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McGeoghegan PB, Lu M, Sleeper LA, Emani SM, Baird CW, Feins EN, Gellis LA, Friedman KG. Cleft closure and other predictors of contemporary outcomes after atrioventricular canal repair in patients with parachute left atrioventricular valve. INTERDISCIPLINARY CARDIOVASCULAR AND THORACIC SURGERY 2024; 38:ivae048. [PMID: 38539038 PMCID: PMC11014788 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parachute left atrioventricular valve (LAVV) complicates atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) repair. We evaluate outcomes of AVSD patients with parachute LAVV and identify risk factors for adverse outcomes. METHODS We evaluated all patients undergoing repair of AVSD with parachute LAVV from 2012 to 2021. The primary outcome was a composite of time-to-death, LAVV reintervention and development of greater than or equal to moderate LAVV dysfunction (greater than or equal to moderate LAVV stenosis and/or LAVV regurgitation). Event-free survival for the composite outcome was estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology and competing risks analysis. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify predictors of the primary outcome. RESULTS A total of 36 patients were included with a median age at repair of 4 months (interquartile range 2.3-5.5 months). Over a median follow-up of 2.6 years (interquartile range 1.0-5.6 years), 6 (17%) patients underwent LAVV reintervention. All 6 patients who underwent LAVV reintervention had right-dominant AVSD. Sixteen patients (44%) met the composite outcome, and all did so within 2 years of initial repair. Transitional AVSD (versus complete), prior single-ventricle palliation, leaving the cleft completely open and greater than or equal to moderate preoperative LAVV regurgitation were associated with a higher risk of LAVV reintervention in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis, leaving the cleft completely open was associated with the composite outcome. CONCLUSIONS Repair of AVSD with parachute LAVV remains a challenge with a significant burden of LAVV reintervention and dysfunction in medium-term follow-up. Unbalanced, right-dominant AVSDs are at higher risk for LAVV reintervention. Leaving the cleft completely open might independently predict poor overall outcomes and should be avoided when possible. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER IRB-P00041642.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Minmin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lynn A Sleeper
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric N Feins
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura A Gellis
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kevin G Friedman
- Department of Cardiology, Children’s Hospital Boston, Boston, MA, USA
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Jones AL, White BR, Ghosh RM, Mondal A, Ampah S, Ho DY, Whitehead K, Harris MA, Biko DM, Partington S, Fuller S, Cohen MS, Fogel MA. Cardiac magnetic resonance predictors for successful primary biventricular repair of unbalanced complete common atrioventricular canal. Cardiol Young 2024; 34:387-394. [PMID: 37462049 PMCID: PMC10929573 DOI: 10.1017/s1047951123001786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with unbalanced common atrioventricular canal can be difficult to manage. Surgical planning often depends on pre-operative echocardiographic measurements. We aimed to determine the added utility of cardiac MRI in predicting successful biventricular repair in common atrioventricular canal. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of children with common atrioventricular canal who underwent MRI prior to repair. Associations between MRI and echocardiographic measures and surgical outcome were tested using logistic regression, and models were compared using area under the receiver operator characteristic curve. RESULTS We included 28 patients (median age at MRI: 5.2 months). The optimal MRI model included the novel end-diastolic volume index (using the ratio of left ventricular end-diastolic volume to total end-diastolic volume) and the left ventricle-right ventricle angle in diastole (area under the curve 0.83, p = 0.041). End-diastolic volume index ≤ 0.18 and left ventricle-right ventricle angle in diastole ≤ 72° yield a sensitivity of 83% and specificity of 81% for successful biventricular repair. The optimal multimodality model included the end-diastolic volume index and the echocardiographic atrioventricular valve index with an area under the curve of 0.87 (p = 0.026). CONCLUSIONS Cardiac MRI can successfully predict successful biventricular repair in patients with unbalanced common atrioventricular canal utilising the end-diastolic volume index alone or in combination with the MRI left ventricle-right ventricle angle in diastole or the echocardiographic atrioventricular valve index. A prospective cardiac MRI study is warranted to better define the multimodality characteristic predictive of successful biventricular surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea L. Jones
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Brian R. White
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Reena M. Ghosh
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Antara Mondal
- Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Steve Ampah
- Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Deborah Y. Ho
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Whitehead
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew A. Harris
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M. Biko
- Department of Radiology, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Partington
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stephanie Fuller
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Meryl S. Cohen
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark A. Fogel
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Beattie MJ, Sleeper LA, Lu M, Teele SA, Breitbart RE, Esch JJ, Salvin JW, Kapoor U, Oladunjoye O, Emani SM, Banka P. Factors associated with morbidity, mortality, and hemodynamic failure after biventricular conversion in borderline hypoplastic left hearts. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2023; 166:933-942.e3. [PMID: 36803549 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2023.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A subset of patients with borderline hypoplastic left heart may be candidates for single to biventricular conversion, but long-term morbidity and mortality persist. Prior studies have shown conflicting results regarding the association of preoperative diastolic dysfunction and outcome, and patient selection remains challenging. METHODS Patients with borderline hypoplastic left heart undergoing biventricular conversion from 2005 to 2017 were included. Cox regression identified preoperative factors associated with a composite outcome of time to mortality, heart transplant, takedown to single ventricle circulation, or hemodynamic failure (defined as left ventricular end-diastolic pressure >20 mm Hg, mean pulmonary artery pressure >35 mm Hg, or pulmonary vascular resistance >6 international Woods units). RESULTS Among 43 patients, 20 (46%) met the outcome, with a median time to outcome of 5.2 years. On univariate analysis, endocardial fibroelastosis, lower left ventricular end-diastolic volume/body surface area (when <50 mL/m2), lower left ventricular stroke volume/body surface area (when <32 mL/m2), and lower left:right ventricular stroke volume ratio (when <0.7) were associated with outcome; higher preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was not. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that endocardial fibroelastosis (hazard ratio, 5.1, 95% confidence interval, 1.5-22.7, P = .033) and left ventricular stroke volume/body surface area 28 mL/m2 or less (hazard ratio, 4.3, 95% confidence interval, 1.5-12.3, P = .006) were independently associated with a higher hazard of the outcome. Approximately all patients (86%) with endocardial fibroelastosis and left ventricular stroke volume/body surface area 28 mL/m2 or less met the outcome compared with 10% of those without endocardial fibroelastosis and with higher stroke volume/body surface area. CONCLUSIONS History of endocardial fibroelastosis and smaller left ventricular stroke volume/body surface area are independent factors associated with adverse outcomes among patients with borderline hypoplastic left heart undergoing biventricular conversion. Normal preoperative left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is insufficient to reassure against diastolic dysfunction after biventricular conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan J Beattie
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.
| | - Lynn A Sleeper
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Minmin Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sarah A Teele
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Roger E Breitbart
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Jesse J Esch
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Joshua W Salvin
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Urvi Kapoor
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Olubunmi Oladunjoye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Puja Banka
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
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Cantinotti M, McMahon CJ, Marchese P, Köstenberger M, Scalese M, Franchi E, Santoro G, Assanta N, Jacquemyn X, Kutty S, Giordano R. Echocardiographic Parameters for Risk Prediction in Borderline Right Ventricle: Review with Special Emphasis on Pulmonary Atresia with Intact Ventricular Septum and Critical Pulmonary Stenosis. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4599. [PMID: 37510714 PMCID: PMC10380858 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present review is to highlight the strengths and limitations of echocardiographic parameters and scores employed to predict favorable outcome in complex congenital heart diseases (CHDs) with borderline right ventricle (RV), with a focus on pulmonary atresia with intact ventricular septum and critical pulmonary stenosis (PAIVS/CPS). A systematic search in the National Library of Medicine using Medical Subject Headings and free-text terms including echocardiography, CHD, and scores, was performed. The search was refined by adding keywords "PAIVS/CPS", Ebstein's anomaly, and unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect with left dominance. A total of 22 studies were selected for final analysis; 12 of them were focused on parameters to predict biventricular repair (BVR)/pulmonary blood flow augmentation in PAIVS/CPS. All of these studies presented numerical (the limited sample size) and methodological limitations (retrospective design, poor definition of inclusion/exclusion criteria, variability in the definition of outcomes, differences in adopted surgical and interventional strategies). There was heterogeneity in the echocardiographic parameters employed and cut-off values proposed, with difficultly in establishing which one should be recommended. Easy scores such as TV/MV (tricuspid/mitral valve) and RV/LV (right/left ventricle) ratios were proven to have a good prognostic accuracy; however, the data were very limited (only two studies with <40 subjects). In larger studies, RV end-diastolic area and a higher degree of tricuspid regurgitation were also proven as accurate predictors of successful BVR. These measures, however, may be either operator and/or load/pressure dependent. TV Z-scores have been proposed by several authors, but old and heterogenous nomograms sources have been employed, thus producing discordant results. In summary, we provide a review of the currently available echocardiographic parameters for risk prediction in CHDs with a diminutive RV that may serve as a guide for use in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cantinotti
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Colin Joseph McMahon
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Childrens Health Ireland, D12 N512 Dublin, Ireland
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Pietro Marchese
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Istituto di Scienze Della Vita (ISV), Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Martin Köstenberger
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Medical University Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Marco Scalese
- Istituto di Scienze Della Vita (ISV), Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Eliana Franchi
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Nadia Assanta
- Fondazione G. Monasterio CNR-Regione Toscana, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Xander Jacquemyn
- Helen B. Taussig Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Helen B. Taussig Heart Center, Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Raffaele Giordano
- Adult and Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Department Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples "Federico II", 80131 Naples, Italy
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Rao PS. Therapy of Patients with Cardiac Malposition. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 10:children10040739. [PMID: 37189988 DOI: 10.3390/children10040739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Positional abnormalities per se do not require treatment, but in their place, the accompanying pulmonary pathology in dextroposition patients and pathophysiologic hemodynamic abnormalities resulting from multiple defects in patients with cardiac malposition should be the focus of treatment. At the time of the first presentation, treating the pathophysiologic aberrations caused by the defect complex, whether it is by improving the pulmonary blood flow or restricting it, is the first step. Some patients with simpler or single defects are amenable to surgical or transcatheter therapy and should be treated accordingly. Other associated defects should also be treated appropriately. Biventricular or univentricular repair dependent on the patient's cardiac structure should be planned. Complications in-between Fontan stages and after conclusion of Fontan surgery may occur and should be promptly diagnosed and addressed accordingly. Several other cardiac abnormalities unrelated to the initially identified heart defects may manifest in adulthood, and they should also be treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Syamasundar Rao
- Children's Heart Institute, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, 6410 Fannin Street, UTPB Suite # 425, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Alkattan HN, Ardah HI, Arifi AA, Yelbuz TM. The evolving treatment of congenital heart disease in patient with Down syndrome: Current state of knowledge. J Card Surg 2022; 37:3760-3768. [PMID: 35989531 DOI: 10.1111/jocs.16875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Children with Down syndrome are usually seen as not worthy of high-risk cardiac surgery. Through this review, we try to show the results of curative and palliative surgery for functional single ventricle syndrome in patients with Down syndrome, as there is currently no standard protocol for the treatment of this category of patients. METHODS An exhaustive search of all related published medical literature included the following domains: Down syndrome and diagnosis, Down syndrome and taxonomy, Down syndrome, and natural history, Down syndrome and cardiovascular abnormalities, Down syndrome and pulmonary hypertension, Down syndrome and institutionalization, Down syndrome and surgical repair, Down syndrome, and single ventricle palliation, Down syndrome and Glenn, Down syndrome, and Fontan. RESULTS 12 articles were included from 775 identified. Low-risk cardiac surgery procedure should be provided for Down syndrome with a balanced ventricular septal defect. There is no universal agreement about the surgical approach for Down syndrome with unbalanced ventricular septal defects, but it can be performed at relatively low risk. CONCLUSIONS TCPC in Down syndrome patients could be a relatively low-risk procedure if patients are prepared well and their pulmonary vascular resistance is low. Randomized prospective studies are required to show the long-term impact of TCPC palliation and develop a better understanding of standardized care of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani N Alkattan
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Husam I Ardah
- Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A Arifi
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talat M Yelbuz
- Department of Cardiac Sciences, Ministry of the National Guard - Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Cardiac Science, King Abdulaziz Medical City, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Sengupta A, Nathan M. Commentary: Scoops and Goose Necks: Long Term Challenges Following Atrioventricular Septal Defect Repair. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2022; 35:539-540. [PMID: 35843513 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2022.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Sengupta
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Meena Nathan
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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8
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Rodríguez MR, DiNardo JA. Biventricular Repair as an Alternative to Single Ventricle Palliation in the Child with Hypoplastic Left Heart Structures: What the Anesthesiologist Should Know. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2022; 36:3927-3938. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2022.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Shi B, Pan Y, Luo W, Luo K, Sun Q, Liu J, Zhu Z, Wang H, He X, Zheng J. Impact of 3D Printing on Short-Term Outcomes of Biventricular Conversion From Single Ventricular Palliation for the Complex Congenital Heart Defects. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:801444. [PMID: 34993241 PMCID: PMC8724052 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.801444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Although Fontan palliation seems to be inevitable for many patients with complex congenital heart defects (CHDs), candidates with appropriate conditions could be selected for biventricular conversion. We aimed to summarize our single-center experience in patient selection, surgical strategies, and early outcomes in biventricular conversion for the complex CHD.Methods: From April 2017 to June 2021, we reviewed 23 cases with complex CHD who underwent biventricular conversion. Patients were divided into two groups according to the development of the ventricles: balanced ventricular group (15 cases) and imbalanced ventricular group (8 cases). Early and short-term outcomes during the 30.2 months (range, 4.2–49.8 months) follow-up period were compared.Results: The overall mortality rate was 4.3% with one death case. In the balanced ventricular group, 6 cases received 3D printing for pre-operational evaluation. One case died because of heart failure in the early postoperative period. One case received reoperation due to the obstruction of the superior vena cava. In the imbalanced ventricular group, the mean left ventricular end-diastolic volume was (33.6 ± 2.1) ml/m2, the mean left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was 9.1 ± 1.9 mmHg, and 4 cases received 3D printing. No death occurred while one case implanted a pacemaker due to a third-degree atrioventricular block. The pre-operational evaluation and surgery simulation with a 3D printing model helped to reduce bypass time in the balanced group (p < 0.05), and reduced both bypass and aorta clamp time in the imbalanced group (p < 0.05). All patients presented great cardiac function in the follow-up period.Conclusion: Comprehensive evaluation, especially 3D printing technique, was conducive to finding the appropriate cases for biventricular conversion and significantly reduced surgery time. Biventricular conversion in selected patients led to promising clinical outcomes, albeit unverified long-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhong Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanjun Pan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiru Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Luo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Children's Medical Center, Institute of Pediatric Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongqun Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Hao Wang
| | - Xiaomin He
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Xiaomin He
| | - Jinghao Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Jinghao Zheng
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Bellsham-Revell H, Salih C. Left ventricular growth, but not the whole picture. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2021; 60:542-543. [PMID: 33904905 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezab206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Caner Salih
- Department of Congenital Heart Disease, Evelina London Children's Hospital, London, UK
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11
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Rao PS. Single Ventricle-A Comprehensive Review. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 8:441. [PMID: 34073809 PMCID: PMC8225092 DOI: 10.3390/children8060441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, the author enumerates cardiac defects with a functionally single ventricle, summarizes single ventricle physiology, presents a summary of management strategies to address the single ventricle defects, goes over the steps of staged total cavo-pulmonary connection, cites the prevalence of inter-stage mortality, names the causes of inter-stage mortality, discusses strategies to address the inter-stage mortality, reviews post-Fontan issues, and introduces alternative approaches to Fontan circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Syamasundar Rao
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, 6410 Fannin Street, UTPB Suite # 425, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Biventricular conversion after Fontan completion: A preliminary experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2021; 163:1211-1223. [PMID: 34045059 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2021.04.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the feasibility and outcomes of biventricular conversion following takedown of Fontan circulation. METHODS Retrospective analysis of patients who had takedown of Fontan circulation and conversion to biventricular circulation at a single center from September 2007 to April 2020. Failing Fontan physiology was defined as Fontan circulation pressure >15 mm Hg and/or the presence of associated complications. RESULTS Biventricular conversion was performed in 23 patients at a median age of 10.0 (7.5-13.0) years. Indications included failing Fontan physiology in 15 (65%) and elective takedown in 8 (35%) patients. A subset of patients (n = 6) underwent procedures for staged recruitment of the nondominant ventricle before conversion. Median z score of end-diastolic volume of borderline ventricle before takedown was -2.3 (-3.3, -1.3). Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (P < .01) and sub-/aortic stenosis (P < .01) were more common in these patients. Biventricular conversion with or without staged ventricular recruitment led to a significant increase in indexed end-diastolic volume (P < .01), indexed end-systolic volume (P < .01), and ventricular mass (P < .01) of the nondominant ventricle (14 right, 9 left ventricle). There were 5 (22%) deaths (1 [4%] early death). All who underwent elective biventricular conversion survived, whereas 2-year survival rate for patients with a failing Fontan circulation was 72.7% (95% confidence interval, 37%-90%). The overall, 3-year reoperation-free survival was 86.7% (95% confidence interval, 56%-96%). Left dominant atrioventricular canal defect (P < .01) and early era of biventricular conversion (P = .02) were significant predictors for mortality. CONCLUSIONS A primary as well as a staged biventricular conversion is feasible in patients who have had previous Fontan procedure. Although this provides an alternative to transplantation in patients with failing Fontan, outcomes are worse in those with failing Fontan compared with elective takedown of Fontan circulation. Optimal timing needs further evaluation.
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Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography for the pediatric cardiologist. PROGRESS IN PEDIATRIC CARDIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ppedcard.2020.101273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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14
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Najm HK, Karamlou T, Ahmad M, Hassan S, Yaman M, Stewart R, Pettersson G. Biventricular Conversion in Unseptatable Hearts: "Ventricular Switch". Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 33:172-180. [PMID: 32858218 DOI: 10.1053/j.semtcvs.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Patients with complex systemic and pulmonary venous anatomy, common atrioventricular canal defects and conotruncal anomalies have traditionally been routed to univentricular palliation and labeled as "unseptatable." This report describes our initial experience in septation/biventricular conversion ("ventricular switch"), utilizing the left ventricle (LV) as the subpulmonary ventricle, essentially recapitulating the physiology of congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Five consecutive patients with challenging anatomic configuration underwent septation. All patients were severely cyanotic and had important functional limitations. All patients required complex atrial septation. Ventricular septation was precluded by fixed pulmonary vascular resistance in 2 patients. Systemic venous return was diverted to the morphologic LV as part of physiological 2V (n = 4) or 1.5 V repair (n = 1). Median conversion age was 9 years (range 11 months-46 years). Four patients had 12 previous cardiac surgical procedures in preparation for univentricular repair elsewhere. Three dimensional-printed heart models evaluated feasibility of septation. All patients are alive at a median follow-up of 0.6 years (range 0.08-2.7 years). Median hospital stay was 13 (range 10-60) days. LV recruitment improved functional status and significantly increased systemic oxygen saturation in all patients (79 ± 7% vs 95 ± 5%, P = 0.003). We report a novel paradigm for successfully utilizing both ventricles with the morphologic LV as the subpulmonary ventricle, in a complex population thought to be unseptatable. This approach is versatile and can likely be extrapolated to other complex anatomic configurations. Although we utilized this strategy in patients of variable age, earlier ventricular switch may yield the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hani K Najm
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
| | - Tara Karamlou
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Munir Ahmad
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Saad Hassan
- Division of adult Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Malek Yaman
- Division of adult Cardiothoracic Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Robert Stewart
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Congenital Heart Center, Akron Children's Hospital, Akron, Ohio
| | - Gosta Pettersson
- Division of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Heart Vascular Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio; Department of Pediatrics and Pediatric Cardiology, Pediatric Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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15
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From Fontan to Anatomical Repair 16 Years Later. Ann Thorac Surg 2020; 111:e15-e17. [PMID: 32540435 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2020.04.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Decision making for univentricular or anatomical repair remains challenging in children with borderline left ventricle. Unpredictable outcomes have led many caregivers to pursue a single-ventricle strategy. We describe 2 cases of patients with borderline left ventricle initially palliated with univentricular strategy followed by very late conversion to anatomical repair 4 and 16 years later. Anatomical conversion should be considered for these patients even many years later. During the first palliation stages, hemodynamic conditions preserving the potential for growth of the left ventricle should be maintained.
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16
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Baban A, Olivini N, Cantarutti N, Calì F, Vitello C, Valentini D, Adorisio R, Calcagni G, Alesi V, Di Mambro C, Villani A, Dallapiccola B, Digilio MC, Marino B, Carotti A, Drago F. Differences in morbidity and mortality in Down syndrome are related to the type of congenital heart defect. Am J Med Genet A 2020; 182:1342-1350. [PMID: 32319738 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Morbidity and mortality in Down syndrome (DS) are mainly related to congenital heart defects (CHDs). While CHDs with high prevalence in DS (typical CHDs), such as endocardial cushion defects, have been extensively described, little is known about the impact of less common CHDs (atypical CHDs), such as aortic coarctation and univentricular hearts. In our single-center study, we analyzed, in observational, retrospective manner, data regarding cardiac features, surgical management, and outcomes of a cohort of DS patients. Literature review was performed to investigate previously reported studies on atypical CHDs in DS. Patients with CHDs were subclassified as having typical or atypical CHDs. Statistical analysis was performed for comparison between the groups. The study population encompassed 859 DS patients, 72.2% with CHDs, of which 4.7% were atypical. Statistical analysis showed a significant excess in multiple surgeries, all-cause mortality and cardiac mortality in patients with atypical CHDs (p = .0067, p = .0038, p = .0001, respectively). According to the Kaplan-Meier method, survival at 10 and 40 years was significantly higher in typical CHDs (99 and 98% vs. 91 and 84%, log rank <0.05). Among atypical CHDs, it seems that particularly multiple complex defects in univentricular physiology associate with a worse outcome. This may be due to the surgical difficulty in managing univentricular hearts with multiple defects concurring to the clinical picture or to the severity of associated defects themselves. Further studies need to address this specific issue, also considering the higher pulmonary pressures, infective complications, and potential comorbidities in DS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Baban
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicole Olivini
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Cantarutti
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Calì
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carmen Vitello
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Diletta Valentini
- Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Rachele Adorisio
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Calcagni
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viola Alesi
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Corrado Di Mambro
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Villani
- Pediatric and Infectious Disease Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Scientific Directorate, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Digilio
- Medical Genetics Unit, Medical Genetics Laboratory, Pediatric Cardiology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adriano Carotti
- Pediatric Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Drago
- Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Arrhythmias Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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17
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Abstract
Objective: In recent years, attempting the biventricular pathway or biventricular conversions in patients with borderline ventricle has become a hot topic. However, inappropriate pursuit of biventricular repair in borderline candidates will lead to adverse clinical outcomes. Therefore, it is important to accurately assess the degree of ventricular development before operation and whether it can tolerate biventricular repair. This review evaluated ventricular development using echocardiography for a better prediction of biventricular repair in borderline ventricle. Data sources: Articles from January 1, 1990 to April 1, 2019 on biventricular repair in borderline ventricle were accessed from PubMed, using keywords including “borderline ventricle,” “congenital heart disease,” “CHD,” “echocardiography,” and “biventricular repair.” Study selection: Original articles and critical reviews relevant to the review's theme were selected. Results: Borderline left ventricle (LV): (1) Critical aortic stenosis: the Rhodes score, Congenital Heart Surgeons Society regression equation and another new scoring system was proposed to predict the feasibility of biventricular repair. (2) Aortic arch hypoplasia: the LV size and the diameter of aortic and mitral valve (MV) annulus should be taken into considerations for biventricular repair. (3) Right-dominant unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD): atrioventricular valve index (AVVI), left ventricular inflow index (LVII), and right ventricle (RV)/LV inflow angle were the echocardiographic indices for biventricular repair. Borderline RV: (1) pulmonary atresia/intact ventricular septum (PA/IVS): the diameter z-score of tricuspid valve (TV) annulus, ratio of TV to MV diameter, RV inlet length z-score, RV area z-score, RV development index, and RV-TV index, etc. Less objective but more practical description is to classify the RV as tripartite, bipartite, and unipartite. The presence or absence of RV sinusoids, RV dependent coronary circulation, and the degree of tricuspid regurgitation should also be noted. (2) Left-dominant unbalanced AVSD: AVVI, LV, and RV volumes, whether apex forming ventricles were the echocardiographic indices for biventricular repair. Conclusions: Although the evaluation of echocardiography cannot guarantee the success of biventricular repair surgery, echocardiography can still provide relatively valuable basis for surgical decision making.
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18
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Oladunjoye O, Piekarski B, Baird C, Banka P, Marx G, Del Nido PJ, Emani SM. Repair of double outlet right ventricle: Midterm outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2020; 159:254-264. [PMID: 31597616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2019.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Double outlet right ventricle (DORV) is a complex cardiac malformation with many anatomic variations and various approaches for surgical repair. This study aimed to describe the clinical outcomes of biventricular (BiV) repair for DORV. METHODS Patients with DORV, who underwent BiV repair between January 2000 and December 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Group 1 underwent primary BiV repair, whereas group 2 underwent staged BiV repair over a series of operations. The decision to pursue staged approach included complexity of intracardiac anatomy, age of the patient, and the size and function of the ventricles and the atrioventricular valves. Time-dependent surgical reintervention for LVOTO and mortality were evaluated using Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. RESULTS A total of 238 patients with DORV underwent BiV repair at a median age of 6.2 months (range, 1.1 month-27.5 years) (158 in group 1, 80 in group 2). Twenty-two patients (7.8%) required surgical reintervention within 30 days of BiV repair. Overall survival at 5 years was 89.0%. Freedom from LVOTO reoperation at 5 years was 84%. Primary outcomes were not significantly different between groups. CAVC repair and right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit at BiV repair were associated with higher surgical reintervention (hazard ratio, 2.9 and 1.75, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Patients with DORV and complex anatomy may undergo staged BiV repair with acceptable outcomes. Although LVOTO is a potential complication in these patients, the rate of surgical reintervention for LVOTO does not differ significantly from patients undergoing primary BiV repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olubunmi Oladunjoye
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital, Reading, Pa
| | - Breanna Piekarski
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Christopher Baird
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Puja Banka
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Gerald Marx
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Mass.
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19
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Khoshhal SQ. Surgical palliation of univentricular heart disease in children with Down's syndrome: A systematic review. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2019; 14:1-7. [PMID: 31435384 PMCID: PMC6694996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives No standard protocol is available for the management of children with Down's syndrome (DS) and a functional single ventricle. This review attempts to determine the outcomes of the single ventricular surgical palliation pathway in high-risk children with DS. Methods Several databases were searched using the following MeSH terms: ‘Congenital heart disease’, ‘Atrioventricular septal defect’, ‘Balanced AVSD’, ‘Unbalanced AVSD’, ‘Down's syndrome’, ‘Univentricular repair’, ‘bidirectional Glenn procedure’, and ‘Fontan procedure’. A structured algorithm was used for the selection of studies for an in-depth analysis. Results There was no universal agreement on the best surgical approach for unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect in DS. The majority of paediatric cardiac surgeons did not recommend the complete Fontan procedure; conversely, the use of a Glenn shunt (superior cavopulmonary connection) was preferred. Conclusions Careful assessment of the suitability for Fontan surgery, including the absence of elevated pulmonary vascular resistance, pulmonary arterial anatomy, and function of the dominant ventricle, is mandatory. A staged surgical procedure ending with complete Fontan repair provides acceptable medium-term results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Q Khoshhal
- Taibah University, Medical College - Paediatric Department, Almadinah Almunawwarah, KSA
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20
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Lugones I, Biancolini MF, Lugones G, Biancolini JC, de Dios AM. The matter of "unbalance" in right dominant atrioventricular septal defect. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2019; 12:132-134. [PMID: 31143038 PMCID: PMC6521658 DOI: 10.4103/apc.apc_107_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbalance in atrioventricular septal defect can be found in more than one anatomic level and in different degrees at each level. The definition of “unbalance” has historically been focused in comparing the dimensions of main cardiac structures, such as the atrioventricular valve and the ventricles. However, the hemodynamic aspects of unbalance need to be considered as having, at least, similar relevance. New concepts and already described parameters must be combined and understood as a whole to help the surgical decision-making process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Lugones
- Cardiac Surgery Department, "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" General Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Fernanda Biancolini
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" General Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Germán Lugones
- Physics Department, Center of Natural and Human Science, Federal University of ABC, San Pablo, Brazil
| | - Julio César Biancolini
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" General Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana Ms de Dios
- Pediatric Cardiology Department, "Dr. Pedro de Elizalde" General Children's Hospital, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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21
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Rao PS. Management of Congenital Heart Disease: State of the Art; Part I-ACYANOTIC Heart Defects. CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 6:E42. [PMID: 30857252 PMCID: PMC6463202 DOI: 10.3390/children6030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Since the description of surgery for patent ductus arteriosus in late 1930s, an innumerable number of advances have taken place in the management of congenital heart defects (CHDs). In this review the current status of treatment of seven of the most common acyanotic CHDs was reviewed. The discussion included indications for, and timing of, intervention and methods of intervention. The indications are, by and large, determined by the severity of the lesion. Pressure gradients in obstructive lesions and the magnitude of the shunt in left-to-right shunt lesions are used to assess the severity of the lesion. The timing of intervention is different for each lesion and largely dependent upon when the criteria for indications for intervention were met. Appropriate medical management is necessary in most patients. Trans-catheter methods are preferable in some defects while surgery is a better option in some other defects. The currently available medical, trans-catheter, and surgical methods to treat acyanotic CHD are feasible, safe, and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Syamasundar Rao
- McGovern Medical School, University of Texas-Houston, Children's Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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22
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In the last 40 years, with a better understanding of cardiac defects, and with the improved results of cardiac surgery, the life expectancy of persons with Down syndrome has significantly increased. This review article reports on advances in knowledge of cardiac defects and cardiovascular system of persons with trisomy 21. RECENT FINDINGS New insights into the genetics of this syndrome have improved our understanding of the pathogenetic mechanisms of cardiac defects. Recent changes in neonatal prevalence of Down syndrome suggest a growing number of children with cardiac malformations, in particular with simple types of defects. Ethnic and sex differences of the prevalence of specific types of congenital heart disease (CHD) have also been underlined. A recent study confirmed that subclinical morphologic anomalies are present in children with trisomy 21, also in the absence of cardiac defects, representing an internal stigma of Down syndrome. The results of cardiac surgery are significantly improved in terms of immediate and long-term outcomes, but specific treatments are indicated in relation to pulmonary hypertension. Particular aspects of the cardiovascular system have been described, clarifying a reduced sympathetic response to stress but also a 'protection' from atherosclerosis and arterial hypertension in these patients. SUMMARY Continuing dedication to clinical and basic research studies is essential to further improve survival and the quality of life from childhood to adulthood of patients with trisomy 21.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria C Digilio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Pediatric Hospital and Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Marino
- Department of Pediatrics, Sapienza University of Rome
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23
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Nathan M, Emani S, Del Nido PJ. Reply to Buratto et al. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2018; 53:1296. [PMID: 29365088 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Meena Nathan
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sitaram Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Pedro J Del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Rao PS, Harris AD. Recent advances in managing septal defects: ventricular septal defects and atrioventricular septal defects. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 29770201 PMCID: PMC5931264 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.14102.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses the management of ventricular septal defects (VSDs) and atrioventricular septal defects (AVSDs). There are several types of VSDs: perimembranous, supracristal, atrioventricular septal, and muscular. The indications for closure are moderate to large VSDs with enlarged left atrium and left ventricle or elevated pulmonary artery pressure (or both) and a pulmonary-to-systemic flow ratio greater than 2:1. Surgical closure is recommended for large perimembranous VSDs, supracristal VSDs, and VSDs with aortic valve prolapse. Large muscular VSDs may be closed by percutaneous techniques. A large number of devices have been used in the past for VSD occlusion, but currently Amplatzer Muscular VSD Occluder is the only device approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for clinical use. A hybrid approach may be used for large muscular VSDs in small babies. Timely intervention to prevent pulmonary vascular obstructive disease (PVOD) is germane in the management of these babies. There are several types of AVSDs: partial, transitional, intermediate, and complete. Complete AVSDs are also classified as balanced and unbalanced. All intermediate and complete balanced AVSDs require surgical correction, and early repair is needed to prevent the onset of PVOD. Surgical correction with closure of atrial septal defect and VSD, along with repair and reconstruction of atrioventricular valves, is recommended. Palliative pulmonary artery banding may be considered in babies weighing less than 5 kg and those with significant co-morbidities. The management of unbalanced AVSDs is more complex, and staged single-ventricle palliation is the common management strategy. However, recent data suggest that achieving two-ventricle repair may be a better option in patients with suitable anatomy, particularly in patients in whom outcomes of single-ventricle palliation are less than optimal. The majority of treatment modes in the management of VSDs and AVSDs are safe and effective and prevent the development of PVOD and cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Syamasundar Rao
- University of Texas-Houston McGovern Medical School, Children Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston, USA
| | - Andrea D Harris
- Pediatrix Cardiology Associates of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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25
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Polimenakos AC, Subramanian S, ElZein C, Ilbawi MN. Attrition in patients with single ventricle and trisomy 21: outcomes after a total cavopulmonary connection. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg 2017; 24:747-754. [PMID: 28453807 DOI: 10.1093/icvts/ivw413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Data are limited regarding the management of children with trisomy 21 (T21) syndrome and a functional single ventricle (FSV). We evaluated patients with T21 and a FSV who had a total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC). METHODS From September 1999 to August 2012, 139 patients with a FSV underwent a TCPC. Sixty-five had unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect. Thirteen had T21. Three (of 13) had heterotaxy syndrome. The mean age at the Fontan operation was 27.6 ± 12.1 months. RESULTS The initial procedure was pulmonary artery banding in 9 patients, systemic-to-pulmonary shunt in 2 and Damus-Kaye-Stansel/Norwood procedure in 2. Median follow-up was 69 months (interquartile range 25-75, 21-99). There was 1 death after a Damus-Kaye-Stansel/Norwood procedure and one interstage death after a bidirectional Glenn procedure. Nine (of 11) survivors underwent a Fontan operation. A fenestrated Fontan procedure was the predominate operation in 78%. One patient was deemed unsuitable for a Fontan operation. There was 1 takedown and 1 late death after the Fontan operation. Heterotaxy syndrome did not affect outcome ( P > 0.05). There was no statistical difference in the pre-Fontan McGoon ratio, hospital length of stay, duration of pleural drainage and Fontan-related adverse events between patients with a dominant right ventricle and those with a left ( P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS A TCPC in patients with T21 and an FSV is associated with reproducible, satisfactory outcomes. An assisted-Glenn procedure with pulsatile pulmonary blood flow and a fenestrated Fontan may be associated with attenuated perioperative morbidity and late attrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasios C Polimenakos
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL, USA.,Division of Pediatric Cardiothoracic Surgery, Children's Hospital of Georgia Heart Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Sujata Subramanian
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL, USA
| | - Chawki ElZein
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL, USA
| | - Michel N Ilbawi
- Division of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, Advocate Children's Hospital, Oak Lawn, IL, USA
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26
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Nathan M, Emani S, IJsselhof R, Liu H, Gauvreau K, del Nido P. Mid-term outcomes in unbalanced complete atrioventricular septal defect: role of biventricular conversion from single-ventricle palliation†. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2017; 52:565-572. [DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
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27
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Hoashi T, Kitano M, Kagisaki K, Ichikawa H. Successful Biventricular Conversion Late After Primary One and One-Half Ventricle Repair. Ann Thorac Surg 2017; 103:e447-e448. [PMID: 28431723 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2016.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A 6-year-old girl with unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect, hypoplastic right ventricle, and severe common atrioventricular valve regurgitation developed patient-prosthetic mismatch. At 6 months old, she underwent primary one and one-half ventricle repair and replacement of left side atrioventricular valve. A catheter examination showed that her right ventricular end-diastolic volume increased from 39.4 mL/m2 1 year after to 70 mL/m2 3.5 years after the previous surgery. Thus, at the timing of redo left side atrioventricular valve replacement, she was converted successfully to biventricular circulation. The postoperative course was uneventful, and the right atrial pressure was 7 mm Hg before discharge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Hoashi
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Masataka Kitano
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Kagisaki
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hajime Ichikawa
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Surgery, National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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28
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Biventricular conversion for Fontan failure. Indian J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12055-016-0439-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Colquitt JL, Morris SA, Denfield SW, Fraser CD, Wang Y, Kyle WB. Survival in Children With Down Syndrome Undergoing Single-Ventricle Palliation. Ann Thorac Surg 2016; 101:1834-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Myers PO, del Nido PJ, Bautista-Hernandez V, Marx GR, Emani SM, Pigula FA, Borisuk M, Baird CW. Biventricular repair for common atrioventricular canal defect with parachute left atrioventricular valve. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2015; 49:546-51; discussion 551-2. [PMID: 25838456 DOI: 10.1093/ejcts/ezv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Parachute left atrioventricular (AV) valve can complicate repair of common atrioventricular canal (CAVC), and single-ventricle palliation is sometimes preferred. The goal of this study is to review our single institutional experience in biventricular repair in this patient group. METHODS The demographic, procedural and outcome data were obtained for all children who underwent biventricular repair for complete CAVC with parachute [single left ventricular (LV) papillary muscle] or forme fruste parachute left AV valve (closely spaced LV papillary muscles) from 2001 to 2012. Primary outcomes were survival, freedom from left AV valve stenosis (defined as an inflow gradient ≥7 mmHg and post-capillary pulmonary hypertension) and freedom from left AV valve replacement. RESULTS A total of 24 patients were included (21 parachutes, 3 forme frustes). There was 1 early death (4.2%). At discharge, no patient had more-than-mild regurgitation and 1 had stenosis. During a median follow-up of 3.7 years (IQR 4 months to 5 years), there were 2 late deaths (8.3%), 6 patients (25%) presented significant left AV valve stenosis and 2 patients (8.3%) required valve replacement. Freedom from stenosis was 95 ± 4.9% at 1 year, 83.1 ± 8.9% at 3 years, 64.7 ± 13.5% at 5 years and 51.7 ± 15.8% at 10 years. Complete cleft closure was not associated with a significantly different freedom from left AV valve reoperation (log-rank test, P = 0.89) or significant stenosis (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION Biventricular repair in parachute left AV valve and CAVC is feasible with acceptable mortality and freedom from stenosis. The burden of reoperation remains significant in this patient group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Myers
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals and Faculty of Medicine, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pedro J del Nido
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victor Bautista-Hernandez
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerald R Marx
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sitaram M Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank A Pigula
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michele Borisuk
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Christopher W Baird
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Banka P, Schaetzle B, Komarlu R, Emani S, Geva T, Powell AJ. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance parameters associated with early transplant-free survival in children with small left hearts following conversion from a univentricular to biventricular circulation. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2014; 16:73. [PMID: 25314952 PMCID: PMC4189673 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-014-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We sought to identify cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) parameters associated with successful univentricular to biventricular conversion in patients with small left hearts. METHODS Patients with small left heart structures and a univentricular circulation who underwent CMR prior to biventricular conversion were retrospectively identified and divided into 2 anatomic groups: 1) borderline hypoplastic left heart structures (BHLHS), and 2) right-dominant atrioventricular canal (RDAVC). The primary outcome variable was transplant-free survival with a biventricular circulation. RESULTS In the BHLHS group (n = 22), 16 patients (73%) survived with a biventricular circulation over a median follow-up of 40 months (4-84). Survival was associated with a larger CMR left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume (EDV) (p = 0.001), higher LV-to-right ventricle (RV) stroke volume ratio (p < 0.001), and higher mitral-to-tricuspid inflow ratio (p = 0.04). For predicting biventricular survival, the addition of CMR threshold values to echocardiographic LV EDV improved sensitivity from 75% to 93% while maintaining specificity at 100%. In the RDAVC group (n = 10), 9 patients (90%) survived with a biventricular circulation over a median follow-up of 29 months (3-51). The minimum CMR values were a LV EDV of 22 ml/m² and a LV-to-RV stroke volume ratio of 0.19. CONCLUSIONS In BHLHS patients, a larger LV EDV, LV-to-RV stroke volume ratio, and mitral-to-tricuspid inflow ratio were associated with successful biventricular conversion. The addition of CMR parameters to echocardiographic measurements improved the sensitivity for predicting successful conversion. In RDAVC patients, the high success rate precluded discriminant analysis, but a range of CMR parameters permitting biventricular conversion were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Banka
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Barbara Schaetzle
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Current address: Kantonsspital Winterthur, Winterthur, Switzerland.
| | - Rukmini Komarlu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Current address: Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
| | - Sitaram Emani
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Tal Geva
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Andrew J Powell
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Baird CW, Myers PO, Borisuk M, Kalish B, Hofferberth S, Nathan M, Emani SM, del Nido PJ. Takedown of cavopulmonary shunt at biventricular repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:1506-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Hammel JM, House AV, Danford DA, Kutty S. Staged Left Ventricular Recruitment and Biventricular Conversion in Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg 2014; 5:449-52. [DOI: 10.1177/2150135113519453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe a relatively long left ventricular recruitment pathway consisting of early and serial aortic valvuloplasties and multiple endocardial fibroelastosis resections resulting in successful biventricular conversion of hypoplastic left heart syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M. Hammel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aswathy Vaikom House
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - David A. Danford
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Shelby Kutty
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, and Children’s Hospital and Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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