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Sen S, Hallee L, Lam CK. The Potential of Gamma Secretase as a Therapeutic Target for Cardiac Diseases. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121294. [PMID: 34945766 PMCID: PMC8703931 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart diseases are some of the most common and pressing threats to human health worldwide. The American Heart Association and the National Institute of Health jointly work to annually update data on cardiac diseases. In 2018, 126.9 million Americans were reported as having some form of cardiac disorder, with an estimated direct and indirect total cost of USD 363.4 billion. This necessitates developing therapeutic interventions for heart diseases to improve human life expectancy and economic relief. In this review, we look into gamma-secretase as a potential therapeutic target for cardiac diseases. Gamma-secretase, an aspartyl protease enzyme, is responsible for the cleavage and activation of a number of substrates that are relevant to normal cardiac development and function as found in mutation studies. Some of these substrates are involved in downstream signaling processes and crosstalk with pathways relevant to heart diseases. Most of the substrates and signaling events we explored were found to be potentially beneficial to maintain cardiac function in diseased conditions. This review presents an updated overview of the current knowledge on gamma-secretase processing of cardiac-relevant substrates and seeks to understand if the modulation of gamma-secretase activity would be beneficial to combat cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujoita Sen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Logan Hallee
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
| | - Chi Keung Lam
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-302-831-3165
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Zekios KC, Mouchtouri ET, Lekkas P, Nikas DN, Kolettis TM. Sympathetic Activation and Arrhythmogenesis after Myocardial Infarction: Where Do We Stand? J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2021; 8:jcdd8050057. [PMID: 34063477 PMCID: PMC8156099 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd8050057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction often leads to progressive structural and electrophysiologic remodeling of the left ventricle. Despite the widespread use of β-adrenergic blockade and implantable defibrillators, morbidity and mortality from chronic-phase ventricular tachyarrhythmias remains high, calling for further investigation on the underlying pathophysiology. Histological and functional studies have demonstrated extensive alterations of sympathetic nerve endings at the peri-infarct area and flow-innervation mismatches that create a highly arrhythmogenic milieu. Such accumulated evidence, along with the previously well-documented autonomic dysfunction as an important contributing factor, has stirred intense research interest for pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic neuromodulation in post-infarction heart failure. In this regard, aldosterone inhibitors, sacubitril/valsartan and sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors have shown antiarrhythmic effects. Non-pharmacologic modalities, currently tested in pre-clinical and clinical trials, include transcutaneous vagal stimulation, stellate ganglion modulation and renal sympathetic denervation. In this review, we provide insights on the pathophysiology of ventricular arrhythmogenesis post-myocardial infarction, focusing on sympathetic activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos C. Zekios
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (K.C.Z.); (D.N.N.)
- Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Eleni-Taxiarchia Mouchtouri
- Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Panagiotis Lekkas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
| | - Dimitrios N. Nikas
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (K.C.Z.); (D.N.N.)
| | - Theofilos M. Kolettis
- 1st Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece; (K.C.Z.); (D.N.N.)
- Department of Cardiology, University of Ioannina, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, 1 St. Niarxou Avenue, 45500 Ioannina, Greece;
- Correspondence:
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Lanshakov DA, Sukhareva EV, Bulygina VV, Bannova AV, Shaburova EV, Kalinina TS. Single neonatal dexamethasone administration has long-lasting outcome on depressive-like behaviour, Bdnf, Nt-3, p75ngfr and sorting receptors (SorCS1-3) stress reactive expression. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8092. [PMID: 33854153 PMCID: PMC8046778 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87652-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Elevated glucocorticoid level in the early postnatal period is associated with glucocorticoid therapy prescribed at preterm delivery most often has severe long-lasting neurodevelopmental and behavioural effects. Detailed molecular mechanisms of such programming action of antenatal glucocorticoids on behaviour are still poorly understood. To address this question we studied neurotrophins: Bdnf, Nt-3, Ngf and their receptors: p75ngfr, Sorcs3 expression changes after subcutaneous dexamethasone (DEX) 0.2 mg/kg injection to P2 rat pups. Neurotrophins expression level was studied in the hippocampus (HPC). Disturbances in these brain regions have been implicated in the emergence of multiple psychopathologies. p75ngfr and Sorcs3 expression was studied in the brainstem—region where monoamine neurons are located. Immunohistochemically P75NTR protein level changes after DEX were investigated in the brainstem Locus Coereleus norepinephrine neurons (NE). In the first hours after DEX administration elevation of neurotrophins expression in HPC and decline of receptor’s expression in the NE brainstem neurons were observed. Another critical time point during maturation is adolescence. Impact of elevated glucocorticoid level in the neonatal period and unpredictable stress (CMUS) at the end of adolescence on depressive-like behaviour was studied. Single neonatal DEX injection leads to decrease in depressive-like behaviour, observed in FST, independently from chronic stress. Neonatal DEX administration decreased Ntf3 and SorCS1 expression in the brainstem. Also Bdnf mRNA level in the brainstem of these animals didn’t decrease after FST. CMUS at the end of adolescence changed p75ngfr and SorCS3 expression in the brainstem in the animals that received single neonatal DEX administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Lanshakov
- Laboratory of Postgenomics Neurobiology, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.
| | - E V Sukhareva
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - V V Bulygina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - A V Bannova
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - E V Shaburova
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
| | - T S Kalinina
- Functional Neurogenomics Laboratory, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090.,Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation, 630090
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Effects of Different n6/n3 PUFAs Dietary Ratio on Cardiac Diabetic Neuropathy. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12092761. [PMID: 32927766 PMCID: PMC7551002 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the influence of experimentally induced DM1, in combination with different dietary n6:n3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratios on different types of nerve fibers in rat myocardium, in order to reveal whether protective/unfavorable effects of different PUFAs on myocardial function in diabetic patients could be a (partial) repercussion of their effect on the changes in cardiac innervation. The control group (c) and diabetic group (stz) were fed with an n6/n3 ratio of ≈7; the diet of the stz+n6 group had an n6/n3 ratio ≈60, while the diet for the stz+DHA group contained 2.5% of fish oil (containing 16% eicosapentaenoic acid—EPA and 19% docosahexaenoic acid—DHA), n6/n3 ratio of ≈1. DM1 was induced by i.p. injection of streptozotocin (55 mg/kg) and rats were euthanized 30 days after induction. Immunohistochemistry was used for the detection and quantification of different types of neuronal fibers in the cardiac septum. We found changes in cardiac innervations characteristics for the initial phase of experimental DM1, which manifested as an increase in total number and area density of all neuronal fibers, measured by Pgp9.5 immunoreactivity. By detailed analysis, we found that this increase consisted mostly of heavy myelinated NF200 immunoreactive fibers and TH immunoreactive sympathetic fibers, while the density of ChAT immunoreactive parasympathetic fibers decreased. In the deep (middle) part of the myocardium, where rare fibers (of all studied types) were found, significant differences were not found. Surprisingly, we found a more consistent protective effect of n6 PUFAs, in comparison to n3 PUFAs supplementation. These results may provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of different PUFA ratios in the diet of diabetic patients on cardiac innervation and genesis and outcome of diabetic autonomic cardiomyopathy.
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Lyu J, Wang M, Kang X, Xu H, Cao Z, Yu T, Huang K, Wu J, Wei X, Lei Q. Macrophage-mediated regulation of catecholamines in sympathetic neural remodeling after myocardial infarction. Basic Res Cardiol 2020; 115:56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00395-020-0813-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Fang J, Wei Z, Zheng D, Ying T, Hong H, Hu D, Lin Y, Jiang X, Wu L, Lan T, Yang Z, Zhou X, Chen L. Recombinant Extracellular Domain (p75ECD) of the Neurotrophin Receptor p75 Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Inhibiting the p-JNK/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway in Rat Microvascular Pericytes. J Am Heart Assoc 2020; 9:e016047. [PMID: 32567476 PMCID: PMC7670530 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.016047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Pro-NTs (precursor of neurotrophins) and their receptor p75 are potential targets for preventing microvascular dysfunction induced by myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI). p75ECD (ectodomain of neurotrophin receptor p75) may physiologically produce neurocytoprotective effects by scavenging pro-NTs. We therefore hypothesized that p75ECD may have a cardioprotective effect on IRI through microvascular mechanisms. Methods and Results Myocardial IRI was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by occluding the left main coronary arteries for 45 minutes before a subsequent relaxation. Compared with the ischemia-reperfusion group, an intravenous injection of p75ECD (3 mg/kg) 5 minutes before reperfusion reduced the myocardial infarct area at 24 hours after reperfusion (by triphenyltetrazolium chloride, 44.9±3.9% versus 34.6±5.7%, P<0.05); improved the left ventricular ejection fraction (by echocardiography), with less myocardial fibrosis (by Masson's staining), and prevented microvascular dysfunction (by immunofluorescence) at 28 days after reperfusion; and reduced myocardial pro-NTs expression at 24 hours and 28 days after reperfusion (by Western blotting). A simulative IRI model using rat microvascular pericytes was established in vitro by hypoxia-reoxygenation (2/6 hours) combined with pro-NTs treatment (3 nmol/L) at R. p75ECD (3 μg/mL) given at R improved pericyte survival (by methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium assay) and attenuated apoptosis (by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick-end labeling). In the reperfused hearts and hypoxia-reoxygenation +pro-NTs-injured pericytes, p75ECD inhibited the expression of p-JNK (phospho of c-Jun N-terminal kinase)/caspase-3 (by Western blotting). SP600125, an inhibitor of JNK, did not enhance the p75ECD-induced infarct-sparing effects and pericyte protection. Conclusions p75ECD may attenuate myocardial IRI via pro-NTs reduction-induced inhibition of p-JNK/caspase-3 pathway of microvascular pericytes in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Fang
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - ZhiXiong Wei
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - DeDong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - Teng Ying
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - HuaShan Hong
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Vascular Aging Department of Geriatrics Fujian Institute of Geriatrics Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - DanQing Hu
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - YunLing Lin
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - XiaoLiang Jiang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage, and Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders Beijing P. R. China
| | - LingZhen Wu
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - TingXiang Lan
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
| | - ZhiWei Yang
- Institute of Laboratory Animal Science Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Comparative Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical Collage, and Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders Beijing P. R. China
| | - XinFu Zhou
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory Division of Health Sciences School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences University of South Australia Adelaide South Australia Australia
| | - LiangLong Chen
- Department of Cardiology Fujian Heart Medical Center Fujian Institute of Coronary Heart Disease Fujian Medical University Union Hospital Fuzhou P. R. China
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Wang L, Olivas A, Francis Stuart SD, Tapa S, Blake MR, Woodward WR, Habecker BA, Ripplinger CM. Cardiac sympathetic nerve transdifferentiation reduces action potential heterogeneity after myocardial infarction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2020; 318:H558-H565. [PMID: 31975627 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00412.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac sympathetic nerves undergo cholinergic transdifferentiation following reperfused myocardial infarction (MI), whereby the sympathetic nerves release both norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh). The functional electrophysiological consequences of post-MI transdifferentiation have never been explored. We performed MI or sham surgery in wild-type (WT) mice and mice in which choline acetyltransferase was deleted from adult noradrenergic neurons [knockout (KO)]. Electrophysiological activity was assessed with optical mapping of action potentials (AP) and intracellular Ca2+ transients (CaT) in innervated Langendorff-perfused hearts. KO MI hearts had similar NE content but reduced ACh content compared with WT MI hearts (0.360 ± 0.074 vs. 0.493 ± 0.087 pmol/mg; KO, n = 6; WT, n = 4; P < 0.05). KO MI hearts also had higher basal ex vivo heart rates versus WT MI hearts (328.5 ± 35.3 vs. 247.4 ± 62.4 beats/min; KO, n = 8; WT, n = 6; P < 0.05). AP duration at 80% repolarization was significantly shorter in the remote and border zones of KO MI versus WT MI hearts, whereas AP durations (APDs) were similar in infarct regions. This APD heterogeneity resulted in increased APD dispersion in the KO MI versus WT MI hearts (11.9 ± 2.7 vs. 8.2 ± 2.3 ms; KO, n = 8; WT, n = 6; P < 0.05), which was eliminated with atropine. CaT duration at 80% and CaT alternans magnitude were similar between groups both with and without sympathetic nerve stimulation. These results indicate that cholinergic transdifferentiation following MI prolongs APD in the remote and border zone and reduces APD heterogeneity.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Cardiac sympathetic neurons undergo cholinergic transdifferentiation following myocardial infarction; however, the electrophysiological effects of corelease of norepinephrine and acetylcholine (ACh) have never been assessed. Using a mouse model in which choline acetyltransferase was deleted from adult noradrenergic neurons and optical mapping of innervated hearts, we found that corelease of ACh reduces dispersion of action potential duration, which may be antiarrhythmic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianguo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Antoinette Olivas
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Srinivas Tapa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Matthew R Blake
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - William R Woodward
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Medicine and Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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microRNA-212-induced protection of the heart against myocardial infarction occurs via the interplay between AQP9 and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:531-541. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Pinkham MI, Loftus MT, Amirapu S, Guild SJ, Quill G, Woodward WR, Habecker BA, Barrett CJ. Renal denervation in male rats with heart failure improves ventricular sympathetic nerve innervation and function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 312:R368-R379. [PMID: 28052866 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00313.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is characterized by the loss of sympathetic innervation to the ventricles, contributing to impaired cardiac function and arrhythmogenesis. We hypothesized that renal denervation (RDx) would reverse this loss. Male Wistar rats underwent myocardial infarction (MI) or sham surgery and progressed into heart failure for 4 wk before receiving bilateral RDx or sham RDx. After additional 3 wk, left ventricular (LV) function was assessed, and ventricular sympathetic nerve fiber density was determined via histology. Post-MI heart failure rats displayed significant reductions in ventricular sympathetic innervation and tissue norepinephrine content (nerve fiber density in the LV of MI+sham RDx hearts was 0.31 ± 0.05% vs. 1.00 ± 0.10% in sham MI+sham RDx group, P < 0.05), and RDx significantly increased ventricular sympathetic innervation (0.76 ± 0.14%, P < 0.05) and tissue norepinephrine content. MI was associated with an increase in fibrosis of the noninfarcted ventricular myocardium, which was attenuated by RDx. RDx improved LV ejection fraction and end-systolic and -diastolic areas when compared with pre-RDx levels. This is the first study to show an interaction between renal nerve activity and cardiac sympathetic nerve innervation in heart failure. Our findings show denervating the renal nerves improves cardiac sympathetic innervation and function in the post-MI failing heart.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael T Loftus
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Satya Amirapu
- Department of Anatomy and Radiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sarah-Jane Guild
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gina Quill
- Department of Medicine, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; and
| | - William R Woodward
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Beth A Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Carolyn J Barrett
- Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Myocardial Infarction Causes Transient Cholinergic Transdifferentiation of Cardiac Sympathetic Nerves via gp130. J Neurosci 2016; 36:479-88. [PMID: 26758839 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3556-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Sympathetic and parasympathetic control of the heart is a classic example of norepinephrine (NE) and acetylcholine (ACh) triggering opposing actions. Sympathetic NE increases heart rate and contractility through activation of β receptors, whereas parasympathetic ACh slows the heart through muscarinic receptors. Sympathetic neurons can undergo a developmental transition from production of NE to ACh and we provide evidence that mouse cardiac sympathetic nerves transiently produce ACh after myocardial infarction (MI). ACh levels increased in viable heart tissue 10-14 d after MI, returning to control levels at 21 d, whereas NE levels were stable. At the same time, the genes required for ACh synthesis increased in stellate ganglia, which contain most of the sympathetic neurons projecting to the heart. Immunohistochemistry 14 d after MI revealed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) in stellate sympathetic neurons and vesicular ACh transporter immunoreactivity in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive cardiac sympathetic fibers. Finally, selective deletion of the ChAT gene from adult sympathetic neurons prevented the infarction-induced increase in cardiac ACh. Deletion of the gp130 cytokine receptor from sympathetic neurons prevented the induction of cholinergic genes after MI, suggesting that inflammatory cytokines induce the transient acquisition of a cholinergic phenotype in cardiac sympathetic neurons. Ex vivo experiments examining the effect of NE and ACh on rabbit cardiac action potential duration revealed that ACh blunted both the NE-stimulated decrease in cardiac action potential duration and increase in myocyte calcium transients. This raises the possibility that sympathetic co-release of ACh and NE may impair adaptation to high heart rates and increase arrhythmia susceptibility. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Sympathetic neurons normally make norepinephrine (NE), which increases heart rate and the contractility of cardiac myocytes. We found that, after myocardial infarction, the sympathetic neurons innervating the heart begin to make acetylcholine (ACh), which slows heart rate and decreases contractility. Several lines of evidence confirmed that the source of ACh was sympathetic nerves rather than parasympathetic nerves that are the normal source of ACh in the heart. Global application of NE with or without ACh to ex vivo hearts showed that ACh partially reversed the NE-stimulated decrease in cardiac action potential duration and increase in myocyte calcium transients. That suggests that sympathetic co-release of ACh and NE may impair adaptation to high heart rates and increase arrhythmia susceptibility.
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Cardiac fibroblasts regulate sympathetic nerve sprouting and neurocardiac synapse stability. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79068. [PMID: 24244423 PMCID: PMC3828385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a key role in cardiac homeostasis and its deregulations always associate with bad clinical outcomes. To date, little is known about molecular mechanisms regulating cardiac sympathetic innervation. The aim of the study was to determine the role of fibroblasts in heart sympathetic innervation. RT-qPCR and western-blots analysis performed in cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts isolated from healthy adult rat hearts revealed that Pro-Nerve growth factor (NGF) and pro-differentiating mature NGF were the most abundant neurotrophins expressed in cardiac fibroblasts while barely detectable in cardiomyocytes. When cultured with cardiac fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium, PC12 cells differentiated into/sympathetic-like neurons expressing axonal marker Tau-1 at neurites in contact with cardiomyocytes. This was prevented by anti-NGF blocking antibodies suggesting a paracrine action of NGF secreted by fibroblasts. When co-cultured with cardiomyocytes to mimic neurocardiac synapse, differentiated PC12 cells exhibited enhanced norepinephrine secretion as quantified by HPLC compared to PC12 cultured alone while co-culture with fibroblasts had no effect. However, when supplemented to PC12-cardiomyocytes co-culture, fibroblasts allowed long-term survival of the neurocardiac synapse. Activated fibroblasts (myofibroblasts) isolated from myocardial infarction rat hearts exhibited significantly higher mature NGF expression than normal fibroblasts and also promoted PC12 cells differentiation. Within the ischemic area lacking cardiomyocytes and neurocardiac synapses, tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactivity was increased and associated with local anarchical and immature sympathetic hyperinnervation but tissue norepinephrine content was similar to that of normal cardiac tissue, suggesting depressed sympathetic function. Collectively, these findings demonstrate for the first time that fibroblasts are essential for the setting of cardiac sympathetic innervation and neurocardiac synapse stability. They also suggest that neurocardiac synapse functionality relies on a triptych with tight interaction between sympathetic nerve endings, cardiomyocytes and fibroblasts. Deregulations of this triptych may be involved in pathophysiology of cardiac diseases.
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Lorentz CU, Parrish DC, Alston EN, Pellegrino MJ, Woodward WR, Hempstead BL, Habecker BA. Sympathetic denervation of peri-infarct myocardium requires the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Exp Neurol 2013; 249:111-9. [PMID: 24013014 PMCID: PMC3826885 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of cardiac sympathetic heterogeneity after myocardial infarction contributes to ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Regions of sympathetic hyperinnervation and denervation appear in the viable myocardium beyond the infarcted area. While elevated nerve growth factor (NGF) is implicated in sympathetic hyperinnervation, the mechanisms underlying denervation are unknown. Recent studies show that selective activation of the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(NTR)) in sympathetic neurons causes axon degeneration. We used mice that lack p75(NTR) to test the hypothesis that activation of p75(NTR) causes peri-infarct sympathetic denervation after cardiac ischemia-reperfusion. Wild type hearts exhibited sympathetic denervation adjacent to the infarct 24h and 3 days after ischemia-reperfusion, but no peri-infarct sympathetic denervation occurred in p75(NTR)-/- mice. Sympathetic hyperinnervation was found in the distal peri-infarct myocardium in both genotypes 3 days after MI, and hyperinnervation was increased in the p75(NTR)-/- mice. By 7 days after ischemia-reperfusion, cardiac sympathetic innervation density returned back to sham-operated levels in both genotypes, indicating that axonal pruning did not require p75(NTR). Prior studies revealed that proNGF is elevated in the damaged left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion, as is mRNA encoding brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). ProNGF and BDNF preferentially bind p75(NTR) rather than TrkA on sympathetic neurons. Immunohistochemistry using Bdnf-HA mice confirmed the presence of BDNF or proBDNF in the infarct after ischemia-reperfusion. Thus, at least two p75(NTR) ligands are elevated in the left ventricle after ischemia-reperfusion where they may stimulate p75(NTR)-dependent denervation of peri-infarct myocardium. In contrast, NGF-induced sympathetic hyperinnervation in the distal peri-infarct ventricle is attenuated by p75(NTR).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina U. Lorentz
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Diana C. Parrish
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Eric N. Alston
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Michael J. Pellegrino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - William R. Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
| | - Barbara L. Hempstead
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, Oregon 97239, USA
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Hasan W, Woodward WR, Habecker BA. Altered atrial neurotransmitter release in transgenic p75(-/-) and gp130 KO mice. Neurosci Lett 2012; 529:55-9. [PMID: 22999927 PMCID: PMC3478480 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.08.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart rate is controlled by stimulatory sympathetic and inhibitory parasympathetic nerves innervating the sino-atrial node and cardiac conduction system. Sympathetic release of norepinephrine (NE) and parasympathetic release of acetylcholine (ACh) are controlled by the central nervous system, and by pre-synaptic inhibition of transmitter release within the atria. An increase in cardiac sympathetic transmission relative to parasympathetic transmission is pathological as it can lead to disturbances in heart rhythm, catecholaminergic toxicity and development of arrhythmias or fibrillation. Mice lacking the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75(-/-)) have elevated atrial NE but a low heart rate suggesting autonomic dysregulation. Similarly, mice whose sympathetic neurons lack the gp130 cytokine receptor (gp130 KO) have a normal heart rate but enhanced bradycardia after vagal nerve stimulation. What is unclear is whether cardiac autonomic disturbances in these animals reflect systemic alterations in nerve activity or whether localized defects in neurotransmitter stores or release are involved. To examine local stimulus-evoked release of neurotransmitters, we have developed a novel method for simultaneous quantification of both NE and ACh after ex vivo atrial field stimulation. Using HPLC with electrochemical detection for NE, and HPLC with mass spectrometry for ACh, we found that following field stimulation NE release was impaired in p75(-/-) atria while ACh content and release was elevated in gp130 KO atria. Thus, alterations in localized transmitter release from atrial explants are consistent with in vivo deficits in heart rate control, suggesting peripheral alterations in autonomic transmission in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wohaib Hasan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - William R Woodward
- Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
| | - Beth A. Habecker
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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Siao CJ, Lorentz CU, Kermani P, Marinic T, Carter J, McGrath K, Padow VA, Mark W, Falcone DJ, Cohen-Gould L, Parrish DC, Habecker BA, Nykjaer A, Ellenson LH, Tessarollo L, Hempstead BL. ProNGF, a cytokine induced after myocardial infarction in humans, targets pericytes to promote microvascular damage and activation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 209:2291-305. [PMID: 23091165 PMCID: PMC3501352 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20111749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
proNGF and p75NTR are induced following fatal myocardial infraction and are required for the development of microvascular injury. Treatment of acute cardiac ischemia focuses on reestablishment of blood flow in coronary arteries. However, impaired microvascular perfusion damages peri-infarct tissue, despite arterial patency. Identification of cytokines that induce microvascular dysfunction would provide new targets to limit microvascular damage. Pro–nerve growth factor (NGF), the precursor of NGF, is a well characterized cytokine in the brain induced by injury. ProNGF activates p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75NTR) and sortilin receptors to mediate proapoptotic responses. We describe induction of proNGF by cardiomyocytes, and p75NTR in human arterioles after fatal myocardial infarction, but not with unrelated pathologies. After mouse cardiac ischemia-reperfusion (I-R) injury, rapid up-regulation of proNGF by cardiomyocytes and p75NTR by microvascular pericytes is observed. To identify proNGF actions, we generated a mouse expressing a mutant Ngf allele with impaired processing of proNGF to mature NGF. The proNGF-expressing mouse exhibits cardiac microvascular endothelial activation, a decrease in pericyte process length, and increased vascular permeability, leading to lethal cardiomyopathy in adulthood. Deletion of p75NTR in proNGF-expressing mice rescues the phenotype, confirming the importance of p75NTR-expressing pericytes in the development of microvascular injury. Furthermore, deficiency in p75NTR limits infarct size after I-R. These studies identify novel, nonneuronal actions for proNGF and suggest that proNGF represents a new target to limit microvascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Siao
- Division of Hematology/Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
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