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Taghiloo S, Asgarian-Omran H. Cross-talk between leukemic and immune cells at the tumor microenvironment in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: An update review. Eur J Haematol 2024; 113:4-15. [PMID: 38698678 DOI: 10.1111/ejh.14224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is a mature-type B cell malignancy correlated with significant changes and defects in both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system, together with a high dependency on the tumor microenvironment. Overall, the tumor microenvironment (TME) in CLL provides a supportive niche for leukemic cells to grow and survive, and interactions between CLL cells and the TME can contribute to disease progression and treatment resistance. Therefore, the increasing knowledge of the complicated interaction between immune cells and tumor cells, which is responsible for immune evasion and cancer progression, has provided an opportunity for the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we outline tumor microenvironment-driven contributions to the licensing of immune escape mechanisms in CLL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Taghiloo
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Hossein Asgarian-Omran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
- Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, School of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
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2
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Cheng X, Li Y, Wang H. Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signal induces DCs to differentiate into immune tolerant regDCs in septic mice. Mol Immunol 2024; 172:38-46. [PMID: 38870636 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sepsis is a common complication among patients in intensive care units, and has a high mortality rate, with no effective therapies to date. As immunosuppression has become the research focus of sepsis, the regulatory role of dendritic cells (DCs) in the immune response to sepsis has received attention. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in inducing the differentiation of splenic DCs in mice with sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). METHODS C57bl/6 mice were randomly divided into three groups, namely the sham, 24 h post-CLP, and 72 h post-CLP groups. Levels of regulatory T cells (Tregs) among splenic mononuclear cells, suppressor T cells (TSs), and surface markers, such as major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II), co-stimulatory molecules (CD80 and CD86), negative co-stimulatory molecule death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), CC chemokine receptor-5 (CCR5), and CC chemokine receptor-7 (CCR7), were analyzed via flow cytometry for each group of mice post-surgery. CD11c+ DCs were purified from the splenic mononuclear cells of each group, and the expression of β-catenin, Wnt5a, and Wnt3a was detected using RT-PCR and western blotting.Each group of DCs was incubated with LPS-containing culture solution, and the supernatant of the culture solution was collected after 24 hours to detect the level of Tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-12, and IL-10. RESULTS Compared with that in the sham group, the expression of β-catenin, Wnt5a, and Wnt3a in splenic DCs of the other two groups of mice increased with prolonged CLP exposure (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the proportion of Tregs and TSs increased in the mouse spleens after CLP, and levels of DC surface molecules, such as CCR5, CCR7, CD80, CD86, and MHC-II, decreased to different degrees, whereas those of PD-L1 increased. These results suggested that DCs differentiate towards regulatory DCs (regDCs) after CLP in mice. The results of ELISA showed that the longer the exposure time after CLP, the lower the ability of DCs to secrete TNF-α and IL-12, but the higher the level of IL-10 and IL-6. CONCLUSION The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway activates and induces regDCs differentiation in the splenic DCs of mice with sepsis and participates in the regulation of immune tolerance in the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Cheng
- Graduate Training Base of Jinzhou Medical University (Department of Pathology, Fourth Medical Center, General Hospital of Chinese People's Liberation Army), Beijing 100048, China; Department of Pathology, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yazhuo Li
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Hongwei Wang
- Department of Pathology, The Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100048, China.
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Qiao J, Gao Z, Zhang C, Hennigs, Wu B, Jing L, Gao R, Yang Y. Structural characterization and immune modulation activities of Chinese Angelica polysaccharide (CAP) and selenizing CAP (sCAP) on dendritic cells. Int J Biol Macromol 2024:132628. [PMID: 38797292 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
sCAP was obtained by the nitrate‑sodium selenite method. SEM, molecular weight evaluation, monosaccharide composition, FT-IR and NMR of sCAP were carried out. Compared with CAP, sCAP had a relatively smooth and lamellar sheet morphology with edge folds on the surface, presented molecular weights in range of 0.90-97.08 KDa, and was mainly composed of GalA, Ara and Gal. sCAP had both α and β configurations of the pyranose ring, the characteristic vibrational peak of Se-O-C and the signal of galacturonic acid residue. The phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs, the expression of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHCII on BMDCs were detected by flow cytometry, the ability of sCAP-treated BMDCs to stimulate the proliferation of allogeneic lymphocytes, presentation of antigens, cytokines in the supernatants and the protein in MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway were detected. The results showed that the phagocytic activity of immature BMDCs was significantly enhanced when sCAP was at 3.92-1.96 μg·mL-1. The levels of IL-6, TGF-β1, INF-γ, and TNF-α were significantly elevated, IL-1β and MIP-1α were significantly reduced. These results indicate that sCAP could be as a new immunopotentiator by increasing MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway. This study provides a reference for the research and development of new dosage forms of polysaccharide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Gao
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu 212499, PR China; Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Jurong, Jiangsu 212499, PR China
| | - Hennigs
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Bo Wu
- Ordos Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, Ordos, Inner Mongolia 017010, PR China
| | - Lirong Jing
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Ruifeng Gao
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
| | - Ying Yang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot 010018, PR China
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4
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Jonny, Sitepu EC, Nidom CA, Wirjopranoto S, Sudiana IK, Ansori ANM, Putranto TA. Ex Vivo-Generated Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells: Hope for a Definitive Therapy of Autoimmune Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:4035-4048. [PMID: 38785517 PMCID: PMC11120615 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Current therapies for autoimmune diseases are immunosuppressant agents, which have many debilitating side effects. However, dendritic cells (DCs) can induce antigen-specific tolerance. Tolerance restoration mediated by ex vivo-generated DCs can be a therapeutic approach. Therefore, in this review, we summarize the conceptual framework for developing ex vivo-generated DC strategies for autoimmune diseases. First, we will discuss the role of DCs in developing immune tolerance as a foundation for developing dendritic cell-based immunotherapy for autoimmune diseases. Then, we also discuss relevant findings from pre-clinical and clinical studies of ex vivo-generated DCs for therapy of autoimmune diseases. Finally, we discuss problems and challenges in dendritic cell therapy in autoimmune diseases. Throughout the article, we discuss autoimmune diseases, emphasizing SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny
- Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia; (E.C.S.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University Prima Indonesia, Medan 20118, Indonesia
- Faculty of Military Medicine, Indonesia Defense University, Jakarta 16810, Indonesia
| | - Enda Cindylosa Sitepu
- Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia; (E.C.S.)
| | - Chairul A. Nidom
- Professor Nidom Foundation, Surabaya 60236, Indonesia; (C.A.N.)
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Soetojo Wirjopranoto
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.W.); (I.K.S.)
| | - I. Ketut Sudiana
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia; (S.W.); (I.K.S.)
| | | | - Terawan Agus Putranto
- Indonesia Army Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia; (E.C.S.)
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Lv Y, Luo X, Xie Z, Qiu J, Yang J, Deng Y, Long R, Tang G, Zhang C, Zuo J. Prospects and challenges of CAR-T cell therapy combined with ICIs. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1368732. [PMID: 38571495 PMCID: PMC10989075 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1368732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint molecules are a group of molecules expressed on the surface of immune cells that primarily regulate their immune homeostasis. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is an immunotherapeutic technology that realizes tumor-targeted killing by constructing synthetic T cells expressing specific antigens through biotechnology. Currently, CAR-T cell therapy has achieved good efficacy in non-solid tumors, but its treatment of solid tumors has not yielded the desired results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) combined with CAR-T cell therapy is a novel combination therapy with high expectations to defeat solid tumors. This review addresses the challenges and expectations of this combination therapy in the treatment of solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufan Lv
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Xinyu Luo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Zhuoyi Xie
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jieya Qiu
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Jinsai Yang
- Computer Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Yuqi Deng
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Rou Long
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Guiyang Tang
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
| | - Chaohui Zhang
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Jianhong Zuo
- The Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Transformation Research Lab, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- Computer Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan, China
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, China
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Zhang Y, Chen S, Qin X, Guo A, Li K, Chen L, Yi W, Deng Z, Tay FR, Geng W, Miao L, Jiao Y, Tao B. A Versatile Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Accelerates Infected Wound Healing via Bacterial Elimination, Antioxidation, Immunoregulation, and Angiogenesis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2400318. [PMID: 38408212 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202400318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
Drug-resistant bacterial infection of cutaneous wounds causes great harm to the human body. These infections are characterized by a microenvironment with recalcitrant bacterial infections, persistent oxidative stress, imbalance of immune regulation, and suboptimal angiogenesis. Treatment strategies available to date are incapable of handling the healing dynamics of infected wounds. A Schiff base and borate ester cross-linked hydrogel, based on phenylboronic acid-grafted chitosan (CS-PBA), dibenzaldehyde-grafted poly(ethylene glycol), and tannic acid (TA), is fabricated in the present study. Customized phenylboronic acid-modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) are embedded in the hydrogel prior to gelation. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel effectively eliminates methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) due to the pH-responsive release of Zn2+ and TA. Killing is achieved via membrane damage, adenosine triphosphate reduction, leakage of intracellular components, and hydrolysis of bacterial o-nitrophenyl-β-d-galactopyranoside. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel is capable of scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, alleviating oxidative stress, and stimulating M2 polarization of macrophages. The released Zn2+ and TA also induce neovascularization via the PI3K/Akt pathway. The CPP@ZnO-P-TA hydrogel improves tissue regeneration in vivo by alleviating inflammatory responses, stimulating angiogenesis, and facilitating collagen deposition. These findings suggest that this versatile hydrogel possesses therapeutic potential for the treatment of MRSA-infected cutaneous wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Sinan Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Xian Qin
- Women and Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, P. R. China
| | - Ai Guo
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Lixue Chen
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Yi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Zhongliang Deng
- Department of OrthopediCP, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400010, China
| | - Franklin R Tay
- The Graduate School, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Wenbo Geng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
| | - Li Miao
- Department of Stomatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
| | - Yang Jiao
- Department of Stomatology, The Seventh Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100700, P. R. China
| | - Bailong Tao
- Laboratory Research Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, P. R. China
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Quagliata M, Papini AM, Rovero P. Therapeutic applications of thymosin peptides: a patent landscape 2018-present. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2023; 33:865-873. [PMID: 38131310 DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2023.2298833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Thymosins are small proteins found mainly in the thymus. They are involved in several biological processes, including immunoregulation, angiogenesis, and anti-inflammatory activity. Due to these multiple activities, thymosins are widely used as therapeutics. In fact, these peptides have shown interesting results in the treatment of eye disorders, anticancer therapy, and dysregulated immune disorders. AREA COVERED We analyzed the thymosins therapeutic patent landscape describing the most significant patents published after 2018 and originally written in English, classified according to the different type of functions and diseases. We searched 'Thymosin' on Patentscope and Espacenet. EXPERT OPINION Thymalfasin (Zadaxin) is the only FDA-approved thymosine-based drug used to treat chronic hepatitis B and C and as a chemotherapy inducer. This outcome demonstrates how thymosins can be exploited as therapeutics, especially in immunological and anti-cancer therapies. However, the development of modified thymosins could expand their therapeutic interest and application in different diseases. In fact, by chemical modifications, it is possible to increase proteolytic stability in the biological environment, enhance cell permeability, and stabilize the secondary structure of the peptide. Finally, the development of shorter sequences could reduce the cost and production time of these thymosin-based drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Quagliata
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Kang C, Li X, Liu P, Liu Y, Niu Y, Zeng X, Zhao H, Liu J, Qiu S. Tolerogenic dendritic cells and TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway in allergic rhinitis. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1276512. [PMID: 37915574 PMCID: PMC10616250 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1276512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs), central participants in the allergic immune response, can capture and present allergens leading to allergic inflammation in the immunopathogenesis of allergic rhinitis (AR). In addition to initiating antigen-specific immune responses, DCs induce tolerance and modulate immune homeostasis. As a special type of DCs, tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) achieve immune tolerance mainly by suppressing effector T cell responses and inducing regulatory T cells (Tregs). TolDCs suppress allergic inflammation by modulating immune tolerance, thereby reducing symptoms of AR. Activation of the TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway contributes to the release of inflammatory cytokines, and inhibitors of this signaling pathway induce the production of tolDCs to alleviate allergic inflammatory responses. This review focuses on the relationship between tolDCs and TLR4/IRAK4/NF-κB signaling pathway with AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglin Kang
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second People’s Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Otolaryngology, Second People’s Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
| | - Yuan Niu
- Department of Neurology, Second People’s Hospital of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xianhai Zeng
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hailiang Zhao
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiangqi Liu
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shuqi Qiu
- Department of Graduate and Scientific Research, Zunyi Medical University Zhuhai Campus, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Longgang E.N.T Hospital and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of E.N.T, Institute of E.N.T Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
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Jonny, Putranto TA, Purnama Y, Djatmiko R, Yana ML, Sitepu EC, Irfon R. Significant improvement of systemic lupus erythematosus manifestation in children after autologous dendritic cell transfer: a case report and review of literature. Ther Adv Vaccines Immunother 2023; 11:25151355231186005. [PMID: 37719802 PMCID: PMC10501061 DOI: 10.1177/25151355231186005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are postulated to play a role in autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). We reported a 13-year-old female SLE patient who presents with chronic arthritis accompanied by persistent fever, dyspnea, sleep disturbance, headache, stomatitis, rash, and muscle weakness. The supporting examinations showed abnormal blood cell counts, positive antinuclear antibody profile, serositis, and neuropathy. Immunosuppressants failed to improve the condition. DC-based vaccine derived from autologous peripheral blood which was introduced with SARS-CoV-2 protein was given to this patient. There was a significant improvement in clinical and laboratory findings. Thus, DC immunotherapy appears to be a potential novel therapy for SLE that needs to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonny
- Faculty of Medicine, Jakarta Veterans National Development University, Jakarta, Indonesia
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jl. Abdul Rahman Saleh Raya No. 24 RT10/RW5, Jakarta 10410, Indonesia
| | | | - Yenny Purnama
- Pediatric Department Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Roedi Djatmiko
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Martina Lily Yana
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Raoulian Irfon
- Cellcure Center, Gatot Soebroto Central Army Hospital, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Dubbs SB, Falat C, Rosenblatt L. Immune-based Therapies-What the Emergency Physician Needs to Know. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2023; 43:569-582. [PMID: 37394260 DOI: 10.1016/j.iac.2022.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a treatment modality that has a broad and rapidly growing range of applications to treat both chronic and acute diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, cancer, and COVID-19. Emergency physicians must be aware of the breadth of applications and be able to consider the effects of immunotherapies when patients on these treatments present to the hospital. This article provides a review of the mechanisms of action, indications for use, and potential complications of immunotherapy treatments that are relevant in the emergency care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Dubbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Cheyenne Falat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Rosenblatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Chen H, Wu L, Wang T, Zhang F, Song J, Fu J, Kong X, Shi J. PTT/ PDT-induced Microbial Apoptosis and Wound Healing Depend on Immune Activation and Macrophage Phenotype Transformation. Acta Biomater 2023:S1742-7061(23)00350-1. [PMID: 37369265 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics show unsuccessful application in biofilm destruction, which induce chronic infections and emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT), as widely accepted antimicrobial tools of phototherapy, could effectively activate the immune system and promote the proliferation of wound tissue, thus becoming the most promising therapeutic strategy to replace antibiotics and avoid drug-resistant strains. However, there is no consensus on whether antibacterial and wound healing achieved by PDT/PTT depend not only on the cytotoxic effect of the treatment itself, but also on the activation of host immune system. In this study, CaSiO3-ClO2@PDA-ICG nanoparticles (CCPI NPs) were designed as PDT/PTT antimicrobial model material. With the comparison of healing effect between wide-type mice and severely immunodeficient (C-NKG) mice, the dependence of PDT/PTT-induced microbial apoptosis and wound healing on immune activation and macrophage phenotype transformation was explored and verified. Furthermore, the induced phenotypic transformation of macrophages during PDT/PTT treatment was demonstrated to play crucial role in the improvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT). In summary, this study represents great significance for further identifying the role of immune system activation in antibacterial phototherapy and developing new treatment strategies for biofilm-infected wound healing. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: A PDT/PTT combination therapy model nanoparticle was established for biofilm-infected wounds. Both microbial apoptosis and wound healing achieved by PDT/PTT combination therapy were highly dependent on the activated immune system, especially the M2 macrophage phenotype. PDT/PTT could promote the polarization of monocytes to the phenotype of M2 macrophages, which promotes EMT behavior of the tissue at the edge of the wound through the secretion of TGF-β1, thus accelerating wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Chen
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Innovation Platform of Marine Drug Screening & Evaluation, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266100, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junyao Song
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, Shandong, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jun Fu
- Bassars college of future agricultural science and technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xiaoying Kong
- College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, 700 Changcheng Road, Qingdao, 266109, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jinsheng Shi
- University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao 266113, Shandong, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, 132 Waihuan Road East, Panyu District, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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12
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Mohammadi B, Saghafi M, Abdulsattar Faraj T, Kamal Kheder R, Sajid Abdulabbas H, Esmaeili SA. The role of tolerogenic dendritic cells in systematic lupus erythematosus progression and remission. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 115:109601. [PMID: 36571919 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Systematic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease reflecting an imbalance between effector and regulatory immune responses. Dendritic cells (DC) are a link between innate and adaptive immunity. Inflammatory DCs (inflDC) can initiate and trigger lymphocyte responses in SLE with over-expression of surface molecules and pro-inflammatory cytokine, including Interferon (IFN) α, Interleukin (IL) 1α, IL-1β, and IL-6, resulting in the overreaction of T helper cells (Th), and B cells immune responses. On the opposite side, tolerogenic DCs (tolDC) express inhibitory interacting surface molecules and repressive mediators, such as IL-10, Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), and Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), which can maintain self-tolerance in SLE by induction of regulatory T cells (Treg), T cells deletion and anergy. Hence, tolDCs can be a therapeutic candidate for patients with SLE to suppress their systematic inflammation. Recent pre-clinical and clinical studies showed the efficacy of tolDCs therapy in autoimmune diseases. In this review, we provide a wide perspective on the effect of inflDCs in promoting inflammation and the role of tolDC in the suppression of immune cells' overreaction in SLE. Furthermore, we reviewed the finding of clinical trials and experimental studies related to autoimmune diseases, particularly SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bita Mohammadi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Saghafi
- Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Innovative Medical Research Center, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Tola Abdulsattar Faraj
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Hawler Medical University, Erbil, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Ramiar Kamal Kheder
- Medical Laboratory Science Department, College of Science, University of Raparin, Rania 46012, Sulaymaniyah, Iraq; Department of Medical Analysis, Faculty of Applied Science, Tishk International University, Erbil, Iraq
| | - Hadi Sajid Abdulabbas
- Continuous Education Department, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Al-Ameed, Karbala 56001, Iraq
| | - Seyed-Alireza Esmaeili
- Immunology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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13
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Athanassiadou V, Plavoukou S, Grapsa E, Detsika MG. The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 as an Immunomodulator in Kidney Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122454. [PMID: 36552662 PMCID: PMC9774641 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein heme oxygenase (HO)-1 has been implicated in the regulations of multiple immunological processes. It is well known that kidney injury is affected by immune mechanisms and that various kidney-disease forms may be a result of autoimmune disease. The current study describes in detail the role of HO-1 in kidney disease and provides the most recent observations of the effect of HO-1 on immune pathways and responses both in animal models of immune-mediated disease forms and in patient studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Athanassiadou
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Stella Plavoukou
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Grapsa
- Department of Nephrology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aretaieion University Hospital, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria G. Detsika
- 1st Department of Critical Care Medicine & Pulmonary Services, GP Livanos and M Simou Laboratories, Evangelismos Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10675 Athens, Greece
- Correspondence:
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14
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Liu C, Zhu J, Mi Y, Jin T. Impact of disease-modifying therapy on dendritic cells and exploring their immunotherapeutic potential in multiple sclerosis. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:298. [PMID: 36510261 PMCID: PMC9743681 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02663-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are the most potent professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs), which play a pivotal role in inducing either inflammatory or tolerogenic response based on their subtypes and environmental signals. Emerging evidence indicates that DCs are critical for initiation and progression of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). Current disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for MS can significantly affect DCs' functions. However, the study on the impact of DMT on DCs is rare, unlike T and B lymphocytes that are the most commonly discussed targets of these therapies. Induction of tolerogenic DCs (tolDCs) with powerful therapeutic potential has been well-established to combat autoimmune responses in laboratory models and early clinical trials. In contrast to in vitro tolDC induction, in vivo elicitation by specifically targeting multiple cell-surface receptors has shown greater promise with more advantages. Here, we summarize the role of DCs in governing immune tolerance and in the process of initiating and perpetuating MS as well as the effects of current DMT drugs on DCs. We then highlight the most promising cell-surface receptors expressed on DCs currently being explored as the viable pharmacological targets through antigen delivery to generate tolDCs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiyun Liu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China ,grid.24381.3c0000 0000 9241 5705Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences & Society, Division of Neurogeriatrcs, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yan Mi
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tao Jin
- grid.430605.40000 0004 1758 4110Neuroscience Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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15
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Mora VP, Loaiza RA, Soto JA, Bohmwald K, Kalergis AM. Involvement of trained immunity during autoimmune responses. J Autoimmun 2022:102956. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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16
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Li Y, Tan Y, Li X, Chen X, Wang L, Zhang L, Xu S, Huang K, Shu W, Liang H, Chen M. Loss of LXN promotes macrophage M2 polarization and PD-L2 expression contributing cancer immune-escape in mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 8:440. [PMID: 36323670 PMCID: PMC9630456 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-022-01227-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Latexin (LXN) plays an important role in tumorigenesis and inflammatory response and as a tumor suppressor in many tumors. However, whether LXN regulates tumorigenesis through immune regulation remains uncertain. Here, we demonstrate that LXN deficiency increases hematopoietic stem cells, as well as affects the proportion of immune cells in the peripheral system. Animal studies show that mice loss of LXN promotes tumor growth in subcutaneous tumor model and AOM/DSS-induced colorectal cancer model. We found that loss of LXN promotes macrophage M2 polarization and PD-L2 expression in macrophage, thus, inhibits the function of T cells. Adoptive transfer of wild-type macrophage rescues the function of T cells in LXN-deficient mice. LXN deficiency in hematopoietic lineage exacerbates colorectal carcinogenesis, and targeted inhibition of PD-L2 ameliorates cancer growth in LXN-deficient mice. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that LXN inhibits STAT3 transcriptional activity by targeting inhibition of JAK1 in macrophages. LXN deficiency enhances PD-L2 expression rather than PD-L1 in macrophages, which lead to inhibition of T cells in tumor microenvironment. Collectively, we define a critical role of LXN/JAK1/STAT3 signal in macrophage and highlights the potential role of LXN in tumor immune-escape by regulating macrophage polarization, as well as the expression of immune checkpoint PD-L2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Li
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Tan
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - XiuZhen Li
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Xuanming Chen
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Lingzhu Wang
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Shaohua Xu
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Kebing Huang
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Wei Shu
- grid.443385.d0000 0004 1798 9548College of Biotechnology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541199 P.R. China
| | - Hong Liang
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
| | - Ming Chen
- grid.459584.10000 0001 2196 0260State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources (Ministry of Education of China), Collaborative Innovation Center for Guangxi Ethnic Medicine, School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin, 541004 P.R. China
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17
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Shuai Z, Zheng S, Wang K, Wang J, Leung PSC, Xu B. Reestablish immune tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1012868. [PMID: 36248797 PMCID: PMC9561630 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1012868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive autoimmune disease. Despite the wide use of conventional synthetic, targeted and biologic disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) to control its radiological progress, nearly all DMARDs are immunologically non-selective and do not address the underlying immunological mechanisms of RA. Patients with RA often need to take various DMARDs long-term or even lifelong and thus, face increased risks of infection, tumor and other adverse reactions. It is logical to modulate the immune disorders and restore immune balance in patients with RA by restoring immune tolerance. Indeed, approaches based on stem cell transplantation, tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs), and antigen-based tolerogenic vaccination are under active investigation, and some have already transformed from wet bench research to clinical investigation during the last decade. Among them, clinical trials on stem cell therapy, especially mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) transplantation are most investigated and followed by tolDCs in RA patients. On the other hand, despite active laboratory investigations on the use of RA-specific peptide-/protein-based tolerogenic vaccines for T cell, clinical studies on RA patients are much limited. Overall, the preliminary results of these clinical studies are promising and encouraging, demonstrating their safety and effectiveness in the rebalancing of T cell subsets; particular, the recovery of RA-specific Treg with increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines and reduced proinflammatory cytokines. Future studies should focus on the optimization of transplanted stem cells, the preparation of tolDCs, and tolerogenic vaccines with RA-specific protein or peptide, including their dosage, course, and route of administration with well-coordinated multi-center randomized clinical control researches. With the progress of experimental and clinical studies, generating and restoring RA-specific immune tolerance may bring revolutionary changes to the clinical management of RA in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Shuai
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Kang Wang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Patrick S. C. Leung
- Division of Rheumatology/Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
| | - Bin Xu
- Department of Sports Injury and Arthroscopic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Xu, ; Patrick S. C. Leung, ; Jian Wang,
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18
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Hesse L, Oude Elberink J, van Oosterhout AJ, Nawijn MC. Allergen immunotherapy for allergic airway diseases: Use lessons from the past to design a brighter future. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 237:108115. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Hoffmann C, Noel F, Grandclaudon M, Massenet-Regad L, Michea P, Sirven P, Faucheux L, Surun A, Lantz O, Bohec M, Ye J, Guo W, Rochefort J, Klijanienko J, Baulande S, Lecerf C, Kamal M, Le Tourneau C, Guillot-Delost M, Soumelis V. PD-L1 and ICOSL discriminate human Secretory and Helper dendritic cells in cancer, allergy and autoimmunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1983. [PMID: 35418195 PMCID: PMC9008048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29516-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are traditionally classified according to their ontogeny and their ability to induce T cell response to antigens, however, the phenotypic and functional state of these cells in cancer does not necessarily align to the conventional categories. Here we show, by using 16 different stimuli in vitro that activated DCs in human blood are phenotypically and functionally dichotomous, and pure cultures of type 2 conventional dendritic cells acquire these states (termed Secretory and Helper) upon appropriate stimuli. PD-L1highICOSLlow Secretory DCs produce large amounts of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines but induce very low levels of T helper (Th) cytokines following co-culturing with T cells. Conversely, PD-L1lowICOSLhigh Helper DCs produce low levels of secreted factors but induce high levels and a broad range of Th cytokines. Secretory DCs bear a single-cell transcriptomic signature indicative of mature migratory LAMP3+ DCs associated with cancer and inflammation. Secretory DCs are linked to good prognosis in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and to response to checkpoint blockade in Melanoma. Hence, the functional dichotomy of DCs we describe has both fundamental and translational implications in inflammation and immunotherapy. Phenotypic and functional states of dendritic cells critically influence the outcome of cancer and inflammation. Authors here show by single cell transcriptomics and in vitro validation assays that dichotomous PD-L1 and ICOSL expression assign dendritic cells to secretory and helper functions, with respective predominance of inflammatory cytokine expression or T helper cytokine induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoffmann
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Department of Surgical Oncology, Paris & Saint-Cloud, France. .,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.
| | - Floriane Noel
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Maximilien Grandclaudon
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
| | - Lucile Massenet-Regad
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
| | - Paula Michea
- Institut Paoli Calmette, INSERM U1068-CNRS UMR7258-AMU UM105, Marseille, France.,Université Aix-Marseille, Marseille, France
| | - Philemon Sirven
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France
| | - Lilith Faucheux
- Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France.,Statistic and Epidemiologic Research Center Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM UMR-1153, ECSTRRA team, Paris, France
| | - Aurore Surun
- Institut Curie, SIREDO Cancer Center, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lantz
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,CIC IGR-Curie 1428, Center of Clinical Investigation, Paris, France
| | - Mylene Bohec
- Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,Institut Curie, NGS platform, Paris, France
| | - Jian Ye
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Weihua Guo
- City of Hope Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Immuno-Oncology, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Juliette Rochefort
- Cimi Paris, INSERM U1135, and Hospital Pitié Salpêtrière, Odontology department, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jerzy Klijanienko
- Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Department of pathology, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Baulande
- Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,Institut Curie, NGS platform, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Lecerf
- Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Department of Drug Development, and Innovation (D3i), Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Maud Kamal
- Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,Institut Curie, Department of Drug Development, and Innovation (D3i), Paris & Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Christophe Le Tourneau
- Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France.,Institut Curie, Department of Drug Development, and Innovation (D3i), Paris & Saint-Cloud, France.,Institut Curie, INSERM U900, Saint-Cloud, France
| | - Maude Guillot-Delost
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France.,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France.,CIC IGR-Curie 1428, Center of Clinical Investigation, Paris, France
| | - Vassili Soumelis
- Institut Curie, INSERM U932, Immunity and Cancer, Paris, France. .,Université Paris Sciences Lettres (PSL), Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France. .,Institut Curie, Clinical immunology department, Paris, France. .,Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Laboratoire d'Immunologie, F-75010, Paris, France. .,Université de Paris, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, INSERM U976, Hôpital Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France.
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20
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Dolatkhah K, Alizadeh N, Mohajjel-Shoja H, Abdoli Shadbad M, Hajiasgharzadeh K, Aghebati-Maleki L, Baghbanzadeh A, Hosseinkhani N, Karim Ahangar N, Baradaran B. B7 immune checkpoint family members as putative therapeutics in autoimmune disease: An updated overview. Int J Rheum Dis 2022; 25:259-271. [PMID: 34994525 DOI: 10.1111/1756-185x.14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases, especially among young people in the US, are one of the leading causes of morbidity and death. The immune responses are the fundamental pathogenicity of autoimmune disorders. The equilibrium between stimulatory and inhibitory signals is critical for the stimulation, migration, survival, and T cell-related immune responses. The B7 family can substantially regulate T cell-mediated immune responses. Nevertheless, recent breakthroughs in immune checkpoint blockade in cancer immunotherapy have facilitated autoimmune diseases, especially among the prone populations. In the current study, we tried to concisely review the role of the B7 family in regulating immune reactions and the influence of immune checkpoint inhibitors on autoimmunity development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Dolatkhah
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Nazila Alizadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hanieh Mohajjel-Shoja
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | | | | | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Negar Hosseinkhani
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Noora Karim Ahangar
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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21
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Alemohammad H, Najafzadeh B, Asadzadeh Z, Baghbanzadeh A, Ghorbaninezhad F, Najafzadeh A, Safarpour H, Bernardini R, Brunetti O, Sonnessa M, Fasano R, Silvestris N, Baradaran B. The importance of immune checkpoints in immune monitoring: A future paradigm shift in the treatment of cancer. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112516. [PMID: 34906767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The growth and development of cancer are directly correlated to the suppression of the immune system. A major breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy depends on various mechanisms to detect immunosuppressive factors that inhibit anti-tumor immune responses. Immune checkpoints are expressed on many immune cells such as T-cells, regulatory B cells (Bregs), dendritic cells (DCs), natural killer cells (NKs), regulatory T (Tregs), M2-type macrophages, and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). Immune inhibitory molecules, including CTLA-4, TIM-3, TIGIT, PD-1, and LAG-3, normally inhibit immune responses via negatively regulating immune cell signaling pathways to prevent immune injury. However, the up-regulation of inhibitory immune checkpoints during tumor progression on immune cells suppresses anti-tumor immune responses and promotes immune escape in cancer. It has recently been indicated that cancer cells can up-regulate various pathways of the immune checkpoints. Therefore, targeting immune inhibitory molecules through antibodies or miRNAs is a promising therapeutic strategy and shows favorable results. Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are introduced as a new immunotherapy strategy that enhance immune cell-induced antitumor responses in many patients. In this review, we highlighted the function of each immune checkpoint on different immune cells and therapeutic strategies aimed at using monoclonal antibodies and miRNAs against inhibitory receptors. We also discussed current challenges and future strategies for maximizing these FDA-approved immunosuppressants' effectiveness and clinical success in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Alemohammad
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Basira Najafzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Asadzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Amir Baghbanzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Arezoo Najafzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hossein Safarpour
- Cellular & Molecular Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Renato Bernardini
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via S. Sofia 97, Catania, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Margherita Sonnessa
- Functional Biomorphology Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Fasano
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncological Unite, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II" of Bari, Bari, Italy; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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22
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Dubbs SB, Falat C, Rosenblatt L. Immune-based Therapies-What the Emergency Physician Needs to Know. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2021; 40:135-148. [PMID: 34782084 DOI: 10.1016/j.emc.2021.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is a treatment modality that has a broad and rapidly growing range of applications to treat both chronic and acute diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn disease, cancer, and COVID-19. Emergency physicians must be aware of the breadth of applications and be able to consider the effects of immunotherapies when patients on these treatments present to the hospital. This article provides a review of the mechanisms of action, indications for use, and potential complications of immunotherapy treatments that are relevant in the emergency care setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah B Dubbs
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Cheyenne Falat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lauren Rosenblatt
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 110 South Paca Street, 6th Floor, Suite 200, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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23
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Wang LX, Ren C, Yao RQ, Luo YN, Yin Y, Wu Y, Dong N, Zhu XM, Yao YM. Sestrin2 protects against lethal sepsis by suppressing the pyroptosis of dendritic cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:8209-8227. [PMID: 34741186 PMCID: PMC8629895 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03970-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis is defined as life-threatening organ dysfunction caused by a dysregulated host response to infection. Sestrin2 (SESN2), a highly evolutionarily conserved protein, is critically involved in the cellular response to various stresses and has been confirmed to maintain the homeostasis of the internal environment. However, the potential effects of SESN2 in regulating dendritic cells (DCs) pyroptosis in the context of sepsis and the related mechanisms are poorly characterized. In this study, we found that SESN2 was capable of decreasing gasdermin D (GSDMD)-dependent pyroptosis of splenic DCs by inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress (ERS)-related nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3)-mediated ASC pyroptosome formation and caspase-1 (CASP-1) activation. Furthermore, SESN2 deficiency induced NLRP3/ASC/CASP-1-dependent pyroptosis and the production of proinflammatory cytokines by exacerbating the PERK–ATF4–CHOP signaling pathway, resulting in an increase in the mortality of septic mice, which was reversed by inhibiting ERS. These findings suggest that SESN2 appears to be essential for inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome hyperactivation, reducing CASP-1-dependent pyroptosis, and improving sepsis outcomes through stabilization of the ER. The present study might have important implications for exploration of novel potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of sepsis complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xue Wang
- Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China.,Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Ren
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Qi Yao
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.,Department of Burn Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Naval Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Nan Luo
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Yin
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Wu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Dong
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Mei Zhu
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yong-Ming Yao
- Chinese PLA General Hospital and Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China. .,Translational Medicine Research Center, Medical Innovation Research Division and Fourth Medical Center of the Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 51 Fucheng Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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24
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Li Y, Ma K, Han Z, Chi M, Sai X, Zhu P, Ding Z, Song L, Liu C. Immunomodulatory Effects of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Kidney Disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:708453. [PMID: 34504854 PMCID: PMC8421649 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.708453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney disease is a general term for heterogeneous damage that affects the function and the structure of the kidneys. The rising incidence of kidney diseases represents a considerable burden on the healthcare system, so the development of new drugs and the identification of novel therapeutic targets are urgently needed. The pathophysiology of kidney diseases is complex and involves multiple processes, including inflammation, autophagy, cell-cycle progression, and oxidative stress. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), an enzyme involved in the process of heme degradation, has attracted widespread attention in recent years due to its cytoprotective properties. As an enzyme with known anti-oxidative functions, HO-1 plays an indispensable role in the regulation of oxidative stress and is involved in the pathogenesis of several kidney diseases. Moreover, current studies have revealed that HO-1 can affect cell proliferation, cell maturation, and other metabolic processes, thereby altering the function of immune cells. Many strategies, such as the administration of HO-1-overexpressing macrophages, use of phytochemicals, and carbon monoxide-based therapies, have been developed to target HO-1 in a variety of nephropathological animal models, indicating that HO-1 is a promising protein for the treatment of kidney diseases. Here, we briefly review the effects of HO-1 induction on specific immune cell populations with the aim of exploring the potential therapeutic roles of HO-1 and designing HO-1-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of kidney diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Li
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,School of Medical and Life Sciences, Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuai Ma
- Department of Nephrology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhongyu Han
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxuan Chi
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiyalatu Sai
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Zhu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhaolun Ding
- Department of Emergency Surgery, Shannxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Linjiang Song
- School of Medical and Life Sciences, Reproductive and Women-Children Hospital, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Chi Liu
- Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nephrology, Sichuan Academy of Medical Science and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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25
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Liao Q, Zhou Y, Xia L, Cao D. Lipid Metabolism and Immune Checkpoints. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1316:191-211. [PMID: 33740251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-33-6785-2_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints are essential for the regulation of immune cell functions. Although the abrogation of immunosurveillance of tumor cells is known, the regulators of immune checkpoints are not clear. Lipid metabolism is one of the important metabolic activities in organisms. In lipid metabolism, a large number of metabolites produced can regulate the gene expression and activation of immune checkpoints through various pathways. In addition, increasing evidence has shown that lipid metabolism leads to transient generation or accumulation of toxic lipids that result in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and then regulate the transcriptional and posttranscriptional modifications of immune checkpoints, including transcription, protein folding, phosphorylation, palmitoylation, etc. More importantly, the lipid metabolism can also affect exosome transportation of checkpoints and the degradation of checkpoints by affecting ubiquitination and lysosomal trafficking. In this chapter, we mainly empathize on the roles of lipid metabolism in the regulation of immune checkpoints, such as gene expression, activation, and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Yujuan Zhou
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Longzheng Xia
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Cell Biology, Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL, USA
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26
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Funes SC, Rios M, Fernández-Fierro A, Covián C, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Mackern-Oberti JP, Kalergis AM. Naturally Derived Heme-Oxygenase 1 Inducers and Their Therapeutic Application to Immune-Mediated Diseases. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1467. [PMID: 32849503 PMCID: PMC7396584 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme oxygenase (HO) is the primary antioxidant enzyme involved in heme group degradation. A variety of stimuli triggers the expression of the inducible HO-1 isoform, which is modulated by its substrate and cellular stressors. A major anti-inflammatory role has been assigned to the HO-1 activity. Therefore, in recent years HO-1 induction has been employed as an approach to treating several disorders displaying some immune alterations components, such as exacerbated inflammation or self-reactivity. Many natural compounds have shown to be effective inductors of HO-1 without cytotoxic effects; among them, most are chemicals present in plants used as food, flavoring, and medicine. Here we discuss some naturally derived compounds involved in HO-1 induction, their impact in the immune response modulation, and the beneficial effect in diverse autoimmune disorders. We conclude that the use of some compounds from natural sources able to induce HO-1 is an attractive lifestyle toward promoting human health. This review opens a new outlook on the investigation of naturally derived HO-1 inducers, mainly concerning autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C Funes
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mariana Rios
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernández-Fierro
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Camila Covián
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Millenium Institute on Immunolgy and Immunotherapy, Facultad Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo, IMBECU CCT Mendoza- CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Instituto de Fisiología, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Millenium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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27
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Chen Q, Mang G, Wu J, Sun P, Li T, Zhang H, Wang N, Tong Z, Wang W, Zheng Y, Tian J, E M, Zhang M, Yu B. Circular RNA circSnx5 Controls Immunogenicity of Dendritic Cells through the miR-544/SOCS1 Axis and PU.1 Activity Regulation. Mol Ther 2020; 28:2503-2518. [PMID: 32681834 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) can orchestrate either immunogenic or tolerogenic responses to relay information on the functional state. Emerging studies indicate that circular RNAs (circRNAs) are involved in immunity; however, it remains unclear whether they govern DC development and function at the transcriptional level. In this study, we identified a central role for a novel circRNA, circSnx5, in modulating DC-driven immunity and tolerance. Ectopic circSnx5 suppresses DC activation and promotes the development of tolerogenic functions of DCs, while circSnx5 knockdown promotes their activation and inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, circSnx5 can act as a miR-544 sponge to attenuate miRNA-mediated target depression on suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 (SOCS1) and inhibit nuclear translocation of PU.1, regulating DC activation and function. Furthermore, the main splicing factors (SFs) were identified in DCs, of which heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein (hnRNP) C was essential for circSnx5 generation. Moreover, our data demonstrated that vaccination with circSnx5-conditioned DCs prolonged cardiac allograft survival in mice and alleviated experimental autoimmune myocarditis. Taken together, our results revealed circSnx5 as a key modulator to fine-tune DC function, suggesting that circSnx5 may serve as a potential therapeutic avenue for immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ge Mang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Hanlu Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Naixin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Zhonghua Tong
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Weiwei Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Yang Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Jinwei Tian
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
| | - Mingyan E
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, No. 150, Haping Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Maomao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Harbin Medical University, Ministry of Education, No. 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin 50001, Heilongjiang Province, China
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28
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Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is a poorly defined disease that primarily affects preterm infants. There has not been much progress in the prevention or treatment of NEC since it became recognized as a common problem in preterm infants. Reasons for this lack of progress include the likelihood that different diseases are being put under the same moniker of "NEC," similar to using "diabetes" for the different diseases it represents. In order to make progress, better delineation of the phenotypes that present as NEC will be necessary to clearly establish their pathophysiology, find specific and sensitive biomarkers, and establish preventative regimens. In this review, we summarize some of the entities that are being called NEC, discuss the pathophysiology of the most classic form of NEC, and provide an overview of how we might proceed in the future to make progress in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Neu
- University of Florida, Gainesville, USA.
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29
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Application of molecular imaging technology in tumor immunotherapy. Cell Immunol 2020; 348:104039. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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30
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A 5-Gene Signature Is Closely Related to Tumor Immune Microenvironment and Predicts the Prognosis of Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:2147397. [PMID: 31998783 PMCID: PMC6975218 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2147397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Establishing prognostic gene signature to predict clinical outcomes and guide individualized adjuvant therapy is necessary. Here, we aim to establish the prognostic efficacy of a gene signature that is closely related to tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Methods and Results There are 13,035 gene expression profiles from 130 tumor samples of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the data set GSE103584. A 5-gene signature was identified by using univariate survival analysis and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) to build risk models. Then, we used the CIBERSORT method to quantify the relative levels of different immune cell types in complex gene expression mixtures. It was found that the ratio of dendritic cells (DCs) activated and mast cells (MCs) resting in the low-risk group was higher than that in the high-risk group, and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.001 and P=0.03). Pathway enrichment results which were obtained by performing Gene Set Variation Analysis (GSVA) showed that the high-risk group identified by the 5-gene signature had metastatic-related gene expression, resulting in lower survival rates. Kaplan–Meier survival results showed that patients of the high-risk group had shorter disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) than those of the low-risk group in the training set (P=0.0012 and P < 0.001). The sensitivity and specificity of the gene signature were better and more sensitive to prognosis than TNM (tumor/lymph node/metastasis) staging, in spite of being not statistically significant (P=0.154). Furthermore, Kaplan–Meier survival showed that patients of the high-risk group had shorter OS and PFS than those of the low-risk group (P=0.0035, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001) in the validating set (GSE31210, GSE41271, and TCGA). At last, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to evaluate independent prognostic factors associated with survival, and the gene signature, lymphovascular invasion, pleural invasion, chemotherapy, and radiation were employed as covariates. The 5-gene signature was identified as an independent predictor of patient survival in the presence of clinical parameters in univariate and multivariate analyses (P < 0.001) (hazard ratio (HR): 3.93, 95% confidence interval CI (2.17–7.1), P=0.001, (HR) 5.18, 95% CI (2.6995–9.945), P < 0.001), respectively. Our 5-gene signature was also related to EGFR mutations (P=0.0111), and EGFR mutations were mainly enriched in low-risk group, indicating that EGFR mutations affect the survival rate of patients. Conclusion The 5-gene signature is a powerful and independent predictor that could predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients. In addition, our gene signature is correlated with TIME parameters, such as DCs activated and MCs resting. Our findings suggest that the 5-gene signature closely related to TIME could predict the prognosis of NSCLC patients and provide some reference for immunotherapy.
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31
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Funes SC, Ríos M, Gómez‐Santander F, Fernández‐Fierro A, Altamirano‐Lagos MJ, Rivera‐Perez D, Pulgar‐Sepúlveda R, Jara EL, Rebolledo‐Zelada D, Villarroel A, Roa JC, Mackern‐Oberti JP, Kalergis AM. Tolerogenic dendritic cell transfer ameliorates systemic lupus erythematosus in mice. Immunology 2019; 158:322-339. [PMID: 31509246 PMCID: PMC6856940 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for systemic autoimmune diseases partially improve the health of patients displaying low pharmacological efficacy and systemic immunosuppression. Here, the therapeutic potential of transferring tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) generated with heme-oxygenase inductor cobalt (III) protoporphyrin IX (CoPP), dexamethasone and rosiglitazone for the treatment of systemic autoimmunity was evaluated in two murine models of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), MRL-Faslpr and NZM2410 mice. Dendritic cells treated ex vivo with these drugs showed a stable tolerogenic profile after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Regular doses of tolDCs were administered to anti-nuclear antibody-positive mice throughout 60-70 days, and the clinical score was evaluated. Long-term treatment with these tolDCs was well tolerated and effective to improve the clinical score on MRL-Faslpr lupus-prone mice. Additionally, decreased levels of anti-nuclear antibodies in NZM2410 mice were observed. Although tolDC treatment increased regulatory T cells, no significant reduction of renal damage or glomerulonephritis could be found. In conclusion, these results suggest that the transfer of histone-loaded tolDCs could improve only some SLE symptoms and reduced anti-nuclear antibodies. This is the first study to evaluate antigen-specific tolDC administration to treat SLE. Our report strengthens the clinical relevance of tolDC generation with CoPP, dexamethasone and rosiglitazone and the use of these modified cells as a therapy for systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta C. Funes
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Mariana Ríos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Felipe Gómez‐Santander
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Ayleen Fernández‐Fierro
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - María J. Altamirano‐Lagos
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Daniela Rivera‐Perez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Raul Pulgar‐Sepúlveda
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Evelyn L. Jara
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Present address:
Facultad de CienciasDepartamento de Ciencias BásicasUniversidad Santo TomásTemucoChile
| | - Diego Rebolledo‐Zelada
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Alejandra Villarroel
- Departamento de Anatomía PatológicaFacultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Juan C. Roa
- Departamento de Anatomía PatológicaFacultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Juan P. Mackern‐Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de CuyoIMBECU CCT Mendoza‐ CONICETMendozaArgentina
- Instituto de FisiologíaFacultad de Ciencias MédicasUniversidad Nacional de CuyoMendozaArgentina
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and ImmunotherapyDepartamento de Genética Molecular y MicrobiologíaFacultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Departamento de EndocrinologíaEscuela de Medicina, Facultad de MedicinaPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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Ritprajak P, Kaewraemruaen C, Hirankarn N. Current Paradigms of Tolerogenic Dendritic Cells and Clinical Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101291. [PMID: 31640263 PMCID: PMC6830089 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tolerogenic dendritic cells (tolDCs) are central players in the initiation and maintenance of immune tolerance and subsequent prevention of autoimmunity. Recent advances in treatment of autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) have focused on inducing specific tolerance to avoid long-term use of immunosuppressive drugs. Therefore, DC-targeted therapies to either suppress DC immunogenicity or to promote DC tolerogenicity are of high interest. This review describes details of the typical characteristics of in vivo and ex vivo tolDC, which will help to select a protocol that can generate tolDC with high functional quality for clinical treatment of autoimmune disease in individual patients. In addition, we discuss the recent studies uncovering metabolic pathways and their interrelation intertwined with DC tolerogenicity. This review also highlights the clinical implications of tolDC-based therapy for SLE treatment, examines the current clinical therapeutics in patients with SLE, which can generate tolDC in vivo, and further discusses on possibility and limitation on each strategy. This synthesis provides new perspectives on development of novel therapeutic approaches for SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patcharee Ritprajak
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Chamraj Kaewraemruaen
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Nattiya Hirankarn
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-Mediated Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
- Immunology Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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