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Ortiz MA, Diaz-Torné C, De Agustin JJ, Estrada P, Reina D, Hernandez MV, Sang H, Zamora C, Cantó E, Corominas H, Vidal S. Altered CD39 and CD73 Expression in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Implications for Disease Activity and Treatment Response. Biomolecules 2023; 14:1. [PMID: 38275742 PMCID: PMC10813161 DOI: 10.3390/biom14010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) synovium, ATP, and ADP are released, sparking inflammation. Ectoenzymes CD39 and CD73 metabolize these purine nucleotides, generating anti-inflammatory adenosine. Therefore, dysregulated CD39 and CD73 expression may impact RA development. We assessed CD39 and CD73 expression in peripheral blood from 15 healthy controls (Cs) and 35 RA patients at baseline and after 3 and 6 months of tocilizumab treatment using flow cytometry. Additionally, ectoenzyme expression was examined on cultured T cells to understand activation and IL-6 effects. At baseline, RA patients exhibited a lower CD8+CD39-CD73+ cell percentage, which inversely correlated with DAS28. Additionally, they had lower percentages of Treg CD39+CD73+ and CD39-CD73- cells. Good responders tended to have lower B CD39+CD73+ cell percentages at baseline and 3 months. Additionally, Treg, CD8+ T and B cells inversely correlated with DAS28. T-cell activation increased CD39 and decreased CD73 expression, regardless of IL-6. IL-6 reduced IFNγ-secreting CD4+ T-cell percentage in Cs, but increased the percentage of IFNγ-secreting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in RA patients. These findings indicate differing CD39 and CD73 expression in RA and Cs, influenced by T-cell activation and IL-6. Correlations between these molecules and RA activity suggest their role in dysregulated inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Angels Ortiz
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Cesar Diaz-Torné
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | | | - Paula Estrada
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Moisès Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (D.R.)
| | - Delia Reina
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital Moisès Broggi, Sant Joan Despí, 08970 Barcelona, Spain; (P.E.); (D.R.)
| | | | - Hye Sang
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Carlos Zamora
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
| | - Hector Corominas
- Rheumatology Department, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.D.-T.); (H.S.); (H.C.)
- Department of Rheumatology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Plaça Cívica, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Silvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l’Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), 08041 Barcelona, Spain; (C.Z.); (E.C.); (S.V.)
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Zhao J, Wei K, Jiang P, Chang C, Xu L, Xu L, Shi Y, Guo S, He D. G-Protein-Coupled Receptors in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Functional Roles. Front Immunol 2022; 13:907733. [PMID: 35874704 PMCID: PMC9304905 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.907733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that leads to joint damage and even disability. Although there are various clinical therapies for RA, some patients still have poor or no response. Thus, the development of new drug targets remains a high priority. In this review, we discuss the role of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including chemokine receptors, melanocortin receptors, lipid metabolism-related receptors, adenosine receptors, and other inflammation-related receptors, on mechanisms of RA, such as inflammation, lipid metabolism, angiogenesis, and bone destruction. Additionally, we summarize the latest clinical trials on GPCR targeting to provide a theoretical basis and guidance for the development of innovative GPCR-based clinical drugs for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Zhao
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Jiang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Cen Chang
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingxia Xu
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linshuai Xu
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Shi
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shicheng Guo
- Computation and Informatics in Biology and Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- *Correspondence: Shicheng Guo, ; Dongyi He,
| | - Dongyi He
- Guanghua Clinical Medical College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Rheumatology, Shanghai Guanghua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Arthritis Research in Integrative Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Arthritis Institute of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, Shanghai Chinese Medicine Research Institute, Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Shicheng Guo, ; Dongyi He,
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Kermanian F, Seghatoleslam M, Mahakizadeh S. MDMA related neuro-inflammation and adenosine receptors. Neurochem Int 2022; 153:105275. [PMID: 34990730 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2021.105275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) is a world-wide abused psychostimulant, which has the neurotoxic effects on dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons in both rodents and non-human primates. Adenosine acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain through the activation of four specific G-protein-coupled receptors and it acts as a neuromodulator of dopamine neurotransmission. Recent studies suggest that stimulation of adenosine receptors oppose many behavioral effects of methamphetamines. This review summarizes the specific cellular mechanisms involved in MDMA neuroinflammatory effects, along with the protective effects of adenosine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Kermanian
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Seghatoleslam
- Evaluative Clinical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Simin Mahakizadeh
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.
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Pasquini S, Contri C, Borea PA, Vincenzi F, Varani K. Adenosine and Inflammation: Here, There and Everywhere. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:7685. [PMID: 34299305 PMCID: PMC8304851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22147685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a ubiquitous endogenous modulator with the main function of maintaining cellular and tissue homeostasis in pathological and stress conditions. It exerts its effect through the interaction with four G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) subtypes referred as A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs), each of which has a unique pharmacological profile and tissue distribution. Adenosine is a potent modulator of inflammation, and for this reason the adenosinergic system represents an excellent pharmacological target for the myriad of diseases in which inflammation represents a cause, a pathogenetic mechanism, a consequence, a manifestation, or a protective factor. The omnipresence of ARs in every cell of the immune system as well as in almost all cells in the body represents both an opportunity and an obstacle to the clinical use of AR ligands. This review offers an overview of the cardinal role of adenosine in the modulation of inflammation, showing how the stimulation or blocking of its receptors or agents capable of regulating its extracellular concentration can represent promising therapeutic strategies for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pathologies, neurodegenerative diseases, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Chiara Contri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | | | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (S.P.); (C.C.); (K.V.)
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Targeting Adenosine Receptors: A Potential Pharmacological Avenue for Acute and Chronic Pain. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228710. [PMID: 33218074 PMCID: PMC7698931 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenosine is a purine nucleoside, responsible for the regulation of multiple physiological and pathological cellular and tissue functions by activation of four G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), namely A1, A2A, A2B, and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). In recent years, extensive progress has been made to elucidate the role of adenosine in pain regulation. Most of the antinociceptive effects of adenosine are dependent upon A1AR activation located at peripheral, spinal, and supraspinal sites. The role of A2AAR and A2BAR is more controversial since their activation has both pro- and anti-nociceptive effects. A3AR agonists are emerging as promising candidates for neuropathic pain. Although their therapeutic potential has been demonstrated in diverse preclinical studies, no AR ligands have so far reached the market. To date, novel pharmacological approaches such as adenosine regulating agents and allosteric modulators have been proposed to improve efficacy and limit side effects enhancing the effect of endogenous adenosine. This review aims to provide an overview of the therapeutic potential of ligands interacting with ARs and the adenosinergic system for the treatment of acute and chronic pain.
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Borah P, Deka S, Mailavaram RP, Deb PK. P1 Receptor Agonists/Antagonists in Clinical Trials - Potential Drug Candidates of the Future. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2792-2807. [PMID: 31333097 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adenosine mediates various physiological and pathological conditions by acting on its four P1 receptors (A1, A2A, A2B and A3 receptors). Omnipresence of P1 receptors and their activation, exert a wide range of biological activities. Thus, its modulation is implicated in various disorders like Parkinson's disease, asthma, cardiovascular disorders, cancer etc. Hence these receptors have become an interesting target for the researchers to develop potential therapeutic agents. Number of molecules were designed and developed in the past few years and evaluated for their efficacy in various disease conditions. OBJECTIVE The main objective is to provide an overview of new chemical entities which have crossed preclinical studies and reached clinical trials stage following their current status and future prospective. METHODS In this review we discuss current status of the drug candidates which have undergone clinical trials and their prospects. RESULTS Many chemical entities targeting various subtypes of P1 receptors are patented; twenty of them have crossed preclinical studies and reached clinical trials stage. Two of them viz adenosine and regadenoson are approved by the Food and Drug Administration. CONCLUSION This review is an attempt to highlight the current status, progress and probable future of P1 receptor ligands which are under clinical trials as promising novel therapeutic agents and the direction in which research should proceed with a view to come out with novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pobitra Borah
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panikhaiti, Chandrapur Road, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Satyendra Deka
- Pratiksha Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Panikhaiti, Chandrapur Road, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Raghu Prasad Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., AP, India
| | - Pran Kishore Deb
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, Amman, PO Box-1, 19392, Jordan
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7
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Mailavaram RP, Al-Attraqchi OH, Kar S, Ghosh S. Current Status in the Design and Development of Agonists and Antagonists of Adenosine A3 Receptor as Potential Therapeutic Agents. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:2772-2787. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716114056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine receptors (ARs) belongs to the family of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR) that are responsible
for the modulation of a wide variety of physiological functions. The ARs are also implicated in many
diseases such as cancer, arthritis, cardiovascular and renal diseases. The adenosine A3 receptor (A3AR) has
emerged as a potential drug target for the progress of new and effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of
various pathological conditions. This receptor’s involvement in many diseases and its validity as a target has been
established by many studies. Both agonists and antagonists of A3AR have been extensively investigated in the last
decade with the goal of developing novel drugs for treating diseases related to immune disorders, inflammation,
cancer, and others. In this review, we shall focus on the medicinal chemistry of A3AR ligands, exploring the
diverse chemical classes that have been projected as future leading drug candidates. Also, the recent advances in
the therapeuetic applications of A3AR ligands are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghu P. Mailavaram
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Shri Vishnu College of Pharmacy, Vishnupur (Affiliated to Andhra University), Bhimavaram, W.G. Dist., AP, India
| | - Omar H.A. Al-Attraqchi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University-Jordan, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University- 19392, Amman, Jordan
| | - Supratik Kar
- Interdisciplinary Center for Nanotoxicity, Department of Chemistry, Physics and Atmospheric Sciences, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
| | - Shinjita Ghosh
- School of Public Health, Jackson State University, Jackson, MS 39217, United States
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da Silva JLG, Passos DF, Bernardes VM, Leal DBR. ATP and adenosine: Role in the immunopathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Immunol Lett 2019; 214:55-64. [PMID: 31479688 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a classic inflammatory autoimmune disease. Local joint destruction and extra-articular manifestations of RA deeply compromise the life quality of the affected patients. RA immunopathogenesis depends on continuous immunogenic activation in which the purinergic system participates. The purinergic system comprises the signaling and metabolism of purines such as adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and adenosine. ATP signaling is involved in the activation and maintenance of the inflammatory state of RA through the activation of P2X7 and the production of cytokines, which orchestrate the pathogenesis of RA. The breakdown of ATP through the CD39/CD73 axis produces adenosine, which mostly inhibits the inflammatory process through activation of specific P1 receptors. Adenosine is hydrolyzed by adenosine deaminase (ADA) that interacts with other molecules playing additional roles in this disease. This review explores the release, metabolism, and the effects of binding of ATP and adenosine to their respective receptors in the context of RA, as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean L G da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela F Passos
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Viviane M Bernardes
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Daniela B R Leal
- Laboratório de Imunobiologia Experimental e Aplicada (LABIBIO), Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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Al-Shar'i NA, Al-Balas QA. Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Adenosine Receptors: Advances, Applications and Trends. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 25:783-816. [DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190304123414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
:
Adenosine receptors (ARs) are transmembrane proteins that belong to the G protein-coupled receptors
(GPCRs) superfamily and mediate the biological functions of adenosine. To date, four AR subtypes are known,
namely A1, A2A, A2B and A3 that exhibit different signaling pathways, tissue localization, and mechanisms of
activation. Moreover, the widespread ARs and their implication in numerous physiological and pathophysiological
conditions had made them pivotal therapeutic targets for developing clinically effective agents.
:
The crystallographic success in identifying the 3D crystal structures of A2A and A1 ARs has dramatically enriched
our understanding of their structural and functional properties such as ligand binding and signal transduction.
This, in turn, has provided a structural basis for a larger contribution of computational methods, particularly molecular
dynamics (MD) simulations, toward further investigation of their molecular properties and designing
bioactive ligands with therapeutic potential. MD simulation has been proved to be an invaluable tool in investigating
ARs and providing answers to some critical questions. For example, MD has been applied in studying ARs
in terms of ligand-receptor interactions, molecular recognition, allosteric modulations, dimerization, and mechanisms
of activation, collectively aiding in the design of subtype selective ligands.
:
In this review, we focused on the advances and different applications of MD simulations utilized to study the
structural and functional aspects of ARs that can foster the structure-based design of drug candidates. In addition,
relevant literature was briefly discussed which establishes a starting point for future advances in the field of drug
discovery to this pivotal group of drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nizar A. Al-Shar'i
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - Qosay A. Al-Balas
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Lee JS, Yilmaz Ö. Unfolding Role of a Danger Molecule Adenosine Signaling in Modulation of Microbial Infection and Host Cell Response. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E199. [PMID: 29315226 PMCID: PMC5796148 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73, specific nucleotide metabolizing enzymes located on the surface of the host, can convert a pro-inflammatory environment driven by a danger molecule extracellular-ATP to an adenosine-mediated anti-inflammatory milieu. Accordingly, CD39/CD73 signaling have has strongly implicated in modulating the intensity, duration, and composition of purinergic danger signals delivered to host. Recent studies have eluted potential roles for CD39 and CD73 in selective triggering of a variety of host immune cells and molecules in the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or microbial virulence molecules. Growing evidence also suggests that CD39 and CD73 present complimentary, but likely differential, actions against pathogens to shape the course and severity of microbial infection as well as the associated immune response. Similarly, adenosine receptors A2A and A2B have been proposed to be major immunomodulators of adenosine signaling during chronic inflammatory conditions induced by opportunistic pathogens, such as oral colonizer Porphyromonas gingivalis. Therefore, we here review the recent studies that demonstrate how complex network of molecules in the extracellular adenosine signaling machinery and their interactions can reshape immune responses and may also be targeted by opportunistic pathogens to establish successful colonization in human mucosal tissues and modulate the host immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaden S Lee
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
| | - Özlem Yilmaz
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, College of Dental Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, 29425 Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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11
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Alencar AKN, Montes GC, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Adenosine Receptors As Drug Targets for Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:858. [PMID: 29255415 PMCID: PMC5722832 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a clinical condition characterized by pulmonary arterial remodeling and vasoconstriction, which promote chronic vessel obstruction and elevation of pulmonary vascular resistance. Long-term right ventricular (RV) overload leads to RV dysfunction and failure, which are the main determinants of life expectancy in PAH subjects. Therapeutic options for PAH remain limited, despite the introduction of prostacyclin analogs, endothelin receptor antagonists, phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors, and soluble guanylyl cyclase stimulators within the last 15 years. Through addressing the pulmonary endothelial and smooth muscle cell dysfunctions associated with PAH, these interventions delay disease progression but do not offer a cure. Emerging approaches to improve treatment efficacy have focused on beneficial actions to both the pulmonary vasculature and myocardium, and several new targets have been investigated and validated in experimental PAH models. Herein, we review the effects of adenosine and adenosine receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, and A3) on the cardiovascular system, focusing on the A2A receptor as a pharmacological target. This receptor induces pulmonary vascular and heart protection in experimental models, specifically models of PAH. Targeting the A2A receptor could potentially serve as a novel and efficient approach for treating PAH and concomitant RV failure. A2A receptor activation induces pulmonary endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, smooth muscle cell hyperpolarization, and vasodilation, with important antiproliferative activities through the inhibition of collagen deposition and vessel wall remodeling in the pulmonary arterioles. The pleiotropic potential of A2A receptor activation is highlighted by its additional expression in the heart tissue, where it participates in the regulation of intracellular calcium handling and maintenance of heart chamber structure and function. In this way, the activation of A2A receptor could prevent the production of a hypertrophic and dysfunctional phenotype in animal models of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allan K N Alencar
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Guilherme C Montes
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer J Barreiro
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Roberto T Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gisele Zapata-Sudo
- Programa de Pesquisa em Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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12
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Burnstock G. Purinergic Signalling: Therapeutic Developments. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:661. [PMID: 28993732 PMCID: PMC5622197 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 275] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purinergic signalling, i.e., the role of nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules, was proposed in 1972. However, this concept was not well accepted until the early 1990's when receptor subtypes for purines and pyrimidines were cloned and characterised, which includes four subtypes of the P1 (adenosine) receptor, seven subtypes of P2X ion channel receptors and 8 subtypes of the P2Y G protein-coupled receptor. Early studies were largely concerned with the physiology, pharmacology and biochemistry of purinergic signalling. More recently, the focus has been on the pathophysiology and therapeutic potential. There was early recognition of the use of P1 receptor agonists for the treatment of supraventricular tachycardia and A2A receptor antagonists are promising for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Clopidogrel, a P2Y12 antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of thrombosis and stroke, blocking P2Y12 receptor-mediated platelet aggregation. Diquafosol, a long acting P2Y2 receptor agonist, is being used for the treatment of dry eye. P2X3 receptor antagonists have been developed that are orally bioavailable and stable in vivo and are currently in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic cough, bladder incontinence, visceral pain and hypertension. Antagonists to P2X7 receptors are being investigated for the treatment of inflammatory disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases. Other investigations are in progress for the use of purinergic agents for the treatment of osteoporosis, myocardial infarction, irritable bowel syndrome, epilepsy, atherosclerosis, depression, autism, diabetes, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical SchoolLondon, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of Melbourne, MelbourneVIC, Australia
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Ravani A, Vincenzi F, Bortoluzzi A, Padovan M, Pasquini S, Gessi S, Merighi S, Borea PA, Govoni M, Varani K. Role and Function of A 2A and A₃ Adenosine Receptors in Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis, Psoriatic Arthritis and Rheumatoid Arthritis. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18040697. [PMID: 28338619 PMCID: PMC5412283 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18040697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA) are chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases that affect joints, causing debilitating pain and disability. Adenosine receptors (ARs) play a key role in the mechanism of inflammation, and the activation of A2A and A₃AR subtypes is often associated with a reduction of the inflammatory status. The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of ARs in patients suffering from early-RA (ERA), RA, AS and PsA. Messenger RNA (mRNA) analysis and saturation binding experiments indicated an upregulation of A2A and A₃ARs in lymphocytes obtained from patients when compared with healthy subjects. A2A and A₃AR agonists inhibited nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) activation and reduced inflammatory cytokines release, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6. Moreover, A2A and A₃AR activation mediated a reduction of metalloproteinases (MMP)-1 and MMP-3. The effect of the agonists was abrogated by selective antagonists demonstrating the direct involvement of these receptor subtypes. Taken together, these data confirmed the involvement of ARs in chronic autoimmune rheumatic diseases highlighting the possibility to exploit A2A and A₃ARs as therapeutic targets, with the aim to limit the inflammatory responses usually associated with RA, AS and PsA.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine/analogs & derivatives
- Adenosine/chemistry
- Adenosine/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A2 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Agonists/metabolism
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/chemistry
- Adenosine A3 Receptor Antagonists/metabolism
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/metabolism
- Arthritis, Psoriatic/pathology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/pathology
- Case-Control Studies
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Kinetics
- Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 1/metabolism
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 3/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Phenethylamines/chemistry
- Phenethylamines/metabolism
- Pyrazoles/chemistry
- Pyrazoles/metabolism
- Pyrimidines/chemistry
- Pyrimidines/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A2A/metabolism
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/genetics
- Receptor, Adenosine A3/metabolism
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/metabolism
- Spondylitis, Ankylosing/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Ravani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Bortoluzzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Melissa Padovan
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Silvia Pasquini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Rheumatology, University of Ferrara and Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria Sant'Anna, 44124 Cona, Ferrara, Italy.
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.
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Adenosine Receptors as a Biological Pathway for the Anti-Inflammatory and Beneficial Effects of Low Frequency Low Energy Pulsed Electromagnetic Fields. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:2740963. [PMID: 28255202 PMCID: PMC5309410 DOI: 10.1155/2017/2740963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies explored the biological effects of low frequency low energy pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on human body reporting different functional changes. Much research activity has focused on the mechanisms of interaction between PEMFs and membrane receptors such as the involvement of adenosine receptors (ARs). In particular, PEMF exposure mediates a significant upregulation of A2A and A3ARs expressed in various cells or tissues involving a reduction in most of the proinflammatory cytokines. Of particular interest is the observation that PEMFs, acting as modulators of adenosine, are able to increase the functionality of the endogenous agonist. By reviewing the scientific literature on joint cells, a double role for PEMFs could be hypothesized in vitro by stimulating cell proliferation, colonization of the scaffold, and production of tissue matrix. Another effect could be obtained in vivo after surgical implantation of the construct by favoring the anabolic activities of the implanted cells and surrounding tissues and protecting the construct from the catabolic effects of the inflammatory status. Moreover, a protective involvement of PEMFs on hypoxia damage in neuron-like cells and an anti-inflammatory effect in microglial cells have suggested the hypothesis of a positive impact of this noninvasive biophysical stimulus.
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Adenosine receptor targets for pain. Neuroscience 2016; 338:1-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Pandey S, Rai N, Rawat P, Ahmad FJ, Talegaonkar S. Nanofacilitated synergistic treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: A ‘three-pronged’ approach. Med Hypotheses 2016; 92:44-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Montes GC, Hammes N, da Rocha MD, Montagnoli TL, Fraga CAM, Barreiro EJ, Sudo RT, Zapata-Sudo G. Treatment with Adenosine Receptor Agonist Ameliorates Pain Induced by Acute and Chronic Inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 358:315-23. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.231241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Borea PA, Varani K, Vincenzi F, Baraldi PG, Tabrizi MA, Merighi S, Gessi S. The A3 adenosine receptor: history and perspectives. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:74-102. [PMID: 25387804 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
By general consensus, the omnipresent purine nucleoside adenosine is considered a major regulator of local tissue function, especially when energy supply fails to meet cellular energy demand. Adenosine mediation involves activation of a family of four G protein-coupled adenosine receptors (ARs): A(1), A(2)A, A(2)B, and A(3). The A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) is the only adenosine subtype to be overexpressed in inflammatory and cancer cells, thus making it a potential target for therapy. Originally isolated as an orphan receptor, A(3)AR presented a twofold nature under different pathophysiologic conditions: it appeared to be protective/harmful under ischemic conditions, pro/anti-inflammatory, and pro/antitumoral depending on the systems investigated. Until recently, the greatest and most intriguing challenge has been to understand whether, and in which cases, selective A(3) agonists or antagonists would be the best choice. Today, the choice has been made and A(3)AR agonists are now under clinical development for some disorders including rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, glaucoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma. More specifically, the interest and relevance of these new agents derives from clinical data demonstrating that A(3)AR agonists are both effective and safe. Thus, it will become apparent in the present review that purine scientists do seem to be getting closer to their goal: the incorporation of adenosine ligands into drugs with the ability to save lives and improve human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Pharmacology Section (P.A.B., K.V., F.V., S.M., S.G.), and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Italy (P.G.B., M.A.T.)
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Moorman AR, Borea PA, Varani K. History and perspectives of A2A adenosine receptor antagonists as potential therapeutic agents. Med Res Rev 2015; 35:790-848. [PMID: 25821194 DOI: 10.1002/med.21344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence emphasizes that the purine nucleoside adenosine plays an active role as a local regulator in different pathologies. Adenosine is a ubiquitous nucleoside involved in various physiological and pathological functions by stimulating A1 , A2A , A2B , and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs). At the present time, the role of A2A ARs is well known in physiological conditions and in a variety of pathologies, including inflammatory tissue damage and neurodegenerative disorders. In particular, the use of selective A2A antagonists has been reported to be potentially useful in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD). In this review, A2A AR signal transduction pathways, together with an analysis of the structure-activity relationships of A2A antagonists, and their corresponding pharmacological roles and therapeutic potential have been presented. The initial results from an emerging polypharmacological approach are also analyzed. This approach is based on the optimization of the affinity and/or functional activity of the examined compounds toward multiple targets, such as A1 /A2A ARs and monoamine oxidase-B (MAO-B), both closely implicated in the pathogenesis of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Medical Science, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
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20
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Preti D, Baraldi PG, Saponaro G, Romagnoli R, Aghazadeh Tabrizi M, Baraldi S, Cosconati S, Bruno A, Novellino E, Vincenzi F, Ravani A, Borea PA, Varani K. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 2-((2-(4-(substituted)phenylpiperazin-1-yl)ethyl)amino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosines as potent and selective agonists of the A2A adenosine receptor. J Med Chem 2015; 58:3253-67. [PMID: 25780876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Stimulation of A2A adenosine receptors (AR) promotes anti-inflammatory responses in animal models of allergic rhinitis, asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and rheumatic diseases. Herein we describe the results of a research program aimed at identifying potent and selective agonists of the A2AAR as potential anti-inflammatory agents. The recent crystallographic analysis of A2AAR agonists and antagonists in complex with the receptor provided key information on the structural determinants leading to receptor activation or blocking. In light of this, we designed a new series of 2-((4-aryl(alkyl)piperazin-1-yl)alkylamino)-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosines with high A2AAR affinity, activation potency and selectivity obtained by merging distinctive structural elements of known agonists and antagonists of the investigated target. Docking-based SAR optimization allowed us to identify compound 42 as one of the most potent and selective A2A agonist discovered so far (Ki hA2AAR = 4.8 nM, EC50 hA2AAR = 4.9 nM, Ki hA1AR > 10 000 nM, Ki hA3AR = 1487 nM, EC50 hA2BAR > 10 000 nM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Delia Preti
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Saponaro
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Romeo Romagnoli
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Mojgan Aghazadeh Tabrizi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Baraldi
- †Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- §DiSTABiF, Seconda Università di Napoli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Agostino Bruno
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Ettore Novellino
- ∥Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Annalisa Ravani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- ‡Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche, Sezione di Farmacologia, Università degli Studi di Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 17, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Tieri P, Zhou X, Zhu L, Nardini C. Multi-omic landscape of rheumatoid arthritis: re-evaluation of drug adverse effects. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:59. [PMID: 25414848 PMCID: PMC4220167 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To provide a frame to estimate the systemic impact (side/adverse events) of (novel) therapeutic targets by taking into consideration drugs potential on the numerous districts involved in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) from the inflammatory and immune response to the gut-intestinal (GI) microbiome. Methods: We curated the collection of molecules from high-throughput screens of diverse (multi-omic) biochemical origin, experimentally associated to RA. Starting from such collection we generated RA-related protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks (interactomes) based on experimental PPI data. Pharmacological treatment simulation, topological and functional analyses were further run to gain insight into the proteins most affected by therapy and by multi-omic modeling. Results: Simulation on the administration of MTX results in the activation of expected (apoptosis) and adverse (nitrogenous metabolism alteration) effects. Growth factor receptor-bound protein 2 (GRB2) and Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase-4 (IRAK4, already an RA target) emerge as relevant nodes. The former controls the activation of inflammatory, proliferative and degenerative pathways in host and pathogens. The latter controls immune alterations and blocks innate response to pathogens. Conclusions: This multi-omic map properly recollects in a single analytical picture known, yet complex, information like the adverse/side effects of MTX, and provides a reliable platform for in silico hypothesis testing or recommendation on novel therapies. These results can support the development of RA translational research in the design of validation experiments and clinical trials, as such we identify GRB2 as a robust potential new target for RA for its ability to control both synovial degeneracy and dysbiosis, and, conversely, warn on the usage of IRAK4-inhibitors recently promoted, as this involves potential adverse effects in the form of impaired innate response to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Tieri
- IAC - Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo "Mauro Picone," CNR - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Rome, Italy ; Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - XiaoYuan Zhou
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Lisha Zhu
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
| | - Christine Nardini
- Group of Clinical Genomic Networks, Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences - Max Planck Society Partner Institute for Computational Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences Shanghai, China
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Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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Nemoto E, Gotoh K, Tsuchiya M, Sakisaka Y, Shimauchi H. Extracellular ATP inhibits IL-1-induced MMP-1 expression through the action of CD39/nucleotidase triphosphate dephosphorylase-1 on human gingival fibroblasts. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 17:513-8. [PMID: 23941770 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is sequentially dephosphorylated by two ectoenzymes: CD39/nucleotidase triphosphate dephosphorylase (ENTPD) and CD73/5'-ectonucleotidase (5'-NT). Adenosine, its notable metabolite, may elicit potent anti-inflammatory responses. We examined whether the CD39-adenosinergic axis may exist in gingival fibroblasts and have an effect on the expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, the excess production of which leads to pathological matrix degradation. We showed that transcripts of CD39, CD73, and adenosine receptors A1, A2a, and A2b, but not A3, were expressed by human gingival fibroblasts by RT-PCR. We also identified the expression of CD39 in fibroblastic cells in rat gingiva by immunohistochemistry. ATP inhibited the expression of MMP-1 triggered by interleukin-1 at gene and protein levels. However, ATP-γS, a stable ATP analog, did not. The ATP-mediated MMP-1 inhibition was restored in the presence of POM-1, a specific ENTPD inhibitor, suggesting that CD39/ENTPD was involved in the MMP-1 inhibition. ATP metabolites including adenosine 5'-diphosphate (ADP), adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP), and adenosine inhibited MMP-1 expression, but ADP-βS, a stable ADP, did not, suggesting that adenosine converted from ATP by the action of CD39/ENTPD and CD73/5'-NT may contribute to MMP-1 inhibition. Adenosine-mediated MMP-1 inhibition was restored in the presence of H89, a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor. Conversely, forskolin, an enhancer of intracellular cAMP, mimicked the effect of adenosine, suggesting that the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway is involved in adenosine-mediated MMP-1 inhibition. The present findings suggest the existence of an endogenous anti-tissue destructive mechanism in gingival tissue via the CD39-adenosinergic axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Nemoto
- Division of Periodontology and Endodontology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, 4-1 Seiryo-machi Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan.
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Abstract
Adenosine kinase (ADK; EC 2.7.1.20) is an evolutionarily conserved phosphotransferase that converts the purine ribonucleoside adenosine into 5'-adenosine-monophosphate. This enzymatic reaction plays a fundamental role in determining the tone of adenosine, which fulfills essential functions as a homeostatic and metabolic regulator in all living systems. Adenosine not only activates specific signaling pathways by activation of four types of adenosine receptors but it is also a primordial metabolite and regulator of biochemical enzyme reactions that couple to bioenergetic and epigenetic functions. By regulating adenosine, ADK can thus be identified as an upstream regulator of complex homeostatic and metabolic networks. Not surprisingly, ADK dysfunction is involved in several pathologies, including diabetes, epilepsy, and cancer. Consequently, ADK emerges as a rational therapeutic target, and adenosine-regulating drugs have been tested extensively. In recent attempts to improve specificity of treatment, localized therapies have been developed to augment adenosine signaling at sites of injury or pathology; those approaches include transplantation of stem cells with deletions of ADK or the use of gene therapy vectors to downregulate ADK expression. More recently, the first human mutations in ADK have been described, and novel findings suggest an unexpected role of ADK in a wider range of pathologies. ADK-regulating strategies thus represent innovative therapeutic opportunities to reconstruct network homeostasis in a multitude of conditions. This review will provide a comprehensive overview of the genetics, biochemistry, and pharmacology of ADK and will then focus on pathologies and therapeutic interventions. Challenges to translate ADK-based therapies into clinical use will be discussed critically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Detlev Boison
- Legacy Research Institute, 1225 NE 16th Ave, Portland, OR 97202, USA.
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25
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Padovan M, Vincenzi F, Govoni M, Bortoluzzi A, Borea PA, Varani K. Adenosine and adenosine receptors in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.2217/ijr.12.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Vincenzi F, Padovan M, Targa M, Corciulo C, Giacuzzo S, Merighi S, Gessi S, Govoni M, Borea PA, Varani K. A(2A) adenosine receptors are differentially modulated by pharmacological treatments in rheumatoid arthritis patients and their stimulation ameliorates adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54195. [PMID: 23326596 PMCID: PMC3543361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A2A adenosine receptors (ARs) play a key role in the inhibition of the inflammatory process. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the modulation of A2AARs in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients after different pharmacological treatments and to investigate the effect of A2AAR stimulation in a rat model of arthritis. We investigated A2AAR density and functionality in RA progression by using a longitudinal study in RA patients before and after methotrexate (MTX), anti-TNFα agents or rituximab treatments. A2AARs were analyzed by saturation binding assays in lymphocytes from RA patients throughout the 24-month study timeframe. In an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats we showed the efficacy of the A2AAR agonist, CGS 21680 in comparison with standard therapies by means of paw volume assessment, radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging. Arthritic-associated pain was investigated in mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. IL-10 release following A2AAR stimulation in lymphocytes from RA patients and in serum from arthritic rats was measured. In lymphocytes obtained from RA patients, the A2AAR up-regulation was gradually reduced in function of the treatment time and the stimulation of these receptors mediated a significant increase of IL-10 production. In the same cells, CGS 21680 did not affected cell viability and did not produced cytotoxic effects. The A2AAR agonist CGS 21680 was highly effective, as suggested by the marked reduction of clinical signs, in rat adjuvant-induced arthritis and associated pain. This study highlighted that A2AAR agonists represent a physiological-like therapeutic alternative for RA treatment as suggested by the anti-inflammatory role of A2AARs in lymphocytes from RA patients. The effectiveness of A2AAR stimulation in a rat model of arthritis supported the role of A2AAR agonists as potential pharmacological treatment for RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Section, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Flögel U, Burghoff S, van Lent PLEM, Temme S, Galbarz L, Ding Z, El-Tayeb A, Huels S, Bönner F, Borg N, Jacoby C, Müller CE, van den Berg WB, Schrader J. Selective activation of adenosine A2A receptors on immune cells by a CD73-dependent prodrug suppresses joint inflammation in experimental rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Transl Med 2012; 4:146ra108. [PMID: 22875828 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine A(2A) receptor (A(2A)R) agonists are both highly effective anti-inflammatory agents and potent vasodilators. To separate these two activities, we have synthesized phosphorylated A(2A)R agonists (prodrugs) that require the presence of ecto-5'-nucleotidase (CD73) to become activated. In the model of collagen-induced arthritis, 2-(cyclohexylethylthio)adenosine 5'-monophosphate (chet-AMP), but not 2-(cyclohexylethylthio)adenosine (chet-adenosine), potently reduced inflammation as assessed by fluorine-19 ((19)F) magnetic resonance imaging and by histology. The prodrug effect was blunted by inhibition of CD73 and A(2A)R. The selectivity of drug action is due to profound up-regulation of CD73 and adenosine A(2A)R expression in neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes as found in recovered cells from the synovial fluid of arthritic mice. Plasma chet-adenosine was in the subnanomolar range when chet-AMP was applied, whereas concentrations required for vasodilation were about 100 times higher. Thus, chet-AMP is a potent immunosuppressant with negligible vasodilatory activity. These data suggest that phosphorylated A(2A)R agonists may serve as a promising new group of drugs for targeted immunotherapy of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Flögel
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf 40225, Germany
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Campo GM, Avenoso A, D'Ascola A, Prestipino V, Scuruchi M, Nastasi G, Calatroni A, Campo S. Protein kinase a mediated anti-inflammatory effects exerted by adenosine treatment in mouse chondrocytes stimulated with IL-1β. Biofactors 2012; 38:429-39. [PMID: 23097357 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) fragments produced by degradation of native highly polymerized HA during inflammation may exacerbate proinflammatory responses in different pathologies. In contrast, the nucleoside adenosine (ADO) interacting with cell surface adenosine receptors A(2A) R, A(2B) R, A(1,) and A(3) , acts as endogenous modulator of the inflammation. The engagement of high-affinity A(2A) R by ADO activates a pathway leading to increased cAMP production. Elevated levels of cAMP associate with the activation of protein kinase A (PKA) able to inhibit NF-kB, hence exerting anti-inflammatory activity. In this study the effect of ADO treatment in normal murine chondrocytes stimulated with interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta) was investigated. mRNA and related protein levels were measured for enzymes, receptors and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-6 and Il-18. IL-1beta stimulation significantly up-regulated HA levels, its fragmentation, cAMP, PKA, cytokine levels, and activated NF-kB. ADO treatment increased cAMP and PKA levels, while reduced NF-kB activation and cytokine levels. HA inhibition by specific synthetic HA blocking peptide (Pep-1) reduced IL-1beta action but not ADO activity. While A(2A) R inhibition by specific small interference RNA (siRNA) increased inflammation and decreased cAMP and PKA levels. This study suggests that HA is partially responsible for the up-regulation of proinflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes and that endogenous/exogenous ADO may reduce inflammation via PKA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe M Campo
- Department of Biochemical, Physiological and Nutritional Sciences, Section of Medical Chemistry, School of Medicine, University of Messina, Policlinico Universitario, 98125 Messina, Italy.
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Dos Santos Jaques JA, Becker LV, Souza VDCG, Leal CAM, Bertoldo TMD, de Vargas Pinheiro K, Morsch VM, Schetinger MRC, Leal DBR. Activities of enzymes that hydrolyze adenine nucleotides in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 31:395-9. [PMID: 23070807 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the activities of ecto-nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolase (E-NTPDase; EC 3.6.1.5; CD39) and adenosine deaminase (E-ADA; EC 3.5.4.4) in lymphocytes from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Thirty patients diagnosed with RA through American College of Rheumatology criteria as well as 30 healthy patients were selected. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were isolated, and E-NTPDase and E-ADA activities were assayed. The results demonstrated an increased E-NTPDase activity (both ATP and ADP as substrates) and a decreased E-ADA activity in RA patients. These data suggest an organic effort to preserve the adenosine level, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, working as a potent suppressor of immune response.
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Sharma P, Pathak K. Are biological targets the final goal for rheumatoid arthritis therapy? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2012; 12:1611-22. [PMID: 22954024 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2012.721769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory joint disorder that is characterized by inflammation of synovial membrane and the release of inflammatory cytokines that ultimately results in joint destruction and disability. The therapeutic treatment plan for treating RA patient initiates with disease-modifying antirheumatic agents (DMARDs) and ends with the use of biological agents. Sometimes a combination of DMARDs and the biological agents are aggressively initiated. But this is not sufficient to retard the underlying progression of the disease and hence the disease-associated pain persists. The solution lies in the treatment of causative factors. Modern therapy aims at targeting newer target sites that can not only overcome the problem of pain and disability but also minimize the occurrence of adverse effects faced by the traditional therapeutic approach. AREAS COVERED This review covers the pathological background of the disease in brief, the traditional and newer biologicals, therapeutic targets and novel therapies for rheumatoid arthritis. EXPERT OPINION Better management of the disease can be achieved by focusing on the causes and the factors of the disease. Newer therapies and targeting sites discussed in this review focus on treating the disability at the cellular level without affecting body's immune response and minimizing the chances of infection and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Rajiv Academy for Pharmacy, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Varani K, Vincenzi F, Targa M, Paradiso B, Parrilli A, Fini M, Lanza G, Borea PA. The stimulation of A(3) adenosine receptors reduces bone-residing breast cancer in a rat preclinical model. Eur J Cancer 2012; 49:482-91. [PMID: 22770890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amongst cancers with poor prognosis those originating from breast commonly metastasise to the skeleton for the high affinity of breast cancer cells to bone. A(3) adenosine receptor (A(3)AR) agonists were found to be potent anti-tumour agents even if their effect on bone-residing breast cancer has not yet been investigated. An animal model of surgery-induced metastasis was used to mimic the human condition in an attempt to develop a novel effective treatment strategy. Sprague-Dawley rats receiving intra-tibial injections of syngeneic MRMT-1 rat mammary gland carcinoma cells developed cancer-associated osteolytic lesions and structural damage that were monitored by microcomputed tomography imaging and histological analysis. To address the involvement of A(3)ARs in tumour-related signalling pathway, A(3)AR expression and functional role were analysed in MRMT-1 cells. The effect of chronic treatment with an A(3)AR agonist, 2-chloro-N(6)-(3-iodobenzyl)-adenosine-5'-N-methyl-uronamide (Cl-IB-MECA) in comparison with cisplatin, was evaluated on rat tumour growth and bone cancer pain. A(3)ARs were expressed in MRMT-1 cells and their activation reduced NF-kB, increased p53 expression and apoptosis, inhibited tumour cell proliferation and migration. In vivo Cl-IB-MECA administration, started on day 1 after tumour cell injection, produced a significant reduction in tumour growth and cancer pain. Cl-IB-MECA treatment, performed on days 5 and 10 after the tumour cell inoculation, revealed the capability of A(3)AR stimulation to partially reduce tumour progression. Our findings highlighted the effectiveness of A(3)AR stimulation in the inhibition of breast tumour-derived bone metastasis growth strongly suggesting that targeting A(3)ARs may have promising therapeutic value in the treatment of bone-residing breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy.
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Bot I, de Vries H, Korporaal SJA, Foks AC, Bot M, van Veldhoven J, Ter Borg MND, van Santbrink PJ, van Berkel TJC, Kuiper J, Ijzerman AP. Adenosine A₂B receptor agonism inhibits neointimal lesion development after arterial injury in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2197-205. [PMID: 22743060 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.252924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The A(2B) adenosine receptor (A(2B)R) is highly expressed in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells and has been established as an important regulator of inflammation and vascular adhesion. Recently, it has been demonstrated that A(2B)R deficiency enhances neointimal lesion formation after vascular injury. Therefore, we hypothesize that A(2B)R agonism protects against injury-induced intimal hyperplasia. METHODS AND RESULTS Apolipoprotein E-deficient mice were fed a Western-type diet for 1 week, after which the left common carotid artery was denuded. Mice were treated with the A(2B) receptor agonist BAY60-6583 or vehicle control for 18 days. Interestingly, lumen stenosis as defined by the neointima/lumen ratio was inhibited by treatment with the A(2B) receptor agonist, caused by reduced smooth muscle cell proliferation. Collagen content was significantly increased in the BAY60-6583-treated mice, whereas macrophage content remained unchanged. In vitro, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation decreased dose dependently whereas collagen content of cultured smooth muscle cells was increased by BAY60-6583. CONCLUSIONS Our data show that activation of the adenosine A(2B) receptor protects against vascular injury, while it also enhances plaque stability as indicated by increased collagen content. These outcomes thus point to A(2B) receptor agonism as a new therapeutic approach in the prevention of restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilze Bot
- Division of Biopharmaceutics, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Gorlaeus Laboratories, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Vincenzi F, Targa M, Corciulo C, Gessi S, Merighi S, Setti S, Cadossi R, Borea PA, Varani K. The anti-tumor effect of A3 adenosine receptors is potentiated by pulsed electromagnetic fields in cultured neural cancer cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39317. [PMID: 22761760 PMCID: PMC3382599 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) play a pivotal role in the development of cancer and their activation is involved in the inhibition of tumor growth. The effects of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs) on cancer have been controversially discussed and the detailed mechanisms are not yet fully understood. In the past we have demonstrated that PEMFs increased A2A and A3AR density and functionality in human neutrophils, human and bovine synoviocytes, and bovine chondrocytes. In the same cells, PEMF exposure increased the anti-inflammatory effect mediated by A2A and/or A3ARs. The primary aim of the present study was to evaluate if PEMF exposure potentiated the anti-tumor effect of A3ARs in PC12 rat adrenal pheochromocytoma and U87MG human glioblastoma cell lines in comparison with rat cortical neurons. Saturation binding assays and mRNA analysis revealed that PEMF exposure up-regulated A2A and A3ARs that are well coupled to adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP production. The activation of A2A and A3ARs resulted in the decrease of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kB) levels in tumor cells, whilst only A3ARs are involved in the increase of p53 expression. A3AR stimulation mediated an inhibition of tumor cell proliferation evaluated by thymidine incorporation. An increase of cytotoxicity by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release and apoptosis by caspase-3 activation in PC12 and U87MG cells, but not in cortical neurons, was observed following A3AR activation. The effect of the A3AR agonist in tumor cells was enhanced in the presence of PEMFs and blocked by using a well-known selective antagonist. Together these results demonstrated that PEMF exposure significantly increases the anti-tumor effect modulated by A3ARs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Targa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carmen Corciulo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Gessi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefania Merighi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Baraldi PG, Preti D, Borea PA, Varani K. Medicinal Chemistry of A3 Adenosine Receptor Modulators: Pharmacological Activities and Therapeutic Implications. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5676-703. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300087j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pier Giovanni Baraldi
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Delia Preti
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Katia Varani
- Dipartimento
di Scienze Farmaceutiche and ‡Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Sperimentale-Sezione
di Farmacologia, Università di Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Varani K, Padovan M, Vincenzi F, Targa M, Trotta F, Govoni M, Borea PA. A2A and A3 adenosine receptor expression in rheumatoid arthritis: upregulation, inverse correlation with disease activity score and suppression of inflammatory cytokine and metalloproteinase release. Arthritis Res Ther 2011; 13:R197. [PMID: 22146575 PMCID: PMC3334647 DOI: 10.1186/ar3527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The reduction of the inflammatory status represents one of the most important targets in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). A central role of A2A and A3 adenosine receptors (ARs) in mechanisms of inflammation has been reported in different pathologies. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the A2A and A3ARs and their involvement in RA progression measured by Disease Activity Score in 28 or 44 joints (DAS28 or DAS). METHODS ARs were analyzed by saturation binding assays, mRNA and Western blotting analysis in lymphocytes from early and established RA patients. The effect of A2A and A3AR agonists in nuclear factor kB (NF-kB) pathway was evaluated. Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) release was carried out by A2A and A3AR activation. AR pharmacological regulation in matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and metalloproteinase-3 (MMP-3) release was also studied. RESULTS In lymphocytes obtained from RA patients, A2A and A3ARs were up-regulated if compared with healthy controls. A2A and A3AR activation inhibited the NF-kB pathway and diminished inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. A2A and A3AR agonists mediated a reduction of MMP-1 and MMP-3 release. A2A and A3AR density inversely correlated with DAS28 and DAS suggesting a direct role of the endogenous activation of these receptors in the control of RA joint inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together these data demonstrate that the inflammatory and clinical responses in RA are regulated by A2A and A3ARs and support the use of A2A and/or A3AR agonists as novel and effective pharmacological treatment in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Varani
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Melissa Padovan
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Vincenzi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Martina Targa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Trotta
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marcello Govoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Rheumatology Section, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Pier Andrea Borea
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Pharmacology Unit, University of Ferrara via Fossato di Mortara 17-19, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Abstract
Mast cells are multifunctional cells that initiate not only IgE-dependent allergic diseases but also play a fundamental role in innate and adaptive immune responses to microbial infection. They are also thought to play a role in angiogenesis, tissue remodeling, wound healing, and tumor repression or growth. The broad scope of these physiologic and pathologic roles illustrates the flexible nature of mast cells, which is enabled in part by their phenotypic adaptability to different tissue microenvironments and their ability to generate and release a diverse array of bioactive mediators in response to multiple types of cell-surface and cytosolic receptors. There is increasing evidence from studies in cell cultures that release of these mediators can be selectively modulated depending on the types or groups of receptors activated. The intent of this review is to foster interest in the interplay among mast cell receptors to help understand the underlying mechanisms for each of the immunological and non-immunological functions attributed to mast cells. The second intent of this review is to assess the pathophysiologic roles of mast cells and their products in health and disease. Although mast cells have a sufficient repertoire of bioactive mediators to mount effective innate and adaptive defense mechanisms against invading microorganisms, these same mediators can adversely affect surrounding tissues in the host, resulting in autoimmune disease as well as allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alasdair M Gilfillan
- Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1881, USA.
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