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Arakawa T, Akuta T. Mechanistic Insight into Poly-Reactivity of Immune Antibodies upon Acid Denaturation or Arginine Mutation in Antigen-Binding Regions. Antibodies (Basel) 2023; 12:64. [PMID: 37873861 PMCID: PMC10594486 DOI: 10.3390/antib12040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The poly-reactivity of antibodies is defined as their binding to specific antigens as well as to related proteins and also to unrelated targets. Poly-reactivity can occur in individual molecules of natural serum antibodies, likely due to their conformation flexibility, and, for therapeutic antibodies, it plays a critical role in their clinical development. On the one hand, it can enhance their binding to target antigens and cognate receptors, but, on the other hand, it may lead to a loss of antibody function by binding to off-target proteins. Notably, poly-reactivity has been observed in antibodies subjected to treatments with dissociating, destabilizing or denaturing agents, in particular acidic pH, a common step in the therapeutic antibody production process involving the elution of Protein-A bound antibodies and viral clearance using low pH buffers. Additionally, poly-reactivity can emerge during the affinity maturation in the immune system, such as the germinal center. This review delves into the underlying potential causes of poly-reactivity, highlighting the importance of conformational flexibility, which can be further augmented by the acid denaturation of antibodies and the introduction of arginine mutations into the complementary regions of antibody-variable domains. The focus is placed on a particular antibody's acid conformation, meticulously characterized through circular dichroism, differential scanning calorimetry, and sedimentation velocity analyses. By gaining a deeper understanding of these mechanisms, we aim to shed light on the complexities of antibody poly-reactivity and its implications for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Arakawa
- Alliance Protein Laboratories, 13380 Pantera Road, San Diego, CA 92130, USA
| | - Teruo Akuta
- Research and Development Division, Kyokuto Pharmaceutical Industrial Co., Ltd., 3333-26 Aza-Asayama, Kamitezuna, Takahagi-shi 318-0004, Ibaraki, Japan;
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Bracamonte-Baran W, Čiháková D. Cardiac Autoimmunity: Myocarditis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1003:187-221. [PMID: 28667560 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57613-8_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Myocarditis is the inflammation of the muscle tissues of the heart (myocardium). After a pathologic cardiac-specific inflammatory process, it may progress to chronic damage and dilated cardiomyopathy. The latter is characterized by systolic dysfunction, whose clinical correlate is heart failure. Nevertheless, other acute complications may arise as consequence of tissue damage and electrophysiologic disturbances. Different etiologies are involved in triggering myocarditis. In some cases, such as giant cell myocarditis or eosinophilic necrotizing myocarditis, it is an autoimmune process. Several factors predispose the development of autoimmune myocarditis such as systemic/local primary autoimmunity, viral infection, HLA and gender bias, exposure of cryptic antigens, mimicry, and deficient thymic training/Treg induction. Once the anti-myocardium autoimmune process is triggered, several components of the immune response orchestrate a sustained attack toward myocardial tissues with particular timing and immunopathogenic features. Innate response mediated by monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils, and eosinophils parallels the adaptive response, playing a final effector role and not only a priming function. Stromal cells like fibroblast are also involved in the process through specific cytokines. Furthermore, adaptive T cell responses have anti-paradigmatic features, as Th17 response is dispensable for acute myocarditis but is the main driver of the process leading to dilated cardiomyopathy. Humoral response, thought to be a bystander, is important in the appearance of late-stage hemodynamic complications. The complexity of that process, as well as the unspecific and variable clinical presentation, had generated difficulties for diagnosis and treatment, which remain suboptimal. In this chapter, we will discuss the most relevant immunopathogenic findings from a basic science and clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Bracamonte-Baran
- Department of Pathology, Division of Immunology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniela Čiháková
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 720 Rutland Ave., Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA. .,W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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Lecerf M, Jarossay A, Kaveri SV, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD. Methods for Posttranslational Induction of Polyreactivity of Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1643:135-145. [PMID: 28667534 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7180-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
An antibody molecule that recognizes multiple unrelated antigens is defined as polyreactive. Polyreactivity is an intrinsic characteristic of immune repertoires. Degenerated antigen binding diversifies the repertoire of specificities, thus contributing to immune defense and immune regulation. Immune repertoire contains also a fraction of immunoglobulins, which acquire polyreactivity only following contact with various protein-destabilizing or pro-oxidative substances. Posttranslational induction of the antibody polyreactivity may have important repercussion for laboratory practice, as well as in cases of pathological conditions accompanied by liberation of large quantities of pro-oxidative substances such as heme, labile iron, or reactive oxygen species. Antibodies with induced polyreactivity have been demonstrated to exert pathogen neutralization and immune regulatory potential in inflammatory conditions, suggesting that this phenomenon may be exploited for design of therapeutic strategies. In this article, we provide description of the basic procedures for uncovering of the cryptic polyreactivity of antibodies by heme, ferrous ions, and acid pH solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Lecerf
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Annaelle Jarossay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Srinivas V Kaveri
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Sébastien Lacroix-Desmazes
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Jordan D Dimitrov
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France. .,INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 15, rue de l'Ecole de Médecine, 75006, Paris, France.
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de Mast Q, Molhoek JE, van der Ven AJ, Gray WK, de Groot PG, Jusabani A, Mugusi F, Urbanus RT, Walker RW. Antiphospholipid Antibodies and the Risk of Stroke in Urban and Rural Tanzania: A Community-Based Case-Control Study. Stroke 2016; 47:2589-95. [PMID: 27625376 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.116.013760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The burden of stroke is high in sub-Saharan Africa, and improved knowledge of risk factors is needed. Antiphospholipid antibodies are a common acquired stroke risk factor in young individuals. Antiphospholipid antibodies may be induced by infectious diseases. Sub-Saharan Africa has a high infectious burden, and we analyzed the contribution of antiphospholipid antibodies to the risk of stroke in an incident population from rural and urban Tanzania. METHODS Stroke cases and age- and sex-matched community-acquired controls from the rural Hai district and urban Dar-es-Salaam areas of Tanzania were recruited in a wider study of stroke incidence between June 2003 and June 2006. Lupus anticoagulant, anticardiolipin, anti-β2-glycoprotein I, and antiphosphatidylserine/prothrombin antibodies were determined in stored plasma, as well as IgG antibodies against Treponema pallidum. RESULTS Data from 158 stroke cases and 369 controls were analyzed. Thirty cases (19%) and 4 controls (1%) had a lupus anticoagulant (odds ratio, 20.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.2-60.5). Anticardiolipin IgG was the only other antiphospholipid antibody subtype associated with increased stroke risk (odds ratio, 2.1; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-4.3), but this association disappeared when corrected for IgG antibodies against Treponema pallidum results. The prevalence of anti-β2-glycoprotein I IgG antibodies in the Tanzanian healthy population was high when Dutch cutoff values were applied (67%), whereas presence of anti-β2-glycoprotein I IgM was associated with a reduced stroke risk (odds ratio 0.3; 95% confidence interval, 0.1-1.1). CONCLUSIONS The presence of lupus anticoagulant is a strong, and to date unrecognized, risk factor for stroke in Tanzania, especially in young and middle-aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quirijn de Mast
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.).
| | - Jessica E Molhoek
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - André J van der Ven
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - William K Gray
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - Philip G de Groot
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - Ahmed Jusabani
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - Ferdinand Mugusi
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - Rolf T Urbanus
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
| | - Richard W Walker
- From the Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands (Q.d.M., A.J.v.d.V., P.G.d.G.); Department of Clinical Chemistry and Haematology, University Medical Center Utrecht, The Netherlands (J.E.M., P.G.d.G., R.T.U.); North Tyneside General Hospital, North Shields (W.K.G., R.W.W.); Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre, Moshi, Tanzania (A.J.); Muhimbili University College Hospital, Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania (F.M.); and Institute of Health and Society, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, United Kingdom (R.W.W.)
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Avrameas S. Autopolyreactivity Confers a Holistic Role in the Immune System. Scand J Immunol 2016; 83:227-34. [PMID: 26808310 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize and discuss some key findings from the study of naturally occurring autoantibodies. The B-cell compartment of the immune system appears to recognize almost all endogenous and environmental antigens. This ability is accomplished principally through autopolyreactive humoral and cellular immune receptors. This extended autopolyreactivity (1) along immunoglobulin gene recombination contributes to the immune system's ability to recognize a very large number of self and non-self constituents; and (2) generates a vast immune network that creates communication channels between the organism's interior and exterior. Thus, the immune system continuously evolves depending on the internal and external stimuli it encounters. Furthermore, this far-reaching network's existence implies activities resembling those of classical biological factors or activities that modulate the function of other classical biological factors. A few such antibodies have already been found. Another important concept is that natural autoantibodies are highly dependent on the presence or absence of commensal microbes in the organism. These results are in line with past and recent findings showing the fundamental influence of the microbiota on proper immune system development, and necessitate the existence of a host-microbe homeostasis. This homeostasis requires that the participating humoral and cellular receptors are able to recognize self-antigens and commensal microbes without damaging them. Autopolyreactive immune receptors expressing low affinity for both types of antigens fulfil this role. The immune system appears to play a holistic role similar to that of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Avrameas
- Laboratory of Immunology, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
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de Klerk B, Ducro B, Heuven H, den Uyl I, van Arendonk J, Parmentier H, van der Poel J. Phenotypic and genetic relationships of bovine natural antibodies binding keyhole limpet hemocyanin in plasma and milk. J Dairy Sci 2015; 98:2746-52. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2014-8818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Khobondo JO, Nieuwland MGB, Webb LE, Bokkers EAM, Parmentier HK. Natural (auto)antibodies in calves are affected by age and diet. Vet Q 2015; 35:64-75. [PMID: 25671329 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2015.1009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural autoantibodies (N(a)ab) were found in every species tested so far, and are likely important in maintaining homeostasis. OBJECTIVES (1) To determine N(a)ab in Bos taurus calves, (2) evaluate effects of diet and age on N(a)ab binding repertoires in calves, and (3) delineate bovine liver cell lysate (BLL) antigens related with variation in rumen score and body weight. ANIMALS AND METHODS Effects of age and diet on staining of BLL fragments by IgM and IgG antibodies in serum samples collected at 20 or at 26 weeks of age from bull calves either fed a restricted or ad libitum diet were analyzed using quantitative Western blotting. Correlations between fragments stained and grouping of calves were done by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Redundancy analysis (RDA) was done to relate rumen score and body weight variation at slaughter at 27 weeks of age with stained BLL fragments. RESULTS In sera from all calves IgM and IgG antibodies binding BLL antigens were found. Corresponding fragments were stained, but quantitative differences in staining intensities were related to diet and age for both IgM and IgG. PCA revealed that age had a greater influence than diet on BLL fragment staining. RDA suggested that staining by IgM or IgG of specific BLL fragments was related with variation in rumen score and body weight. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE Analyses of N(a)ab in serum could be a potential tool to estimate the health status of cattle, and be used to evaluate effects of husbandry practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel O Khobondo
- a Ministry of Agriculture , Livestock and Fisheries, Dairy Training Institute , Naivasha , Kenya
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de Carvalho JF, Pereira RMR, Shoenfeld Y. Current knowledge regarding Asherson’s syndrome. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:587-91. [DOI: 10.1586/eci.09.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Novak A, Binnington B, Ngan B, Chadwick K, Fleshner N, Lingwood CA. Cholesterol masks membrane glycosphingolipid tumor-associated antigens to reduce their immunodetection in human cancer biopsies. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1230-9. [PMID: 23906628 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosphingolipids (GSLs) are neoplastic and normal/cancer stem cell markers and GSL/cholesterol-containing membrane rafts are increased in cancer cell plasma membranes. We define a novel means by which cancer cells can restrict tumor-associated GSL immunoreactivity. The GSL-cholesterol complex reorients GSL carbohydrate to a membrane parallel, rather than perpendicular conformation, largely unavailable for antibody recognition. Methyl-β-cyclodextrin cholesterol extraction of all primary human tumor frozen sections tested (ovarian, testicular, neuroblastoma, prostate, breast, colon, pheochromocytoma and ganglioneuroma), unmasked previously "invisible" membrane GSLs for immunodetection. In ovarian carcinoma, globotriaosyl ceramide (Gb3), the GSL receptor for the antineoplastic Escherichia coli-derived verotoxin, was increased throughout the tumor. In colon carcinoma, Gb3 detection was vastly increased within the neovasculature and perivascular stroma. In tumors considered Gb3 negative (neuroblastoma, Leydig testicular tumor and pheochromocytoma), neovascular Gb3 was unmasked. Tumor-associated GSL stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1, SSEA-3, SSEA-4 and globoH were unmasked according to tumor: SSEA-1 in prostate/colon; SSEA-3 in prostate; SSEA-4 in pheochromocytoma/some colon tumors; globoH in prostate/some colon tumors. In colon, anti-SSEA-1 was tumor cell specific. Within the GSL-cholesterol complex, filipin-cholesterol binding was also reduced. These results may relate to the ill-defined benefit of statins on cancer prognosis, for example, prostate carcinoma. We found novel anti-tumor GSL antibodies circulating in 3/5 statin-treated, but not untreated, prostate cancer patients. Lowering tumor membrane cholesterol may permit immune recognition of otherwise unavailable tumor-associated GSL carbohydrate, for more effective immunosurveillance and active/passive immunotherapy. Our results show standard immunodetection of tumor GSLs significantly under assesses tumor membrane GSL content, impinging on the current use of such antigens as cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Novak
- Division of Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute
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Chihara RK, Lutz AJ, Paris LL, Wang ZY, Sidner RA, Heyrman AT, Downey SM, Burlak C, Tector AJ. Fibronectin from alpha 1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout pigs is a xenoantigen. J Surg Res 2013; 184:1123-33. [PMID: 23673165 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibody-mediated rejection continues to be an obstacle for xenotransplantation despite development of α1,3-galactosyltransferase knockout (GTKO) pigs. Fibronectin (Fn) from GTKO pigs was identified as a xenoantigen in baboons. N-glycolylneuraminic acid (Neu5Gc), similar to galactose α1,3-galactose, is an antigenic carbohydrate found in pigs. We evaluated human antibody reactivity and performed initial antigenic epitope characterization of Fn from GTKO pigs. MATERIALS AND METHODS GTKO pig aortic endothelial cells (AEC) were isolated and assessed for antibody-mediated complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). Human and GTKO pig Fn were purified and analyzed using immunoblots. GTKO pig and human AEC absorbed human sera were assessed for CDC and anti-GTKO pig Fn antibodies. GTKO pig proteins were assessed for Neu5Gc. Immunoaffinity-purified human IgG anti-GTKO pig (hIgG-GTKOp) Fn using a GTKO pig Fn column were evaluated for cross-reactivity with other proteins. RESULTS GTKO pig AEC had greater human antibody binding, complement deposition and CDC compared with allogeneic human AEC. Human sera absorbed with GTKO pig AEC resulted in diminished anti-GTKO pig Fn antibody. Neu5Gc was identified on GTKO pig Fn and other proteins. The hIgG-GTKOp Fn cross-reacted with multiple GTKO pig proteins and was enriched with anti-Neu5Gc antibody. CONCLUSIONS Removal of antigenic epitopes from GTKO pig AEC would improve xenograft compatibility. GTKO pig Fn has antigenic epitopes, one identified as Neu5Gc, which may be responsible for pathology and cross-reactivity of hIgG-GTKOp Fn. Genetic knockout of Neu5Gc appears necessary to address significance and identification of non-Neu5Gc GTKO pig Fn antigenic epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ray K Chihara
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Abstract
The antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is defined by the persistent presence of antiphospholipid antibodies in patients with a history of thrombosis and/or pregnancy morbidity, including fetal loss. APS is an autoimmune disease with a confusing name because the pathologic auto-antibodies are shown to be directed against the plasma protein β(2)-glycoprotein I and not against phospholipids. In fact, auto-antibodies that recognize phospholipids themselves are not associated with thrombosis but with infectious diseases. One of the intriguing questions is why autoantibodies against β(2)-glycoprotein I are so commonly found in both patients and the healthy. Several potential mechanisms have been suggested to explain the increased thrombotic risk in patients with these autoantibodies. In this overview, we will summarize our knowledge on the etiology of the autoantibodies, and we will discuss the evidence that identify autoantibodies against β(2)-glycoprotein I as the culprit of APS.
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van Knegsel A, Hostens M, de Vries Reilingh G, Lammers A, Kemp B, Opsomer G, Parmentier H. Natural antibodies related to metabolic and mammary health in dairy cows. Prev Vet Med 2012; 103:287-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2011.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Côté M, Provost PR, Tremblay Y. Apolipoprotein A-I, A-II, and H mRNA and protein accumulation sites in the developing lung in late gestation. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:235. [PMID: 21756353 PMCID: PMC3154161 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), A-II, and H was previously observed at 16 to 50-fold higher levels in the fetal than the adult mouse lung. Here, sites of apoA-I, A-II, and H mRNA and protein accumulation were determined in mouse fetal lungs by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry in late gestation. RESULTS Expression sites vary for the three genes and change for the distal epithelium before the end of the canalicular stage, thus where and when the surge of surfactant synthesis occurs. Messenger of apoH, but not those of apoA-I and A-II, was also observed in the proximal epithelium and smooth muscles surrounding arteries. In contrast to apoC-II protein, none of the three studied apolipoproteins accumulated within secretory granule-like structures. Immunohistochemistry revealed that apoA-I and apoH accumulated mainly in capillaries. Three different positive signals with the anti-apoA-II antibody were found: one transient signal in the nucleus of a portion of mesenchymal cells, a second at lower levels throughout the mesenchyme, and another in capillaries with a specific increase from gestation day 17.5/18.5. CONCLUSION Temporal and geographic co-expression of apoAI, AII, and H genes with surfactant production site suggests that the three apolipoproteins are secreted to play roles supporting the lung-specific surfactant lipid-related metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Côté
- Reproduction Axis, Perinatal and Child Health, Rm T-1-49, CHUQ Research Center, Québec City, Québec, Canada.
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Antigen-specific enhancement of natural human IgG antibodies to phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate, cholesterol, and lipid A by a liposomal vaccine containing lipid A. Vaccine 2011; 29:5137-44. [PMID: 21624414 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2011] [Revised: 05/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Natural IgG antibodies (NA) to lipids are ubiquitously distributed in sera of healthy humans and are believed to serve beneficial functions. Although NA to lipids generally exhibit germ line or near germ line binding specificities, the antibodies commonly increase transiently in the acute phases of most, if not all, infectious diseases and may serve as a first line of defense. In order to determine whether similar anti-lipid antibodies can be induced by a vaccine in humans, we examined stored sera obtained from volunteers who had previously received a candidate vaccine to Plasmodium falciparum. The vaccine had consisted of liposomes that contained both the recombinant protein antigen and also contained monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA) as an adjuvant. All of the pre-immune sera contained NA to one or more of the liposomal lipids in the vaccine: dimyristol phosphatidylcholine (DMPC), dimyristoyl phosphatidylglycerol (DMPG), cholesterol, and MPLA. After initial immunization, followed by a boost, increased levels of IgG antibodies to all of the liposomal lipids, especially DMPG and MPLA, were observed by ELISA. Antibodies to phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PIP) above the normal pre-immune NA to PIP were also observed. Although PIP was not present in the immunizing liposomes, based on the adsorption of anti-PIP antibodies by DMPG the anti-PIP antibodies were thought to represent cross-reacting anti-DMPG antibodies. The immune response was apparently antigen-specific in that NA to unrelated lipids, other than PIP, that were not present in the liposomes, galactosyl ceramide and ganglioside GM1, were not increased by the immunization. We conclude that antibodies to DMPC, DMPG, PIP, cholesterol, and MPLA can be induced in humans by immunization with liposomes containing MPLA.
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"Natural" antibodies and histo-blood groups in biological development with respect to histo-blood group A. A perspective review. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1318-21. [PMID: 21798618 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The "inappropriate" A-specific ovarian glycosphingolipids discovered in unfertilized C57BL/10J female mice reflect growth processes, which suggest the activity of embryonic stem cells undergoing genetic polymorphism. And the responding anti-GalNAc antibody represents the first classical "natural" antibody, which was unmasked as a highly specific autoantibody. This murine anti-A is subspecifically distinct from the human antibody, discovering by a broader reactivity growth-dependent, xenoreactive A-specific structures also in non-reproductive murine tissues, where an equivalent of the human AB gene family as a cis AB-gene encodes A-and B glycotransferases. Expression of antigen is known to need always more than its encoded enzyme, and the special mechanism which in the C57BL/10J murine ovarian glycospingolipids blocks the expression of "B" still remains still unknown. A herewith arising postulation of a growth-predominating common biological activity may be supported by findings in rats. The number of A-genes here significantly exceeds those of B and in the Wistar rat the A-antigen is only expressed in the wild type, while B-expression requires the transfer of human B. Nevertheless in transgenic rats, the appearance of "A" still remains more pronounced. The observations lead to reports on animals, which do not show AB transferase production or a respective antigen expression in their normal tissues, but inconcistently display A activity in malignant tumors. And respective examples are delivered by phenotype independent neo expressions of "inappropriate" A-specific structures in human cancer. Although in comparison with epitope deletions they are rare, the ubiquitous "natural" (IgM and IgG) anti-A and anti-B levels, against self and not self, irrespective of the blood group in any normal human sera, may reflect invisible "inappropriate" A-specific growth. The role of the associated (auto) anti-B might be different, because B-neo expressions obviously not occur in cancer, and anti-gal-antibodies are supposed to originate primarily from environmental, cross-reactive stimulation, and beyond their functions in defense are otherwise engaged in physiology. In general natural antibody specificities undergo significant phylogenetical changes within the species. However, the in nature wide-spread "natural" anti-A agglutinin specificities survived or even predominated the long-term evolution from the brown trout up to man and still respond to the biological power, i.e. the products of a CAZY glycosyltransferase 6 (ABO) gene family. It is so hypothesized that both, the murine and human "natural" anti-A antibodies represent examples of a still to be analyzed polyclonal response to a provocative, species-independent evolutionary epitope, which arises or escapes by some enzymatic predominance from the genetical polymorphism in a consistent developmental process.
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Ujvari B, Madsen T. Do natural antibodies compensate for humoral immunosenescence in tropical pythons? Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01860.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ortega-Hernandez OD, Agmon-Levin N, Blank M, Asherson RA, Shoenfeld Y. The Pathophysiology of the Catastrophic Antiphospholipid Syndrome: Compelling Evidence. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8110-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Berghof T, De Vries Reilingh G, Nieuwland M, Parmentier H. Effect of aging and repeated intratracheal challenge on levels of cryptic and overt natural antibodies in poultry. Poult Sci 2010; 89:227-35. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Natural Hidden Autoantibodies to Tissue Transglutaminase Cross-React with Fibrinogen. J Clin Immunol 2009; 30:204-12. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-009-9347-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Szodoray P, Tarr T, Tumpek J, Kappelmayer J, Lakos G, Poor G, Szegedi G, Kiss E. Identification of rare anti-phospholipid/protein co-factor autoantibodies in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2009; 42:497-506. [PMID: 19626489 DOI: 10.1080/08916930902882731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Lupus anticoagulant (LA) and beta2-glikoprotein I (b2GPI) dependent anti-cardiolipin (aCL) are part of the diagnostic criteria both of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and anti-phospholipid syndrome (APS). Anti-phospholipid antibodies (aPL) may also bind to other phospholipids and/or protein co-factors. In the present study, besides aCL and anti-b2GPI, antibodies directed against phosphatidylserine, prothrombin (PT) and annexin V (aANX) were measured in 85 randomly selected SLE patients, 14 suffering from secondary APS. LA was detected by hemostasis tests. Correlations were determined between rare aPLs and clinical manifestations, including thrombotic events. Anti-cardiolipin IgG was positive in 14 patients, aCL IgM in 8, anti-b2GPI IgG in 4 and IgM in 5 patients. LA was detected in nine cases. Seven patients were positive for anti-phosphatidylserine (aPS) IgG, nine for aPS IgM, while anti-PT (aPT) IgG was positive in nine cases. aPT IgM and anti-aANX were negative in all patients. Correlation was found between aPS and aCL antibodies. The frequency and concentration of rare anti-phospholipid/co-factor antibodies was higher in patients with secondary APS. The presence of such rare aPLs cumulated in APS patients, their presence increased the frequency of thrombotic events in the entire study population, furthermore in patients positive for LA or aCL. Rare anti-phospholipid/co-factor antibodies were found in 12% of an un-selected lupus patient population. Their presence was more frequent in patients with secondary APS, and further increased the risk of thrombotic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Szodoray
- 3rd Department of Medicine, Medical and Health Science Center, University of Debrecen, Hungary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsuura
- Department of Cell Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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St-Amour I, Laroche A, Bazin R, Lemieux R. Activation of cryptic IgG reactive with BAFF, amyloid beta peptide and GM-CSF during the industrial fractionation of human plasma into therapeutic intravenous immunoglobulins. Clin Immunol 2009; 133:52-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Revised: 06/09/2009] [Accepted: 06/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bucciarelli S, Erkan D, Espinosa G, Cervera R. Catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome: treatment, prognosis, and the risk of relapse. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2009; 36:80-4. [PMID: 19051065 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-008-8107-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The "catastrophic" variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) is characterized by multiple vascular occlusive events, usually affecting small vessels and developing over a short period of time. Although patients with catastrophic APS represent less than 1% of all patients with APS, they are usually in a life-threatening situation with a 50% mortality rate. The purpose of this paper is to review the treatment strategies and prognostic factors in patients with catastrophic APS. A detailed description of the clinical and laboratory features of the syndrome can be found in the other articles of this issue.
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Berrocal-Zaragoza MI, Fernandez-Ballart JD, Murphy MM, Cavallé-Busquets P, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV. Association between blocking folate receptor autoantibodies and subfertility. Fertil Steril 2009; 91:1518-21. [PMID: 18950755 PMCID: PMC2692532 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2008.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The association between blocking folate receptor (FR) autoantibodies and subfertility was investigated in a longitudinal study of women attempting to become pregnant. Seventeen women with subfertility (failure to conceive during 12 menstrual cycles) and 25 control women (women who conceived and went on to have normal pregnancy outcomes) were studied. Subfertility risk was 12 times higher in women with blocking FR autoantibodies compared with those without (odds ratio, 12; 95% confidence interval, 1.9-129.6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Isabel Berrocal-Zaragoza
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Area of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Tarragona, Spain
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The physiopathology of the catastrophic antiphospholipid (Asherson's) syndrome: compelling evidence. J Autoimmun 2008; 32:1-6. [PMID: 19059760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 10/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Catastrophic antiphospholipid (Asherson's) syndrome (cAPS) was described in the past as a severe variant of the antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). Currently growing evidence suggests it is a unique condition. This statement is based on several clinical and physiopathological features that although not well understood define cAPS by itself. The remarkable features of cAPS are the presence of antiphospholipid antibodies (aPLAs) and microthromboses. Additional physiopathological features are the presence of anemia and thrombocytopenia, which are also often described in similar autoimmune conditions. A strong association with concomitant infection is thought to act as the main trigger of microthromboses in cAPS. Several theories have been proposed to explain these physiopathological features. Some of them suggest the possibility of molecular mimicry between components of infectious microorganisms and natural anticoagulants, which might be involved in the production of cross-reacting aPLAs in cAPS. Some genetic risk factors have also been suggested to be implicated in the onset of cAPS, however they have not been defined yet. Herein, we review the remarkable physiopathological features commonly described in cAPS hitherto. We concluded that although they are not completely understood, it is possible to differentiate them from similar conditions. Nevertheless further studies on these physiopathological mechanisms of the disease are needed.
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Lutz HU, Miescher S. Natural antibodies in health and disease: An overview of the first international workshop on natural antibodies in health and disease. Autoimmun Rev 2008; 7:405-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2008.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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