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Verlinden TJM, Lamers WH, Herrler A, Köhler SE. The differences in the anatomy of the thoracolumbar and sacral autonomic outflow are quantitative. Clin Auton Res 2024; 34:79-97. [PMID: 38403748 PMCID: PMC10944453 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-024-01023-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We have re-evaluated the anatomical arguments that underlie the division of the spinal visceral outflow into sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. METHODOLOGY Using a systematic literature search, we mapped the location of catecholaminergic neurons throughout the mammalian peripheral nervous system. Subsequently, a narrative method was employed to characterize segment-dependent differences in the location of preganglionic cell bodies and the composition of white and gray rami communicantes. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION One hundred seventy studies were included in the systematic review, providing information on 389 anatomical structures. Catecholaminergic nerve fibers are present in most spinal and all cranial nerves and ganglia, including those that are known for their parasympathetic function. Along the entire spinal autonomic outflow pathways, proximal and distal catecholaminergic cell bodies are common in the head, thoracic, and abdominal and pelvic region, which invalidates the "short-versus-long preganglionic neuron" argument. Contrary to the classically confined outflow levels T1-L2 and S2-S4, preganglionic neurons have been found in the resulting lumbar gap. Preganglionic cell bodies that are located in the intermediolateral zone of the thoracolumbar spinal cord gradually nest more ventrally within the ventral motor nuclei at the lumbar and sacral levels, and their fibers bypass the white ramus communicans and sympathetic trunk to emerge directly from the spinal roots. Bypassing the sympathetic trunk, therefore, is not exclusive for the sacral outflow. We conclude that the autonomic outflow displays a conserved architecture along the entire spinal axis, and that the perceived differences in the anatomy of the autonomic thoracolumbar and sacral outflow are quantitative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J M Verlinden
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H Lamers
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas Herrler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - S Eleonore Köhler
- Department of Anatomy & Embryology, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Li MW, Chao TC, Lim LY, Chang HH, Yang SSD. The Acute Effects and Mechanism of Ketamine on Nicotine-Induced Neurogenic Relaxation of the Corpus Cavernosum in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24086976. [PMID: 37108139 PMCID: PMC10138932 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24086976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the acute effects and the mechanism of ketamine on nicotine-induced relaxation of the corpus cavernosum (CC) in mice. This study measured the intra-cavernosal pressure (ICP) of male C57BL/6 mice and the CC muscle activities using an organ bath wire myograph. Various drugs were used to investigate the mechanism of ketamine on nicotine-induced relaxation. Direct ketamine injection into the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) inhibited MPG-induced increases in ICP. D-serine/L-glutamate-induced relaxation of the CC was inhibited by MK-801 (N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor inhibitor), and nicotine-induced relaxation was enhanced by D-serine/L-glutamate. NMDA had no effect on CC relaxation. Nicotine-induced relaxation of the CC was suppressed by mecamylamine (a non-selective nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist), lidocaine, guanethidine (an adrenergic neuronal blocker), Nw-nitro-L-arginine (a non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), MK-801, and ketamine. This relaxation was almost completely inhibited in CC strips pretreated with 6-hydroxydopamine (a neurotoxic synthetic organic compound). Ketamine inhibited cavernosal nerve neurotransmission via direct action on the ganglion and impaired nicotine-induced CC relaxation. The relaxation of the CC was dependent on the interaction of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, which may be mediated by the NMDA receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Wei Li
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Tze-Chen Chao
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yi Lim
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Hsi-Hsien Chang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
| | - Stephen Shei-Dei Yang
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei 23142, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan
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3
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Son HS, Moon SY, Kwon J, Kim JH. Effect of β3-adrenoceptor agonist on the micromotion of bilateral major pelvic ganglion-excised rat bladder. Neurourol Urodyn 2023; 42:530-538. [PMID: 36633527 DOI: 10.1002/nau.25127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Micromotion is an autonomous intramural movement of the bladder, and is believed to be an initial step in the generation of urinary urgency. Therefore, controlling micromotion may be a novel target in overactive bladder (OAB) treatment. However, developing micromotion treatment has been limited by the absence of a standardized animal model. We attempted to create a micromotion animal model and investigated the effectiveness of a β3 -adrenoceptor agonist (CL316,243) on micromotion. METHODS Bilateral major pelvic ganglia (MPGs) were excised in 18 male Sprague-Dawley rats, resulting in an almost completely denervated bladder. On postoperative Day 7, cystometry was performed. Rats were divided into three treatment groups: CL316,243; β3- adrenoceptor antagonist (SR59230A) pretreated CL316,243; and a nonselective antimuscarinic agent (oxybutynin). Changes in micromotion were evaluated after the intra-arterial administration of each agent. RESULTS Low-amplitude oscillations in intravesical pressure (micromotion) were observed 1 week after MPGs excision. Micromotion frequency significantly (p = 0.003) decreased (2.17 ± 3.54 times/5 min) with CL316,243 compared with vehicle (6.33 ± 1.97 times/5 min). Micromotion amplitude also decreased with CL316,243 (1.15 ± 1.93 cmH2 O) compared with vehicle (5.96 ± 5.12 cmH2 O), approaching conventional significance (p = 0.090). No significant decreases in frequency or amplitude were observed with oxybutynin treatment. CONCLUSIONS Systemic administration of the β3 -adrenoceptor agonist CL316,243 effectively controlled micromotion in bilateral MPGs-excised, almost completely denervated rat bladders. This result indicates that β3 -adrenoceptor agonist may affect the bladder directly, suggesting that it might be effective for overall OAB, regardless of the presence or level of neurological deficits. Bilateral MPGs-excised rats are considered a plausible micromotion animal model suitable for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Seo Son
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Young Moon
- Biomedical Research Center, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonbeom Kwon
- Department of Urology, Daegu Fatima Hospital, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jang Hwan Kim
- Department of Urology and Urological Science Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Pastelin CF, Rivera-Castro ME, Mirto-Aguilar N, Moran C. Structural organization of the neuronal pathways of the superior ovarian nerve in the rat. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:25. [PMID: 36707870 PMCID: PMC9883865 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the rat, studies have shown that ovary innervation arrives via the superior ovarian nerve (SON) and the ovarian plexus nerve, which originates from the celiac plexus (CP). In the present study, we performed a neuroanatomical technique to investigate the anatomy of the SON between the ovary and the CP. RESULTS We found that the SON fibers were concentrated on the lateral border of the suprarenal ganglion and projected towards, then inserted into the suspensory ligament. Then, it ran parallel to the long axis of the ligament to reach and innervate the ovaries. At this level, the SON was composed of two coiled nerve fibers, each between 10 and 15 µm in diameter. The SON was linked to three different ganglia: the suprarenal ganglia, the celiac ganglia, and the superior mesenteric ganglion. CONCLUSIONS The postganglionic fibers that project to the ovary via the SON emerge from the suprarenal ganglia. The trajectories on the right and left sides to each ovary are similar. The somas of ipsilateral and contralateral SON neurons are located in the prevertebral ganglia, mostly in the celiac ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar F. Pastelin
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - María E. Rivera-Castro
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México ,grid.42707.360000 0004 1766 9560Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Instituto de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, México
| | - Nancy Mirto-Aguilar
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
| | - Carolina Moran
- grid.411659.e0000 0001 2112 2750Centro de Investigación en Fisicoquímica de Materiales, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, México
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Rao Y, Gao Z, Li X, Li X, Li J, Liang S, Li D, Zhai J, Yan J, Yao J, Chen X. Ventrolateral Periaqueductal Gray Neurons Are Active During Urination. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:865186. [PMID: 35813503 PMCID: PMC9259957 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.865186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VLPAG) is thought to be the main PAG column for bladder control. PAG neurons (especially VLPAG neurons) and neurons in the pontine micturition center (PMC) innervating the bladder detrusor have anatomical and functional synaptic connections. The prevailing viewpoint on neural control of the bladder is that PAG neurons receive information on the decision to void made by upstream brain regions, and consequently activate the PMC through their direct projections to initiate urination reflex. However, the exact location of the PMC-projecting VLPAG neurons, their activity in response to urination, and their whole-brain inputs remain unclear. Here, we identified the distribution of VLPAG neurons that may participate in control of the bladder or project to the PMC through retrograde neural tracing. Population Ca2+ signals of PMC-projecting VLPAG neurons highly correlated with bladder contractions and urination as shown by in vivo recording in freely moving animals. Using a RV-based retrograde trans-synaptic tracing strategy, morphological results showed that urination-related PMC-projecting VLPAG neurons received dense inputs from multiple urination-related higher brain areas, such as the medial preoptic area, medial prefrontal cortex, and lateral hypothalamus. Thus, our findings reveal a novel insight into the VLPAG for control of bladder function and provide a potential therapeutic midbrain node for neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Rao
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ziyan Gao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianping Li
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xing Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Daihan Li
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | | | - Junan Yan
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Urology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Junan Yan Jiwei Yao Xiaowei Chen
| | - Jiwei Yao
- Center for Neurointelligence, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Junan Yan Jiwei Yao Xiaowei Chen
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Brain Research Center and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns, and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Guangyang Bay Laboratory, Chongqing Institute for Brain and Intelligence, Chongqing, China
- *Correspondence: Junan Yan Jiwei Yao Xiaowei Chen
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Regional Targeting of Bladder and Urethra Afferents in the Lumbosacral Spinal Cord of Male and Female Rats: A Multiscale Analysis. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0364-21.2021. [PMID: 34772694 PMCID: PMC8690816 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0364-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor circuits of the lumbosacral spinal cord are required for lower urinary tract (LUT) regulation as well as being engaged in pelvic pain states. To date, no molecular markers have been identified to enable specific visualization of LUT afferents, which are embedded within spinal cord segments that also subserve somatic functions. Moreover, previous studies have not fully investigated the patterning within or across spinal segments, compared afferent innervation of the bladder and urethra, or explored possible structural sex differences in these pathways. We have addressed these questions in adult Sprague Dawley rats, using intramural microinjection of the tract tracer, B subunit of cholera toxin (CTB). Afferent distribution was analyzed within individual sections and 3D reconstructions from sections across four spinal cord segments (L5-S2), and in cleared intact spinal cord viewed with light sheet microscopy. Simultaneous mapping of preganglionic neurons showed their location throughout S1 but restricted to the caudal half of L6. Afferents from both LUT regions extended from L5 to S2, even where preganglionic motor pathways were absent. In L6 and S1, most afferents were associated with the sacral preganglionic nucleus (SPN) and sacral dorsal commissural nucleus (SDCom), with very few in the superficial laminae of the dorsal horn. Spinal innervation patterns by bladder and urethra afferents were remarkably similar, likewise the patterning in male and female rats. In conclusion, microscale to macroscale mapping has identified distinct features of LUT afferent projections to the lumbosacral cord and provided a new anatomic approach for future studies on plasticity, injury responses, and modeling of these pathways.
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7
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Deal KK, Chandrashekar AS, Beaman MM, Branch MC, Buehler DP, Conway SJ, Southard-Smith EM. Altered sacral neural crest development in Pax3 spina bifida mutants underlies deficits of bladder innervation and function. Dev Biol 2021; 476:173-188. [PMID: 33839113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of Spina bifida (SB) have been instrumental for identifying genes, developmental processes, and environmental factors that influence neurulation and neural tube closure. Beyond the prominent neural tube defects, other aspects of the nervous system can be affected in SB with significant changes in essential bodily functions such as urination. SB patients frequently experience bladder dysfunction and SB fetuses exhibit reduced density of bladder nerves and smooth muscle although the developmental origins of these deficits have not been determined. The Pax3 Splotch-delayed (Pax3Sp-d) mouse model of SB is one of a very few mouse SB models that survives to late stages of gestation. Through analysis of Pax3Sp-d mutants we sought to define how altered bladder innervation in SB might arise by tracing sacral neural crest (NC) development, pelvic ganglia neuronal differentiation, and assessing bladder nerve fiber density. In Pax3Sp-d/Sp-d fetal mice we observed delayed migration of Sox10+ NC-derived progenitors (NCPs), deficient pelvic ganglia neurogenesis, and reduced density of bladder wall innervation. We further combined NC-specific deletion of Pax3 with the constitutive Pax3Sp-d allele in an effort to generate viable Pax3 mutants to examine later stages of bladder innervation and postnatal bladder function. Neural crest specific deletion of a Pax3 flox allele, using a Sox10-cre driver, in combination with a constitutive Pax3Sp-d mutation produced postnatal viable offspring that exhibited altered bladder function as well as reduced bladder wall innervation and altered connectivity between accessory ganglia at the bladder neck. Combined, the results show that Pax3 plays critical roles within sacral NC that are essential for initiation of neurogenesis and differentiation of autonomic neurons within pelvic ganglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen K Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Meagan C Branch
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dennis P Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Simon J Conway
- HB Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Maeda K, Hotta Y, Shibayama M, Kawata R, Kataoka T, Matsumoto S, Yamamoto T, Kimura K. Impairment of accessory nerves around major pelvic ganglion leading to overflow urinary incontinence in rats. Neurourol Urodyn 2021; 40:624-631. [PMID: 33492702 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the relationship between lower urinary tract function and the accessory nerve (ACN) arising from the major pelvic ganglion (MPG). METHODS Ten-week-old male Wistar/ST rats were randomly divided into eight groups according to the type of treatment (sham or bilateral accessory nerve injury [BACNI]) and the duration of observation (3 days, 1 week, 2 weeks, or 4 weeks: Sham-3d, Sham-1w, Sham-2w, Sham-4w, BACNI-3d, BACNI-1w, BACNI-2ws, and BACNI-4w. BACNI was induced in the following manner: the ACN was crushed for 1 min (2 mm away from the MPG) using reverse-action tweezers. The same procedure was performed on both sides. On the last day of each observation period, the bladder function was measured by awake cystometry, and histological evaluation was performed. RESULTS All rats in the Sham groups micturated normally. In the BACNI-3d and BACNI-1w groups, all rats showed symptoms of overflow urinary incontinence (OUI). This OUI improved gradually over time. The bladder's size in the BACNI group was significantly larger than that in the Sham group (p < .01). In addition, fibrosis was observed in the subserosa of the bladder of rats in BACNI groups. CONCLUSION The BACNI model rats exhibited OUI, suggesting that ACN is involved in the lower urinary tract function. It might be possible that ACN controls the function of either the bladder, the urethra, or both.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotomi Maeda
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Hotta
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Maaya Shibayama
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryoya Kawata
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomoya Kataoka
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Seiji Matsumoto
- Center for Advanced Research and Education, Asahikawa Medical University, Asahikawa, Japan.,Clinical Research Support Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan
| | - Tokunori Yamamoto
- Clinical Research Support Center, Asahikawa Medical University Hospital, Asahikawa, Japan.,Laboratory for Clinical Application of Adipose-Derived Regenerative Cells, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kimura
- Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Atencio ASM, de Manzo FAP, Velasco M. Role of Histamine as a Peripheral Sympathetic Neuromediator and its Interrelation with Substance P. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4486-4495. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200813132951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article is an educational review about the fundamental aspects related to the proposal of the existence
of a peripheral sympathetic reflex regulated by histamine, through its effect on presynaptic H3 type receptors,
under the interaction of a sensory neuron that would be mediated by Substance P. In this respect, we consider
it useful to highlight the role of histamine, so we discuss some aspects about its history, metabolism, and
function, as well as its interaction with H3 type receptors that are considered as neuroreceptors, which define and
typify it as a neuromediator at both levels of the nervous system, central and peripheral.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto S. Manzo Atencio
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | - Manuel Velasco
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Vargas Medical School, Central University of Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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Establishment of animal model manifested as bladder neurogenic changes generated by bilateral pelvic nerve injury in male rats. Int Urol Nephrol 2020; 53:421-429. [PMID: 33025408 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-020-02668-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish a male rat model of neurogenic bladder after bilateral pelvic nerve injury (BPNI) and investigate the factors associated with onset of neurogenic bladder. METHODS Twenty-four 8-week-old male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into three groups (n = 8 rats per group). Rats in 4-week and 8-week nerve injury group underwent BPNI, while rats in the sham group underwent a sham operation. Bladder functional analysis were performed and then bladders tissues were harvested for morphological examination and investigating the mRNA expression levels of target genes in all rats. RESULTS The bladder weight significantly increased in rats following BPNI. Functional analysis revealed non-voiding contractions and decreased detrusor contractility following BPNI, manifested as elevated post-void residual and bladder capacity while reduced maximum voiding pressure and voiding efficiency. The collagen area in bladder tissue and mRNA expression levels of target genes significantly increased at 4 or 8 weeks post-BPNI except Smad3. At 4 weeks post-BPNI, expression levels of vesicular acetylcholine transporter were reduced, then returned to baseline at 8 weeks. Expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were reduced at both 4 and 8 weeks post-BPNI. CONCLUSIONS A neurogenic bladder animal model was successfully established by performing BPNI in male rats, characterized by impaired voiding function, bladder detrusor fibrosis, and reduced neurotransmitter release.
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11
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The diversity of neuronal phenotypes in rodent and human autonomic ganglia. Cell Tissue Res 2020; 382:201-231. [PMID: 32930881 PMCID: PMC7584561 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03279-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Selective sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways that act on target organs represent the terminal actors in the neurobiology of homeostasis and often become compromised during a range of neurodegenerative and traumatic disorders. Here, we delineate several neurotransmitter and neuromodulator phenotypes found in diverse parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in humans and rodent species. The comparative approach reveals evolutionarily conserved and non-conserved phenotypic marker constellations. A developmental analysis examining the acquisition of selected neurotransmitter properties has provided a detailed, but still incomplete, understanding of the origins of a set of noradrenergic and cholinergic sympathetic neuron populations, found in the cervical and trunk region. A corresponding analysis examining cholinergic and nitrergic parasympathetic neurons in the head, and a range of pelvic neuron populations, with noradrenergic, cholinergic, nitrergic, and mixed transmitter phenotypes, remains open. Of particular interest are the molecular mechanisms and nuclear processes that are responsible for the correlated expression of the various genes required to achieve the noradrenergic phenotype, the segregation of cholinergic locus gene expression, and the regulation of genes that are necessary to generate a nitrergic phenotype. Unraveling the neuron population-specific expression of adhesion molecules, which are involved in axonal outgrowth, pathway selection, and synaptic organization, will advance the study of target-selective autonomic pathway generation.
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12
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Bertrand MM, Korajkic N, Osborne PB, Keast JR. Functional segregation within the pelvic nerve of male rats: a meso- and microscopic analysis. J Anat 2020; 237:757-773. [PMID: 32598494 PMCID: PMC7495281 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The pelvic splanchnic nerves are essential for pelvic organ function and have been proposed as targets for neuromodulation. We have focused on the rodent homologue of these nerves, the pelvic nerves. Our goal was to define within the pelvic nerve the projections of organ-specific sensory axons labelled by microinjection of neural tracer (cholera toxin, subunit B) into the bladder, urethra or rectum. We also examined the location of peptidergic sensory axons within the pelvic nerves to determine whether they aggregated separately from sacral preganglionic and paravertebral sympathetic postganglionic axons travelling in the same nerve. To address these aims, microscopy was performed on the major pelvic ganglion (MPG) with attached pelvic nerves, microdissected from young adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (6-8 weeks old) and processed as whole mounts for fluorescence immunohistochemistry. The pelvic nerves were typically composed of five discrete fascicles. Each fascicle contained peptidergic sensory, cholinergic preganglionic and noradrenergic postganglionic axons. Sensory axons innervating the lower urinary tract (LUT) consistently projected in specific fascicles within the pelvic nerves, whereas sensory axons innervating the rectum projected in a complementary group of fascicles. These discrete aggregations of organ-specific sensory projections could be followed along the full length of the pelvic nerves. From the junction of the pelvic nerve with the MPG, sensory axons immunoreactive for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) showed several distinct patterns of projection: some projected directly to the cavernous nerve, others projected directly across the surface of the MPG to the accessory nerves and a third class entered the MPG, encircling specific cholinergic neurons projecting to the LUT. A subpopulation of preganglionic inputs to noradrenergic MPG neurons also showed CGRP immunoreactivity. Together, these studies reveal new molecular and structural features of the pelvic nerves and suggest functional targets of sensory nerves in the MPG. These anatomical data will facilitate the design of experimental bioengineering strategies to specifically modulate each axon class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin M Bertrand
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia.,Department of Visceral Surgery, CHU de Nîmes, Nîmes, France.,Montpellier Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics and Microelectronics (LIRMM), ICAR Team, French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nadja Korajkic
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Peregrine B Osborne
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Janet R Keast
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
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