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Pavez F, Saura E, Marset P. Subcultural Representations of Perpetrators and Victims of Crime and Violence Associated with Mental Disorders. REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2024; 53:458-470. [PMID: 39701643 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcpeng.2024.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES The beliefs and opinions of the general population are based substantially on mass media, which often equates mental disorders with violence and criminality. These stigmatising depictions contribute to the development and persistence of negative attitudes towards people with psychiatric conditions. The objective was to examine, through popular music, the subcultural representations of crime and violence in the context of mental disorders, focusing on depictions of victims and offenders. METHODS Strategy of analysis: Content analysis of Spanish punk lyrics (1981-2010) with references to violent and criminal behaviour associated with mental disorders. RESULTS 257 Spanish punk bands were identified. The discographies included 7,777 songs, of which 190 were related to aggression, violence, or crime. A predilection for violent crimes and descriptions of the perpetrator as "mentally disturbed" was observed. Although they were present, psychotic symptoms were not the main psychiatric symptoms associated with violent crime, but instead it was substance use, antisocial personality traits and paraphilic behaviour. There was less attention paid to victims than to perpetrators. CONCLUSIONS The relationships between mental disorders and criminality/violence are overemphasised in the analysed subculture. A positive connotation of social deviance and violent content (particularly serial murder) in service to the provocative nature of this type of music was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Pavez
- The International School of Doctoral Studies, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Mental Health Center of Lorca, Murcia Health Service, Lorca, Murcia, Spain.
| | | | - Pedro Marset
- History of Medicine Unit, Department of Social and Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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Manifold BM. Victim-perpetrator relationship, age and method of homicide in intimate and non-intimate cases of femicide from the republic of Ireland. MEDICINE, SCIENCE, AND THE LAW 2024; 64:190-198. [PMID: 37608701 DOI: 10.1177/00258024231196628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
This study presents a review of femicides over 31 years (1991-2021) from the Republic of Ireland. A total of 253 cases were located and reviewed, of those 125 were intimate partner homicides (IPH) and 128 non-intimate homicides (NIH). One hundred and ninety-nine (78%) girls and women were killed by a male known to them - intimate partner (husband, partner, boyfriend, ex-partner, ex-boyfriend) (n = 125; 48%), family members (son, grandson, brother, cousin) (n = 25; 10%) and/or acquaintances (n = 49; 19%) from adolescence to old age. Thirty-one (12%) were killed by a stranger and 23 cases remain unsolved at this time. The method of killing depended on the relationship and age of the victim and perpetrator. The majority of IPH victims were less than 45 years of age (n = 101). Twenty-four were over 45 years of which six were over 60 years of age. The leading method of killing in IPHs was stabbing and strangulation and this was more prevalent in those aged between 26 and 45 years. As age increases, IPH decreases with the exception of cases of IP homicide-suicide. Adolescents (13-19 years) and young women (20-25 years) were more often killed by strangulation. Strangulation was also the leading cause of death in stranger killings particularly with sexual violence. There were 20 cases of matricide, with 17 perpetrators suffering from a mental illness at the time of the killing. The leading method of homicide in non-intimate homicides was blunt force trauma.
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Sonnweber M, Lau S, Kirchebner J. Exploring Characteristics of Homicide Offenders With Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders Via Machine Learning. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2024; 68:713-732. [PMID: 35730542 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x221102799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The link between schizophrenia and homicide has long been the subject of research with significant impact on mental health policy, clinical practice, and public perception of people with psychiatric disorders. The present study investigates factors contributing to completed homicides committed by offenders diagnosed with schizophrenia referred to a Swiss forensic institution, using machine learning algorithms. Data were collected from 370 inpatients at the Centre for Inpatient Forensic Therapy at the Zurich University Hospital of Psychiatry. A total of 519 variables were explored to differentiate homicidal and other (violent and non-violent) offenders. The dataset was split employing variable filtering, model building, and selection embedded in a nested resampling approach. Ten factors regarding criminal and psychiatric history and clinical factors were identified to be influential in differentiating between homicidal and other offenders. Findings expand the research on influential factors for completed homicide in patients with schizophrenia. Limitations, clinical relevance, and future directions are discussed.
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Li Y, Huang X, Yuan M, Chang J, Zhang T, Wang G, Su P. Childhood maltreatment and homicidal ideation among Chinese early adolescents: The serial mediating role of borderline personality features and aggression. Aggress Behav 2023; 49:536-546. [PMID: 37243977 DOI: 10.1002/ab.22091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A large body of evidence linked childhood maltreatment (CM) to juvenile violence and delinquent behavior. However, little is known about the association between CM and homicidal ideation in early adolescents. This study aimed to examine that relationship and to explore the serial mediating role of borderline personality features (BPF) and aggression in that relationship in a large sample of early adolescents. A total of 5724 early adolescents (mean age: 13.5 years) were recruited from three middle schools in Anhui Province, China. The participants were invited to complete self-report questionnaires regarding their history of CM, BPF, aggression, and homicidal ideation. Mediation analyses were evaluated using structural equation modeling. A total of 669 participants (11.7%) reported homicidal ideation in the past 6 months. CM victimization was positively associated with homicidal ideation after adjusting for covariates. Furthermore, the serial mediation analysis showed a significant indirect effect of CM on homicidal ideation through BPF and subsequent aggression. Exposure to maltreatment in childhood is likely to manifest BPF and subsequently higher levels of aggression, which in turn are related to increased homicidal ideation. These findings suggest the need for early intervention for BPF and aggression in early adolescents exposed to CM to prevent the development of homicidal ideation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghan Li
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoman Huang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Hefei City Maternal and Child Health & Family Planning Service Center, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Yuan
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Junjie Chang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Gengfu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
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Kang S, Lee JL, Koo JH. The buffering effect of social capital for daily mental stress in an unequal society: a lesson from Seoul. Int J Equity Health 2023; 22:64. [PMID: 37032346 PMCID: PMC10084662 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-023-01875-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study attempted to illustrate whether mental health deterioration could be alleviated by high social capital in an environment with high economic inequality. Daily mental stress was employed as a mental health factor when analyzing the association with economic inequality in the Seoul Survey data. Regarding social capital, community trust and altruism were included as cognitive dimensions, and participation and cooperation were included as structural dimensions in each model. The first finding showed a significantly positive relationship between economic inequality and daily stress, meaning that, like other mental health problems, daily mental stress is also high in regions with high economic inequality. Second, the slope of the daily stress increased in respondents with high social trust and participation was alleviated in an economically unequal environment. This indicates that social trust and participation have a buffering effect by moderating the slope of daily stress in societies with high inequality. Third, the buffering effect differs depending on the social capital factor. The buffering effect of trust and participation showed in an unequal environment, while the buffering effect of cooperation showed regardless of the unequal environment. In summary, social capital factors showed the effect of relieving daily mental stress in the relationship with economic inequality. Also, the buffering effect of social capital on mental health may show different aspects for each element.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungik Kang
- Department of Urban and Regional Development, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joo-Lim Lee
- URI Urban Institute Co., Ltd, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ja-Hoon Koo
- Department of Urban and Regional Development, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-Ro, Seongdong-Gu, Seoul, 04763, South Korea.
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Eliason M. The financial situation before and after first-time psychiatric in-patient diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, and major depressive disorder. ECONOMICS AND HUMAN BIOLOGY 2023; 49:101231. [PMID: 36827797 DOI: 10.1016/j.ehb.2023.101231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, and major depressive disorders are severe mental illnesses (SMIs) that not only entail great suffering for those affected but also major societal costs. In this study, I use administrative register data to provide a detailed picture of the financial situation of people with SMI in Sweden during a period of ±10 years around first-time psychiatric in-patient diagnosis of schizophrenia spectrum, bipolar, and major depressive disorders. Receiving a diagnosis was associated with a considerable drop in earnings, which was largely compensated for by social transfers: mainly sickness and disability insurance. However, there were also large and increasing pre-diagnosis earnings gaps, relative to matched comparison groups, especially among those with schizophrenia spectrum disorders. These gaps were to a lesser extent compensated for by social transfers. Consequently, there were permanent and increasing - due to lost earnings growth - income differentials. Hence, findings in previous studies are confirmed: even in an advanced welfare state, people with SMI - especially those with schizophrenia - have an extremely weak position on the labour market and an equally difficult financial situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Eliason
- Institute for Labour Market Policy Evaluation (IFAU), Box 513, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Muacevic A, Adler JR, Alafghani LA, Alfaraj AF, Alkhalifah GS, Bin Jalalah NH, Alsuwailem NA, Hilal RM. Homicide in Relation to Mental Illness: Stigma Versus Reality. Cureus 2022; 14:e32924. [PMID: 36578842 PMCID: PMC9790173 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.32924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This narrative review examines different aspects of homicide among mentally ill individuals to compare the rates of homicide by offenders with and without mental illness and investigate the stigma of mental illness and its consequences. It also evaluates the motives of mentally ill perpetrators and their characteristics and explores weapons of choice in homicides related to different mental disorders. Studies confirmed higher homicide rates among specific categories of mentally ill individuals who experienced maltreatment, unemployment, abuse in childhood, and substance abuse resulting from stigma and discrimination. The motives were mainly revenge, argument, financial gain, sexuality, sadism, and filicide, with revenge being the top motive. Offenders were found to have close relationships with their victims in most cases. Sharp instruments were the most commonly used weapons. Our review confirms the lack of evidence linking mental illness independently with homicide, both globally and in Arab countries, and highlights the impact of discrimination toward mentally ill individuals. This discrimination and stigma lead to delayed care-seeking and self-destructive behavior, which is linked to higher homicide rates among persons with and without mental illness.
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Kovács A, Ladányi B, Farkas N, Stempel L, Kiss D, Bittermann É, Rácz J. The recovery of homicidal people diagnosed with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorder-An interpretative phenomenological analysis. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:951678. [PMID: 36741576 PMCID: PMC9892903 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.951678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Identity recovery in people diagnosed with schizophrenia who have committed homicide poses several difficulties. Premorbid mental illnesses, the experience of psychosis, and the absence of cohesive ego functions may result in the inability to integrate the homicidal act into self-identity. Problems with integration increase the risk of recidivism and further mental problems. The aim of the present research was to explore how homicidal people diagnosed with schizophrenia make sense of their actions, and how they identify with the homicide. METHOD Six semi-structured interviews were conducted at a long-term psychiatric home with people who had committed homicide and who had been diagnosed with schizophrenia. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), an idiographic method rooted in phenomenologist traditions that focuses on how participants experience and make sense of events in their lives, and how those events affect their identity and sense of self. RESULTS Three personal experiential themes were established as a result of the analysis: (1) homicide and responsibility; (2) homicide and self; and (3) control over threats to self and self-evaluation. (1) Homicide was often reported to have been committed in a non-conscious, delusional state that may have led to the loss of self-determination. (2) Our interviewees struggled to integrate their acts into their identities. They distanced themselves from the crime or held multiple, parallel interpretations of the act. (3) Recovering patients experienced the constant threat of entering into a delusional reality and losing control. The importance of control was central to their self-evaluation. The patients appeared to distance themselves from the homicidal act and to regard their delusional selves as a threat to their lives. CONCLUSION Therapy aimed at bolstering self-control, supporting the integration of the fragmented self, and raising awareness of the connections between delusional reality and standard, intersubjective reality may be helpful in reducing the instability of the self. Therapy aimed at processing complex grief and loss of family is also needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asztrik Kovács
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Ladányi
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Criminal Investigation, Hungarian National Police Headquarters, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Noémi Farkas
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Laura Stempel
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dániel Kiss
- Doctoral School of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - József Rácz
- Institute of Psychology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,Department of Addictology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
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Provoost E, Raymond S, Gasman I. Homicides committed by delusional patients in the early 20th and 21st centuries: A study conducted in a French secure unit. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:265-274. [PMID: 34634145 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Homicides committed by delusional patients are the object of a rich scientific literature, which puts the risk of such acts occurring into perspective when analyzing the offenders' sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. However, few articles detail the themes and mechanisms underlying those patients' delusions. To help bridge that gap, the authors conducted this retrospective descriptive study, including two samples of delusional homicidal patients, one from near present day and one from nearly a century ago. This study considered similarities observed in the literature (such as patients' sociodemographic profile, clinical data, and acting-out dynamics), but also explored the characteristics of delusion. In the 2015-2019 sample, the typical patient profile was: single male (31.5 years old on average), without child, unemployed, and with psychiatric history (56.6%). Most patients suffered from schizophrenic disease (83%) with non-systematized delusions exhibiting multiple themes in 80% of cases. Four principal types of delusion were observed: persecutive (100%), mystical (43.3%), megalomaniac (30%), and bodily (30%). The mechanisms were interpretative, hallucinatory, and intuitive. There was a societal influence in 23.3% of the cases (most often terrorist acts). The 1910-1914 historical sample revealed several differences: patients were older, more often married and employed. There were more diagnoses of chronic delusional disorder (30%). Persecutory delusion was constant (100%), and the other delusional themes were the "intimate relationship" type (50%)-jealousy, erotomanic-and the bodily type (40%). Additional studies are useful in order to reinforce our findings, and to further investigate the possibilities of prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sophie Raymond
- SMPR La Santé, GHU Paris Psychiatrie et Neuroscience, Paris, France
| | - Ivan Gasman
- UMD Henri Colin, GH Paul Guiraud, Villejuif, France
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Albarbari HS, Al-Awami HM, Bazroon AA, Aldibil HH, Alkhalifah SM, Menezes RG. Criminal behavior and mental illness in the Arab world. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2092-2103. [PMID: 34498734 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have highlighted significant correlations between major psychiatric disorders and criminal behavior. However, the plethora of literature on criminality among patients with major psychiatric disorders originated in the West. The objective of the present paper is to review criminal behavior among individuals with mental illness in Arab countries. Attributes of individuals assessed by forensic psychiatric committees and identifying various aspects that may reinforce criminality among individuals with mental illness were considered. Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic review of literature from three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science) was carried out. A total of 20 articles were included. The publications span between 1975 and 2020 and originated in seven different Arab countries including Egypt, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Tunisia, Jordan, and Algeria. Individuals evaluated by forensic psychiatric committees were predominantly males. Excluding substance use disorder, psychotic disorders were the most commonly diagnosed disorders among individuals evaluated by forensic psychiatry committees. Concerning schizophrenia, concomitant substance use and nonadherence to therapy were significantly associated with increased criminality. The review demonstrates that substance use is certainly linked to violence. There is a significant association between mental illness and criminal behavior. Therefore, awareness of different characteristics and risk factors behind criminal behavior among mentally ill offenders could allow us to design and implement effective preventative measures. The Arab's contribution in this field of forensic psychiatry is relatively small. Indeed, further investigation and contributions from the Arab world are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan S Albarbari
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hashim M Al-Awami
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A Bazroon
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hassan H Aldibil
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salman M Alkhalifah
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ritesh G Menezes
- College of Medicine, King Fahd Hospital of the University, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Petroni G, Mandarelli G, Marasco M, Catanesi R, Tavone AM, Potenza S, Marsella LT, Marella GL. From overkill to beheading: A case report of a schizophrenic matricide. J Forensic Sci 2021; 67:404-407. [PMID: 34346506 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Initial evidence exists on a subtype of matricide committed by subjects suffering from severe mental disorders. Matricide perpetrators often undergo a forensic psychiatric evaluation during the subsequent criminal trial because of supposed legal insanity. The few studies on matricide by mentally disordered perpetrators suggested a possible association between such extreme form of violence and schizophrenia spectrum disorders, especially in case of active delusions or hallucinations. METHODS we analyze a case of a young male with a recent diagnosis of psychotic disorder who committed matricide by inflicting multiple injuries and beheading. Data emerging from the forensic pathological analysis of the victim, as well as the forensic psychiatric analysis of the matricide perpetrator are discussed within an interdisciplinary perspective. RESULTS the autopsy revealed multiple stab wounds in the regions of the upper limbs, abdomen, chest, and neck, the latter determining beheading. The forensic psychiatric evaluation yielded a diagnosis of schizophrenia and clarified the causal role in the homicidal behavioral of active psychotic symptoms. CONCLUSION the specific type of delusional content, and perpetrator-victim relationship might contribute explaining a subtype of extremely violent homicide in recent onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Petroni
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Maurizio Marasco
- Department of Human Neurosciences, University of Roma Sapienza, Roma, Italy
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Interdisciplinary Department of Medicine, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Mauro Tavone
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Saverio Potenza
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Luigi Tonino Marsella
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
| | - Gian Luca Marella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Rome "Tor Vergata," via Montpellier 1, Roma, Italy
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Carabellese F, Mandarelli G, Felthous AR, Catanesi R. Forensic psychiatric evaluation of 187 homicidal assailants with and without a schizophrenia spectrum disorder: Clinical, criminological and behavioral characteristics. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES & THE LAW 2021; 39:190-204. [PMID: 34037268 DOI: 10.1002/bsl.2515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Intentional homicide, a declining phenomenon in Italy, represents one of the most extreme forms of violence. A specific subgroup of homicidal assailants is represented by those affected by mental disorders, where the relationship between psychopathology and characteristics of the homicidal attack is not yet fully understood. We analyzed the case files of 187 homicides or attempted homicides, in which the defendant had undergone a forensic psychiatric evaluation within the previous 10 years from a single forensic psychiatric center. We described and analyzed the perpetrator, victim and criminological characteristics of the study cases. A diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder, a victim who was the perpetrator's biological child and absence of a personality disorder diagnosis were associated with an increased probability of having been adjudicated as lacking or having substantially diminished criminal responsibility due to a mental disorder. Homicidal assailants with a schizophrenia spectrum disorder showed some differences in criminological characteristics compared with murderers without a schizophrenic spectrum disorder, including a higher incidence of parricide, interruption of pharmacotherapy before the crime and disorganized post-crime behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Carabellese
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
| | - Alan R Felthous
- Forensic Psychiatry Division, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Roberto Catanesi
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Policlinico Universitario, Bari, Italy
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Moreno-Calvete MC, Ballesteros-Rodriguez FJ. Non-pharmacological strategies for self-directed and interpersonal violence in people with severe mental illness: a rapid overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e043576. [PMID: 33431494 PMCID: PMC7802727 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Self-directed and interpersonal violence among people with severe mental illness has become a health priority. Though non-pharmacological interventions have been investigated, to our knowledge, no summary of all systematic reviews on this topic has been reported. We will conduct a rapid overview of reviews to synthesise evidence available by identifying systematic reviews on non-pharmacological interventions for self-directed or interpersonal violence in people with severe mental illness. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a protocol for a rapid overview of reviews. The overview will include any systematic reviews (with or without meta-analyses) of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) or cluster RCTs that examine the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on self-directed or interpersonal violence in people with severe mental illness. This protocol applies the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) Protocols, the criteria for conducting overviews of reviews in the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions and the criteria for the Cochrane Rapid Reviews. To identify studies, a search will be performed in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews through the Cochrane Library and the Epistemonikos database of systematic reviews. The searches date from inception to September 2020. The study selection process will be described using a PRISMA flow diagram, we will assess the quality of evidence in systematic reviews included and the quality of the systematic reviews themselves and the main results will be summarised in categories to provide a map of the evidence available. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No patients or other participants will be involved in this study. The results will be presented at mental health conferences and for publication in a peer-reviewed journal. REGISTRATION DETAILS The protocol was registered on the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/myzd9/).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francisco Javier Ballesteros-Rodriguez
- Department of Neuroscience, Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, CIBER Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Biscay, Spain
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Valença AM, de Moraes TM, Meyer LF, Petribú KCLD, Nardi AE, Mendlowicz MV. Violent behavior by involuntarily committed female offenders with mental disorders: A population-based case series. J Forensic Sci 2020; 66:656-663. [PMID: 33253419 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of the current study was to investigate the socio-demographic, psychiatric, and criminological characteristics of female violent offenders with mental disorders involuntarily committed to a forensic psychiatric hospital. The present study was a population-based retrospective case series including all female offenders with mental disorders found not guilty by reason of insanity by the criminal courts in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and involuntarily committed to a forensic psychiatric facility (n = 27). Patients were assessed with Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. We found that most offenders were Afro-Brazilian, uneducated unmarried women. Schizophrenia with active psychotic symptoms was the most common clinical condition. Relatives were the frequent victims of aggressive behavior. Most patients had already been diagnosed with a mental disorder and placed under psychiatric treatment, but poor adherence and treatment dropout were common. Violent behavior in psychiatrically ill female patients is associated with a specific socio-demographic and clinical profile and is thus potentially amenable to prevention particularly if the mental health and social services are to provide the much-needed support for economically, socially, and psychologically vulnerable women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M Valença
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
| | - Talvane M de Moraes
- Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Academy of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leonardo F Meyer
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Antonio E Nardi
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,National Academy of Medicine, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Mauro V Mendlowicz
- Institute of Psychiatry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB-UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, Brazil
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15
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Trotta S, Mandarelli G, Ferorelli D, Solarino B. Patricide and overkill: a review of the literature and case report of a murder with Capgras delusion. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2020; 17:271-278. [PMID: 32946065 PMCID: PMC8119279 DOI: 10.1007/s12024-020-00314-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Despite being an infrequent crime, parental homicide has been associated with schizophrenia spectrum disorders in adult perpetrators and a history of child abuse and family violence in adolescent perpetrators. Among severe psychiatric disorders there is initial evidence that delusional misidentification might also play a role in parricide. Parricides are often committed with undue violence and may result in overkill. The authors present the case of an adult male affected by schizoaffective disorder and Capgras syndrome who committed patricide. Forensic pathologists classify such cases as overkill by multiple fatal means comprising stabbing, blunt trauma and choking. Accurate crime scene investigations coupled with psychiatric examinations of perpetrator allow reconstruction of the murder stages. This overkill case is discussed in the context of a broad review of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Trotta
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Mandarelli
- Section of Criminology and Forensic Psychiatry, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Davide Ferorelli
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
| | - Biagio Solarino
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine (DIM), Policlinico di Bari Hospital, University of Bari, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124, Bari, Italy
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16
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Moreno-Calvete MC, Ruiz-Ibañez I, Uriarte-Uriarte JJ. Scoping review protocol on non-pharmacological interventions for interpersonal and self-directed violence in adults with severe mental illness. BMJ Open 2020; 10:e037006. [PMID: 32928853 PMCID: PMC7488835 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Violence committed by people with mental illness has implications for mental health policy and clinical practice. Several strategies to reduce the risk of aggressive and violent behaviour have been proposed, and these include non-pharmacological interventions. There is, however, a need to identify which of these interventions are effective, and as a first step, we will conduct a scoping review to identify non-pharmacological interventions for self-directed or interpersonal violence in adults with severe mental illness across different conditions and settings. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This is a scoping review protocol. The review will include any randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs that assess the efficacy of interventions on self-directed or interpersonal violence with no restrictions on the control treatment in people with severe mental illness in any setting. No restrictions will be applied in terms of language or date of publication. To identify studies, a search will be performed in the following databases: Embase, MEDLINE (via PubMed), PsycINFO, CINAHL, LILACS, SciELO, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, ProQuest, Epistemonikos and databases of clinical trials. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) statement will be followed for reporting the findings, including the use of a PRISMA flow diagram. A standardised form will be used to extract data from studies. The findings will be classified using conceptual categories that will be specified in detail and a descriptive summary of the main results will be created. Moreover, it will be assessed whether the studies identified have been included in systematic reviews or meta-analyses and the results will be used to generate a conceptual map. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION No patients or other participants will be involved in this study. We will prepare a manuscript for publication in a peer-reviewed journal and the results will be presented at mental health conferences.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivan Ruiz-Ibañez
- Basque Health Service, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) Team, Buenavista Health Centre, Portugalete, Biscay, Spain
| | - Jose Juan Uriarte-Uriarte
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Basque Health Service, Bizkaia Mental Health Network, Bilbao, Biscay, Spain
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17
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Zhang GB, Wang GF, Han AZ, Xu N, Xie GD, Chen LR, Su PY. Association between different stages of precollege school bullying and murder-related psychological behaviors among college students in Anhui Province, China. Psychiatry Res 2019; 282:112593. [PMID: 31630040 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Little is known about the relationship between precollege school bullying and murder-related psychological behaviors. The present study aims to examine that relationship in Chinese college students using a cross-sectional study. Self-report data were collected from 4034 college students in Anhui Province using a proportional stratified cluster sampling method. Four types of school bullying (i.e., physical, verbal, relational, and cyber) with bullies and victims and two periods (i.e., primary and secondary) were measured. The prevalence rates of murderous ideation, plans, preparation, and attempts were 6.9%, 2.5%, 1.8%, 1.4%, respectively. Different stages of precollege cyber bullying were associated with murder-related psychological behaviors for both bullies (primary: AORs = 2.78 to 15.67; secondary: AORs = 2.43 to 9.99; both periods: AORs = 2.26 to 14.04) and victims (primary: AORs = 2.87 to 16.57; secondary: AORs = 1.89 to 4.49; both periods: AORs = 3.68 to 21.48). A dose-response relationship was found, such that college students with a bullying perpetration index of two types and more were more likely to have murder-related psychological behaviors than those who were not bullied. Notably, both primary and secondary school bullying, especially cyber forms, were more likely to be associated with murder-related psychological behaviors. Therefore, it is necessary to develop school bullying preventive measures beginning in primary school.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-Bao Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Geng-Fu Wang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - A-Zhu Han
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Nuo Xu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Guo-Die Xie
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Li-Ru Chen
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China
| | - Pu-Yu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, No. 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, 230032, Anhui, China; NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China.
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Homicide Profiles Based on Crime Scene and Victim Characteristics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16193629. [PMID: 31569667 PMCID: PMC6801526 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16193629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
One of the current trends in homicide research includes developing works based on scientific study and empirical evidence, which offer conclusions that can be used in an operational manner during police investigations. The objective of this study was to identify homicide characteristics from behaviors carried out on the crime scene and victim characteristics associated with those of the perpetrators of these crimes in Spain. The sample consisted of 448 homicide cases from the database of the Homicide Revision Project led by the Office of Coordination and Studies of the Secretary of State and Security. After creating six classification tree models, it was found that the modus operandi of the aggressor and the victim characteristics may permit hypothesizing about the demographic characteristics of the perpetrator (gender, age, and country of origin), his/her criminal record, and the type of relationship with the victim. Furthermore, the importance of the study of victimology during a criminal investigation is highlighted, as it may indirectly offer information about the potential perpetrator. The findings of this study suggest that criminal profiling contributes notably to the decision-making process to establish more rigorous suspect prioritization, improve the management of human resources and materials, and increase the efficiency of criminal investigations.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The contribution of people with psychosis to homicide statistics is small, but there is a statistically significantly higher rate of homicide among them than in the general population. Legal authorities and the wider public call for more information. Our aim was a narrative synthesis of empirical literature generated by systematic searches for the five complete years 2013-2017. RECENT FINDINGS One article showed that people with psychosis are five times more likely to be homicide victims than those without, but focus remains on perpetrators. Consensus is that although psychotic symptoms contribute to homicidal acts, so do many of the variables that increase homicide risk more generally - including substance use, trauma histories and access to weapons; thus, both the epidemiology of homicide and some details, like method, may be country specific. In 2013-2017, variation in service provision as a risk factor for homicide has emerged more clearly but, overall, research made few homicide-specific advances. SUMMARY Criminal homicide is, fortunately, uncommon in most countries. Homicides by people with psychosis are so rare that they do not rate mention in the 2013 United Nations Global Survey of Homicide. This may account for the limitations to much research for this group. Despite some homicide-specific evidence of advantage for early intervention for psychosis, impact of improving treatment - the most promising way forward - will generally have to be inferred from the not entirely satisfactory surrogate of effects of treatment on violent offending more generally.
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