORT method. M2-type macrophages were highly infiltrated in keloid tissues and were found to be significantly and positively correlated with LGMN expression. Gene set variation analysis (GSVA) indicated that LGMN may be related to promoting fibroblast proliferation and inhibiting their apoptosis. Moreover, eight potential drug candidates for keloid treatment were predicted by the DSigDB database. Western blot, qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry staining results confirmed that LGMN was highly expressed in keloid. Collectively, our findings may identify a new biomarker and therapeutic target for keloid and contribute to the understanding of the potential pathogenesis of keloid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qirui Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xingtai Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Center for Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Department of Orthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Siyi Zeng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Danru Wang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yan L, Han X, Zhang M, Fu Y, Yang F, Li Q, Cheng T. Integrative analysis of TBI data reveals Lgmn as a key player in immune cell-mediated ferroptosis. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:747. [PMID: 38057699 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09842-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a central nervous system disease caused by external trauma, which has complex pathological and physiological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore the correlation between immune cell infiltration and ferroptosis post-TBI. METHODS This study utilized the GEO database to download TBI data and performed differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes (FRDEGs) analysis. DEGs were further analyzed for enrichment using the DAVID 6.8. Immunoinfiltration cell analysis was performed using the ssGSEA package and the Timer2.0 tool. The WGCNA analysis was then used to explore the gene modules in the data set associated with differential expression of immune cell infiltration and to identify the hub genes. The tidyverse package and corrplot package were used to calculate the correlations between hub genes and immune cell infiltration and ferroptosis-marker genes. The miRDB and TargetScan databases were used to predict complementary miRNAs for the Hub genes selected from the WGCNA analysis, and the DIANA-LncBasev3 tool was used to identify target lncRNAs for the miRNAs, constructing an mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network. RESULTS A total of 320 DEGs and 21 FRDEGs were identified in GSE128543. GO and KEGG analyses showed that the DEGs after TBI were primarily associated with inflammation and immune response. Xcell and ssGSEA immune infiltration cell analysis showed significant infiltration of T cell CD4+ central memory, T cell CD4+ Th2, B cell memory, B cell naive, monocyte, macrophage, and myeloid dendritic cell activated. The WGCNA analysis identified two modules associated with differentially expressed immune cells and identified Lgmn as a hub gene associated with immune infiltrating cells. Lgmn showed significant correlation with immune cells and ferroptosis-marker genes, including Gpx4, Hspb1, Nfe2l2, Ptgs2, Fth1, and Tfrc. Finally, an mRNA-miRNA-lncRNA regulatory network was constructed using Lgmn. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that there is a certain correlation between ferroptosis and immune infiltrating cells in brain tissue after TBI, and that Lgmn plays an important role in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyan Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Mingkang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Yikun Fu
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Tian Cheng
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, Henan, China.
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Deng Y, Fan Y, Wu D, Zhang Z, Zhang M, Huang Z, Gao Y. Relationship between Increased Plasma Levels of Legumain and Properties of Coronary Atherosclerotic Plaque. Arq Bras Cardiol 2023; 120:e20230395. [PMID: 37909538 PMCID: PMC10593388 DOI: 10.36660/abc.20230395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many clinical studies have confirmed that legumain is closely related to atherosclerosis. Unfortunately, different conclusions have been reached, and analyses and studies on atherosclerotic plaque characteristics in patients with increased plasma levels of legumain are still lacking. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the correlation between legumain and coronary atherosclerotic plaque characteristics. METHODS A total of 81 patients with coronary atherosclerotic heart disease (CHD), including 43 patients with unstable angina (UA) and 38 patients with stable angina (SA), were screened by coronary angiography. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) was performed to evaluate the characteristics of coronary atherosclerotic plaques, and plasma legumain levels were also measured. Values of p < 0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS Legumain concentration was significantly higher in the two CHD subgroups than in the control group (all p<0.001). Legumain concentrations in the UA group were significantly higher than in the SA group (p=0.001). The plaque area, remodeling index (RI), and eccentricity index (EI) in the UA group were significantly higher than those in the SA group (p<0.001, p=0.001, p=0.001, respectively). There was a significant positive correlation between legumain levels and RI and EI in both UA and SA patients (all p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS High plasma levels of legumain were closely related to the occurrence and severity of CHD, and the lesions tended to be unstable. Legumain is expected to be a potential inflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis of CHD and the early identification of unstable coronary lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Deng
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Medical UniversityGeneral HospitalTianjinChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin – China
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Yudong Fan
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Di Wu
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Zilong Zhang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Zhiping Huang
- Department of CardiologyEmergency General HospitalBeijingChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Emergency General Hospital, Beijing – China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Department of CardiologyTianjin Medical UniversityGeneral HospitalTianjinChinaDepartment of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin – China
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Örd T, Lönnberg T, Nurminen V, Ravindran A, Niskanen H, Kiema M, Õunap K, Maria M, Moreau PR, Mishra PP, Palani S, Virta J, Liljenbäck H, Aavik E, Roivainen A, Ylä-Herttuala S, Laakkonen JP, Lehtimäki T, Kaikkonen MU. Dissecting the polygenic basis of atherosclerosis via disease-associated cell state signatures. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:722-740. [PMID: 37060905 PMCID: PMC10183377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a pandemic disease where up to half of the risk is explained by genetic factors. Advanced insights into the genetic basis of CAD require deeper understanding of the contributions of different cell types, molecular pathways, and genes to disease heritability. Here, we investigate the biological diversity of atherosclerosis-associated cell states and interrogate their contribution to the genetic risk of CAD by using single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) of mouse and human lesions. We identified 12 disease-associated cell states that we characterized further by gene set functional profiling, ligand-receptor prediction, and transcription factor inference. Importantly, Vcam1+ smooth muscle cell state genes contributed most to SNP-based heritability of CAD. In line with this, genetic variants near smooth muscle cell state genes and regulatory elements explained the largest fraction of CAD-risk variance between individuals. Using this information for variant prioritization, we derived a hybrid polygenic risk score (PRS) that demonstrated improved performance over a classical PRS. Our results provide insights into the biological mechanisms associated with CAD risk, which could make a promising contribution to precision medicine and tailored therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiit Örd
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Tapio Lönnberg
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, 20520 Turku, Finland; InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, University of Turku
| | - Valtteri Nurminen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Aarthi Ravindran
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Henri Niskanen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Miika Kiema
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Kadri Õunap
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maleeha Maria
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pierre R Moreau
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pashupati P Mishra
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Senthil Palani
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Jenni Virta
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Heidi Liljenbäck
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Einari Aavik
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Anne Roivainen
- Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku Center for Disease Modeling, University of Turku, 20520 Turku, Finland; Turku PET Centre, Turku University Hospital, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Johanna P Laakkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories and Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Minna U Kaikkonen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
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Solberg R, Lunde NN, Forbord KM, Okla M, Kassem M, Jafari A. The Mammalian Cysteine Protease Legumain in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415983. [PMID: 36555634 PMCID: PMC9788469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cysteine protease legumain (also known as asparaginyl endopeptidase or δ-secretase) is the only known mammalian asparaginyl endopeptidase and is primarily localized to the endolysosomal system, although it is also found extracellularly as a secreted protein. Legumain is involved in the regulation of diverse biological processes and tissue homeostasis, and in the pathogenesis of various malignant and nonmalignant diseases. In addition to its proteolytic activity that leads to the degradation or activation of different substrates, legumain has also been shown to have a nonproteolytic ligase function. This review summarizes the current knowledge about legumain functions in health and disease, including kidney homeostasis, hematopoietic homeostasis, bone remodeling, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fibrosis, aging and senescence, neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. In addition, this review addresses the effects of some marketed drugs on legumain. Expanding our knowledge on legumain will delineate the importance of this enzyme in regulating physiological processes and disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rigmor Solberg
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Martin Forbord
- Section for Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Department of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Meshail Okla
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Community Health Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 12372, Saudi Arabia
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Abbas Jafari
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5000 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Correspondence: (R.S.); (A.J.); Tel.: +47-22-857-514 (R.S.); +45-35-337-423 (A.J.)
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Wang D, Ma Z, Wang T. Letter by Wang et al Regarding Article, "Legumain Is an Endogenous Modulator of Integrin αvβ3 Triggering Vascular Degeneration, Dissection, and Rupture". Circulation 2022; 146:e142-e143. [PMID: 36095060 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.122.060398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daxin Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., T.W.)
| | - Ziwei Ma
- Dalian Medical University, Liaoning, China (Z.M.)
| | - Ti Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Jiangsu, China (D.W., T.W.)
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Kanathasan JS, Palanisamy UD, Radhakrishnan AK, Chakravarthi S, Thong TB, Swamy V. Protease-targeting peptide-functionalized porous silicon nanoparticles for cancer fluorescence imaging. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2022; 17:1511-1528. [PMID: 36382634 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2022-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Porous silicon (pSi) nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with suitable targeting ligands are now established cancer bioimaging agents and drug-delivery platforms. With growing interest in peptides as tumor-targeting ligands, much work has focused on the use of various peptides in combination with pSi NPs for cancer theranostics. Here, the authors investigated the targeting potential of pSi NPs functionalized with two types of peptide, a linear 10-mer peptide and its branched (Y-shaped) equivalent, that respond to legumain activity in tumor cells. Results: In vitro experiments established that the linear peptide-pSi NP conjugate had better aqueous stability under tumor conditions and higher binding efficiency (p < 0.001) toward legumain-expressing cells such as RAW 264.7 cells compared with that of its branched equivalent. In vivo studies (analyzed using ex vivo fluorescence) with the linear peptide-pSi NP formulation using a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer showed a higher accumulation (p > 0.05) of linear peptide-conjugated pSi NPs in the tumor site within 4 h compared with nonconjugated pSi NPs. These results suggest that the linear peptide-pSi NP formulation is a nontoxic, stable and efficient fluorescence bioimaging agent and potential drug-delivery platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayasree S Kanathasan
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Uma Devi Palanisamy
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Ammu K Radhakrishnan
- Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Srikumar Chakravarthi
- MAHSA University, Jalan SP 2, Bandar Saujana Putra, Jenjarom, Selangor, 42610, Malaysia
| | - Tan Boon Thong
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
| | - Varghese Swamy
- Mechanical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Subang Jaya, Selangor, 47500, Malaysia
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Pan L, Bai P, Weng X, Liu J, Chen Y, Chen S, Ma X, Hu K, Sun A, Ge J. Legumain Is an Endogenous Modulator of Integrin αvβ3 Triggering Vascular Degeneration, Dissection, and Rupture. Circulation 2022; 145:659-674. [PMID: 35100526 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.121.056640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The development of thoracic aortic dissection (TAD) is closely related to extracellular matrix degradation and vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) transformation from contractile to synthetic type. LGMN (legumain) degrades extracellular matrix components directly or by activating downstream signals. The role of LGMN in VSMC differentiation and the occurrence of TAD remains elusive. METHODS Microarray datasets concerning vascular dissection or aneurysm were downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database to screen differentially expressed genes. Four-week-old male Lgmn knockout mice (Lgmn-/-), macrophage-specific Lgmn knockout mice (LgmnF/F;LysMCre), and RR-11a-treated C57BL/6 mice were given BAPN (β-aminopropionitrile monofumarate; 1 g/kg/d) in drinking water for 4 weeks for TAD modeling. RNA sequencing analysis was performed to recapitulate transcriptome profile changes. Cell interaction was examined in macrophage and VSMC coculture system. The reciprocity of macrophage-derived LGMN with integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs was tested by coimmunoprecipitation assay and colocalization analyses. RESULTS Microarray datasets from the Gene Expression Omnibus database indicated upregulated LGMN in aorta from patients with TAD and mice with angiotensin II-induced AAA. Elevated LGMN was evidenced in aorta and sera from patients with TAD and mice with BAPN-induced TAD. BAPN-induced TAD progression was significantly ameliorated in Lgmn-deficient or inhibited mice. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn alleviated BAPN-induced extracellular matrix degradation. Unbiased profiler polymerase chain reaction array and Gene Ontology analysis displayed that LGMN regulated VSMC phenotype transformation. Macrophage-specific deletion of Lgmn ameliorated VSMC phenotypic switch in BAPN-treated mice. Macrophage-derived LGMN inhibited VSMC differentiation in vitro as assessed by macrophages and the VSMC coculture system. Macrophage-derived LGMN bound to integrin αvβ3 in VSMCs and blocked integrin αvβ3, thereby attenuating Rho GTPase activation, downregulating VSMC differentiation markers and eventually exacerbating TAD development. ROCK (Rho kinase) inhibitor Y-27632 reversed the protective role of LGMN depletion in vascular dissection. CONCLUSIONS LGMN signaling may be a novel target for the prevention and treatment of TAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Pan
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Peiyuan Bai
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xinyu Weng
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Yingjie Chen
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (Y.C.)
| | - Siqin Chen
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Xiurui Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Kai Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Aijun Sun
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
| | - Junbo Ge
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China (L.P., S.C., A.S., J.G.).,Department of Cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, China (P.B., X.W., J.L., X.M., K.H., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.).,Key Laboratory of Viral Heart Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai, China (L.P., P.B., X.W., J.L., S.C., X.M., A.S., J.G.)
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10
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Wei W, Chen S, Huang J, Tong Y, Zhang J, Qiu X, Zhang W, Chen H, Huang R, Cai J, Tu M. Serum Legumain Is Associated with Peripheral Artery Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:5651469. [PMID: 34961842 PMCID: PMC8710170 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5651469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Legumain is related to carotid atherosclerotic plaques and may be a new biomarker of carotid atherosclerosis. However, the association between legumain and peripheral artery disease (PAD) of lower extremity has been less studied. This study is aimed at exploring the potential link between legumain and PAD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on 483 hospitalized T2DM patients. The serum legumain level was measured by a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. PAD was evaluated by color Doppler sonography. The association between legumain and PAD was tested by logistic regression. The predictive power of legumain for PAD was evaluated with the receiver-operating-characteristic (ROC) curve. RESULTS Overall, 201 (41.6%) patients suffered from PAD. Patients with PAD had significantly higher serum legumain level than those without PAD [11.9 (6.3, 17.9) μg/L vs. 7.6 (3.2, 14.2) μg/L, p < 0.001]. Logistic regression showed that a higher serum legumain level was independently associated with a greater risk of PAD in T2DM patients [adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 1.03; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.01-1.06]. The area under the ROC curve was 0.634 (95% CI, 0.585 to 0.684). CONCLUSION High serum legumain level was significantly correlated with an increased risk of PAD in T2DM patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Wei
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
- The Second School of Clinical Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Shujin Chen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jianqing Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Yan Tong
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jushun Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Xiuping Qiu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hangju Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Rong Huang
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
| | - Jin Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350004, China
| | - Mei Tu
- Department of Endocrinology, Fujian Longyan First Hospital, Longyan First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Longyan 364000, China
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11
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Legumain is a predictor of all-cause mortality and potential therapeutic target in acute myocardial infarction. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1014. [PMID: 33243972 PMCID: PMC7691341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The prognostic impact of extracellular matrix (ECM) modulation and its regulatory mechanism post-acute myocardial infarction (AMI), require further clarification. Herein, we explore the predictive role of legumain—which showed the ability in ECM degradation—in an AMI patient cohort and investigate the underlying mechanisms. A total of 212 AMI patients and 323 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Moreover, AMI was induced in mice by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending artery and fibroblasts were adopted for mechanism analysis. Based on the cut-off value for the receiver-operating characteristics curve, AMI patients were stratified into low (n = 168) and high (n = 44) plasma legumain concentration (PLG) groups. However, PLG was significantly higher in AMI patients than that in the healthy controls (median 5.9 μg/L [interquartile range: 4.2–9.3 μg/L] vs. median 4.4 μg/L [interquartile range: 3.2–6.1 μg/L], P < 0.001). All-cause mortality was significantly higher in the high PLG group compared to that in the low PLG group (median follow-up period, 39.2 months; 31.8% vs. 12.5%; P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that high PLG was associated with increased all-cause mortality after adjusting for clinical confounders (HR = 3.1, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.4–7.0, P = 0.005). In accordance with the clinical observations, legumain concentration was also increased in peripheral blood, and infarcted cardiac tissue from experimental AMI mice. Pharmacological blockade of legumain with RR-11a, improved cardiac function, decreased cardiac rupture rate, and attenuated left chamber dilation and wall thinning post-AMI. Hence, plasma legumain concentration is of prognostic value in AMI patients. Moreover, legumain aggravates cardiac remodelling through promoting ECM degradation which occurs, at least partially, via activation of the MMP-2 pathway.
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12
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Gregersen I, Michelsen AE, Lunde NN, Åkerblom A, Lakic TG, Skjelland M, Ryeng Skagen K, Becker RC, Lindbäck J, Himmelmann A, Solberg R, Johansen HT, James SK, Siegbahn A, Storey RF, Kontny F, Aukrust P, Ueland T, Wallentin L, Halvorsen B. Legumain in Acute Coronary Syndromes: A Substudy of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) Trial. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016360. [PMID: 32809893 PMCID: PMC7660754 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.120.016360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The cysteine protease legumain is increased in patients with atherosclerosis, but its causal role in atherogenesis and cardiovascular disease is still unclear. The aim of the study was to investigate the association of legumain with clinical outcome in a large cohort of patients with acute coronary syndrome. Methods and Results Serum levels of legumain were analyzed in 4883 patients with acute coronary syndrome from a substudy of the PLATO (Platelet Inhibition and Patient Outcomes) trial. Levels were analyzed at admission and after 1 month follow-up. Associations between legumain and a composite of cardiovascular death, spontaneous myocardial infarction or stroke, and its individual components were assessed by multivariable Cox regression analyses. At baseline, a 50% increase in legumain level was associated with a hazard ratio (HR) of 1.13 (95% CI, 1.04-1.21), P=0.0018, for the primary composite end point, adjusted for randomized treatment. The association remained significant after adjustment for important clinical and demographic variables (HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.02-1.19; P=0.013) but not in the fully adjusted model. Legumain levels at 1 month were not associated with the composite end point but were negatively associated with stroke (HR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.44-0.88; P=0.0069), including in the fully adjusted model (HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.37-0.88; P=0.0114). Conclusions Baseline legumain was associated with the primary outcome in patients with acute coronary syndrome, but not in the fully adjusted model. The association between high levels of legumain at 1 month and decreased occurrence of stroke could be of interest from a mechanistic point of view, illustrating the potential dual role of legumain during atherogenesis and acute coronary syndrome. Registration URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov; Unique identifier: NCT00391872.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Gregersen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Annika E Michelsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
| | - Ngoc Nguyen Lunde
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Axel Åkerblom
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Tatevik G Lakic
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mona Skjelland
- Department of Neurology Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway
| | | | - Richard C Becker
- Division of Cardiovascular Health and Disease Heart, Lung and Vascular Institute Academic Health Center Cincinnati OH
| | - Johan Lindbäck
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | | | - Rigmor Solberg
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Harald T Johansen
- Section of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Biosciences Department of Pharmacy University of Oslo Norway
| | - Stefan K James
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Agneta Siegbahn
- Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Robert F Storey
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease University of Sheffield Sheffield United Kingdom
| | - Frederic Kontny
- Department of Cardiology Stavanger University Hospital Stavanger Norway.,Drammen Heart Center Drammen Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway.,Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC The Faculty of Health Sciences The Arctic University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway.,K.G. Jebsen TREC The Faculty of Health Sciences The Arctic University of Tromsø Tromsø Norway
| | - Lars Wallentin
- Department of Medical Sciences, Cardiology and Uppsala Clinical Research Center Uppsala University Uppsala Sweden
| | - Bente Halvorsen
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet Oslo Norway.,Institute of Clinical Medicine Faculty of Medicine University of Oslo Norway
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de Jager SC, Hoefer IE. Legumain in cardiovascular disease: Culprit or ally? Atherosclerosis 2020; 296:66-67. [PMID: 32014264 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saskia C de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Imo E Hoefer
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, UMC Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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