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Hess LJ, Greenlee ET. Auditory vigilance task performance and cerebral hemodynamics: effects of spatial uncertainty. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1787-1795. [PMID: 38822826 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-024-06857-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
The vigilance decrement, a temporal decline in detection performance, has been observed across multiple sensory modalities. Spatial uncertainty about the location of task-relevant stimuli has been demonstrated to increase the demands of vigilance and increase the severity of the vigilance decrement when attending to visual displays. The current study investigated whether spatial uncertainty also increases the severity of the vigilance decrement and task demands when an auditory display is used. Individuals monitored an auditory display to detect critical signals that were shorter in duration than non-target stimuli. These auditory stimuli were presented in either a consistent, predictable pattern that alternated sound presentation from left to right (spatial certainty) or an inconsistent, unpredictable pattern that randomly presented sounds from the left or right (spatial uncertainty). Cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) was measured to assess the neurophysiological demands of the task. A decline in performance and CBFV was observed in both the spatially certain and spatially uncertain conditions, suggesting that spatial auditory vigilance tasks are demanding and can result in a vigilance decrement. Spatial uncertainty resulted in a more severe vigilance decrement in correct detections compared to spatial certainty. Reduced right-hemispheric CBFV was also observed during spatial uncertainty compared to spatial certainty. Together, these results suggest that auditory spatial uncertainty hindered performance and required greater attentional demands compared to spatial certainty. These results concur with previous research showing the negative impact of spatial uncertainty in visual vigilance tasks, but the current results contrast recent research showing no effect of spatial uncertainty on tactile vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas J Hess
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Eric T Greenlee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA.
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2
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McGarry SPD, Neilson BN, Brown NL, Strong KD, Greenlee ET, Klein MI, Coyne JT. An investigation of cardiac vagal tone over time and its relation to vigilance performance: a growth curve modeling approach. FRONTIERS IN NEUROERGONOMICS 2023; 4:1244658. [PMID: 38234476 PMCID: PMC10790917 DOI: 10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1244658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Introduction Research over the last couple of decades has demonstrated a relationship between psychophysiological measures, specifically cardiac functions, and cognitive performance. Regulation of the cardiac system under parasympathetic control is commonly referred to as cardiac vagal tone and is associated with the regulation of cognitive and socioemotional states. The goal of the current study was to capture the dynamic relationship between cardiac vagal tone and performance in a vigilance task. Method/Results We implemented a longitudinal growth curve modeling approach which unveiled a relationship between cardiac vagal tone and vigilance that was non-monotonic and dependent upon each person. Discussion The findings suggest that cardiac vagal tone may be a process-based physiological measure that further explains how the vigilance decrement manifests over time and differs across individuals. This contributes to our understanding of vigilance by modeling individual differences in cardiac vagal tone changes that occur over the course of the vigilance task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon P. D. McGarry
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Brittany N. Neilson
- Operational Psychology Department, Naval Aerospace Medical Institute, Pensacola, FL, United States
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Noelle L. Brown
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
| | | | - Eric T. Greenlee
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Martina I. Klein
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, United States
| | - Joseph T. Coyne
- Information Technology Division, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, United States
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Harwood AE, Satterfield K, Helton WS, McKnight PE, Shaw TH. The Role of State and Trait Self-Control on the Sustained Attention to Response Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2023:187208231209151. [PMID: 37956865 DOI: 10.1177/00187208231209151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the plausibility of self-control depletion, or ego-depletion, as the underlying cognitive resource responsible for performance decrements on the sustained attention to response task. BACKGROUND Researchers suggested that self-control is a limited cognitive resource used to complete a myriad of processes, including sustained attention. Past research showed that trait self-control affects some sustained attention tasks. However, little research has investigated the effect of self-control as a limited cognitive resource that varies over time (i.e., as a state-dependent variable). METHODS This experiment investigated the effect of self-control (trait and state) on a sustained motor-inhibition task (e.g., sustained attention to response task; SART). State self-control was manipulated using a between-subjects design-participants in the experimental condition completed a task designed to deplete state self-control prior to performing the SART while the control condition completed a modified version that did not deplete self-control. RESULTS Trait self-control predicted performance on the SART, but the depletion task (state self-control) had no detectable effect. CONCLUSION Given the evidence, it is unlikely that state self-control plays a causal role in performance decrements in the SART, but there appears to be some association between performance on the SART and trait self-control. APPLICATION Trait self-control ought to be considered in future work for personnel selection in real-world tasks that the SART models such as long-distance driving, air traffic control, and TSA operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Harwood
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Northrop Grumman Corporation, Sterling, VA, USA
| | - Kelly Satterfield
- George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, USA
- Transportation Research Center, East Liberty, OH, USA
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Greenlee ET, Lui TG, Maw EL. Is Physiobehavioral Monitoring Nonintrusive? An Examination of Transcranial Doppler Sonography in a Vigilance Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2021; 63:1256-1270. [PMID: 32393073 DOI: 10.1177/0018720820920118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current study was designed to determine whether continuous, physiobehavioral monitoring via transcranial Doppler sonography (TCD) has negative effects on human performance or user state in a vigilance task. BACKGROUND Physiobehavioral measures have been identified as a promising method of user state assessment, in part because they are thought to be relatively nonintrusive. The notion that physiobehavioral measures are nonintrusive should not be taken for granted and needs to be tested empirically. It is possible that, even though physiobehavioral measures do not require input from a user, they may still hinder performance by causing discomfort, distraction, or interfering with physical activities required for task performance. METHOD The current study employed TCD, a common method of monitoring user vigilance. Participants completed a 40-min vigilance task. During the task, 50% wore TCD apparatus, while 50% did not. Intrusiveness was measured in terms of vigilance performance as well as workload, stress, and simulator sickness. RESULTS Analyses revealed results that mirrored prototypical vigilance findings: performance declined over time, workload was high, distress and reported simulator sickness symptomology increased during the task, while engagement decreased. The presence or absence of TCD monitoring had no direct or interactive effects on performance or user state. CONCLUSION TCD monitoring of user vigilance appears to be nonintrusive. APPLICATION Findings support the recommendation that TCD should be used in research and operational settings where user vigilance is of paramount importance. More broadly, when developing and fielding physiobehavioral state measurement systems, intrusiveness should be considered and evaluated.
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW, Helton WS, Auton JC. The development and validation of a short-duration sustained visual search task for process control environments. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 91:103302. [PMID: 33166915 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2020.103302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to validate a short-duration sustained visual search task for the assessment of sustained attention in process control environments. The task consists of 10 short dynamic scenarios, which require participants (N = 121) to monitor simulated operating power transmission interfaces, and identify system faults. A vigilance decrement was demonstrated throughout the sustained visual search task, as evident in increased response latencies and decreased accuracy over time. Further, changes in response latency throughout the sustained visual search task were positively associated with changes in response latency during a 30-min, low signal probability task, a 45-min low signal probability task, and a 45-min high signal probability task. The findings indicate that the sustained visual search task may be a valid alternative to a longer-duration process control task for experimental studies, and is likely to be of value for assessments of the capacity for sustained attention of operators in process control environments.
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Al-Shargie F, Tariq U, Hassanin O, Mir H, Babiloni F, Al-Nashash H. Brain Connectivity Analysis Under Semantic Vigilance and Enhanced Mental States. Brain Sci 2019; 9:E363. [PMID: 31835346 PMCID: PMC6955710 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, we present a method to quantify the coupling between brain regions under vigilance and enhanced mental states by utilizing partial directed coherence (PDC) and graph theory analysis (GTA). The vigilance state is induced using a modified version of stroop color-word task (SCWT) while the enhancement state is based on audio stimulation with a pure tone of 250 Hz. The audio stimulation was presented to the right and left ears simultaneously for one-hour while participants perform the SCWT. The quantification of mental states was performed by means of statistical analysis of indexes based on GTA, behavioral responses of time-on-task (TOT), and Brunel Mood Scale (BRMUS). The results show that PDC is very sensitive to vigilance decrement and shows that the brain connectivity network is significantly reduced with increasing TOT, p < 0.05. Meanwhile, during the enhanced state, the connectivity network maintains high connectivity as time passes and shows significant improvements compared to vigilance state. The audio stimulation enhances the connectivity network over the frontal and parietal regions and the right hemisphere. The increase in the connectivity network correlates with individual differences in the magnitude of the vigilance enhancement assessed by response time to stimuli. Our results provide evidence for enhancement of cognitive processing efficiency with audio stimulation. The BRMUS was used to evaluate the emotional states of vigilance task before and after using the audio stimulation. BRMUS factors, such as fatigue, depression, and anger, significantly decrease in the enhancement group compared to vigilance group. On the other hand, happy and calmness factors increased with audio stimulation, p < 0.05.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Al-Shargie
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (U.T.); (O.H.); (H.M.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Usman Tariq
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (U.T.); (O.H.); (H.M.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Omnia Hassanin
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (U.T.); (O.H.); (H.M.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Hasan Mir
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (U.T.); (O.H.); (H.M.); (H.A.-N.)
| | - Fabio Babiloni
- Department Molecular Medicine, University of Sapienza Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
- College Computer Science and Technology, University Hangzhou Dianzi, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hasan Al-Nashash
- Biosciences and Bioengineering Research Institute, Department of Electrical Engineering, American University of Sharjah, P.O. Box 26666, Sharjah, UAE; (U.T.); (O.H.); (H.M.); (H.A.-N.)
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Neigel AR, Claypoole VL, Smith SL, Waldfogle GE, Fraulini NW, Hancock GM, Helton WS, Szalma JL. Engaging the human operator: a review of the theoretical support for the vigilance decrement and a discussion of practical applications. THEORETICAL ISSUES IN ERGONOMICS SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1463922x.2019.1682712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexis R. Neigel
- Performance Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Victoria L. Claypoole
- Performance Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Samantha L. Smith
- National Research Council Research Associateship Program, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Grace E. Waldfogle
- Performance Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Nicholas W. Fraulini
- Performance Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
| | - Gabriella M. Hancock
- Stress & Technology Applied Research (STAR) Laboratory, California State University – Long Beach, Long Beach, California, USA
| | | | - James L. Szalma
- Performance Research Laboratory, University of Central Florida, Orlando, Florida, USA
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8
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Sturman D, Wiggins MW, Auton JC, Loft S, Helton WS, Westbrook JI, Braithwaite J. Control Room Operators' Cue Utilization Predicts Cognitive Resource Consumption During Regular Operational Tasks. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1967. [PMID: 31507501 PMCID: PMC6718724 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was designed to examine whether qualified practitioners’ cue utilization is predictive of their sustained attention performance during regular operational tasks. Simulated laboratory studies have demonstrated that cue utilization differentiates cognitive load during process control tasks. However, it was previously unclear whether similar results would be demonstrated with qualified practitioners during familiar operational tasks. Australian distribution network service provider (DNSP) operators were classified with either higher or lower cue utilization based on an assessment of cue utilization within the context of electrical power distribution. During two, 20-min periods of operators’ regular workdays, physiological measures of workload were assessed through changes in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex compared to baseline, and through eye behavior metrics (fixation rates, saccade amplitude, and fixation dispersion). The results indicated that there were no statistically significant differences in eye behavior metrics, based on levels of cue utilization. However, as hypothesized, during both sessions, operators with higher cue utilization demonstrated smaller increases in cerebral oxygenation in the prefrontal cortex from baseline, compared to operators with lower cue utilization. The results are consistent with the proposition that operators with higher cue utilization experience lower cognitive load during periods of regular activity during their workday, compared to operators with lower cue utilization. Assessments of cue utilization could help identify operators who are better able to sustain attention during regular operational tasks, as well as those who may benefit from cue-based training interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sturman
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark W Wiggins
- Department of Psychology, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jaime C Auton
- School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Shayne Loft
- School of Psychological Science, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - William S Helton
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, United States
| | - Johanna I Westbrook
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jeffrey Braithwaite
- Australian Institute of Health Innovation, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Satterfield K, Harwood AE, Helton WS, Shaw TH. Does Depleting Self-Control Result in Poorer Vigilance Performance? HUMAN FACTORS 2019; 61:415-425. [PMID: 30372632 DOI: 10.1177/0018720818806151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate whether depleting self-control prior to vigilance results in a steeper vigilance decrement. BACKGROUND The resource-control theory of vigilance asserts that an inherent bias toward self-generated mind-wandering draws attentional resources away from the primary task. This study seeks to test whether depleting self-control, the potential mechanism of self-generated mind-wandering, results in poorer vigilance performance. METHOD This study featured a between-subjects design where participants either completed a typing task that depleted self-control resources or a standard typing task that did not require self-control before performing a vigilance task. In the self-control depletion condition, participants typed a passage while omitting any "e" and "space" keys. In the standard typing task, participants typed the same passage without skipping any keys. Following both typing tasks, participants in both conditions completed an identical 12-min vigilance task. RESULTS Results demonstrated decreased accuracy and increased reaction times over time for both groups. Depleting self-control did not result in significant differences in accuracy, reaction time, nor a steeper vigilance decrement. CONCLUSION These results provide evidence against resource-control theory and self-control as an explanation for vigilance, and provide further support for cognitive resource theory as the predominant explanation for vigilance impairments. APPLICATION It is still unclear exactly what constitutes a "resource." A better understanding of the nature of these resources can help researchers and practitioners identify how they can be replenished, which could enhance human performance in situations requiring vigilance such as baggage screening.
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10
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Arabacı G, Parris BA. Probe-caught spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering in relation to self-reported inattentive, hyperactive and impulsive traits in adults. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4113. [PMID: 29515142 PMCID: PMC5841345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22390-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Research has revealed a positive relationship between types of mind wandering and ADHD at clinical and subclinical levels. However, this work did not consider the relationship between mind wandering and the core symptoms of ADHD: inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Given that the DMS-V attributes mind wandering to inattention only, and that only inattention is thought to result from impairment to the executive function linked to mind wandering, the present research sought to examine this relationship in 80 undiagnosed adults. Using both standard and easy versions of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) we measured both spontaneous and deliberate mind wandering. We found that spontaneous mind wandering was related to self-reported inattentive traits when the task was cognitively more challenging (standard SART). However, hyperactive and impulsive traits were related to spontaneous mind wandering independent of task difficulty. The results suggest inattentive traits are not uniquely related to mind wandering; indeed, adults with hyperactive/impulsive traits were more likely to experience mind wandering, suggesting that mind wandering might not be useful diagnostic criteria for inattention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Arabacı
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK.
| | - Benjamin A Parris
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Department of Psychology, Bournemouth University, Poole, UK
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11
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Haubert A, Walsh M, Boyd R, Morris M, Wiedbusch M, Krusmark M, Gunzelmann G. Relationship of Event-Related Potentials to the Vigilance Decrement. Front Psychol 2018; 9:237. [PMID: 29559936 PMCID: PMC5845631 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive fatigue emerges in wide-ranging tasks and domains, but traditional vigilance tasks provide a well-studied context in which to explore the mechanisms underlying it. Though a variety of experimental methodologies have been used to investigate cognitive fatigue in vigilance, relatively little research has utilized electroencephalography (EEG), specifically event-related potentials (ERPs), to explore the nature of cognitive fatigue, also known as the vigilance decrement. Moreover, much of the research that has been done on vigilance and ERPs uses non-traditional vigilance paradigms, limiting generalizability to the established body of behavioral results and corresponding theories. In this study, we address concerns with prior research by (1) investigating the vigilance decrement using a well-established visual vigilance task, (2) utilizing a task designed to attenuate possible confounding ERP components present within a vigilance paradigm, and (3) informing our interpretations with recent findings from ERP research. We averaged data across electrodes located over the frontal, central, and parietal scalp. Then, we generated waveforms locked to the onset of critical low-frequency or non-critical high-frequency events during a 40 min task that was segregated into time blocks for data analysis. There were three primary findings from the analyses of these data. First, mean amplitude of N1 was greater during later blocks for both low-frequency and high-frequency events, a contradictory finding compared to past visual vigilance studies that is further discussed with respect to current interpretations of the N1 in visual attention tasks. Second, P3b mean amplitude following low-frequency events was reduced during later blocks, with a later onset latency. Third and finally, the decrease in P3b amplitude correlated with individual differences in the magnitude of the vigilance decrement, assessed using d′. The results provide evidence for degradations of cognitive processing efficiency brought on by extended time on task, leading to delayed processing and decreased discriminability of critical stimuli from non-critical stimuli. These conclusions are discussed in the context of the vigilance decrement and corresponding theoretical accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Haubert
- Sensor Systems Division, Human Factors Group, University Research Institute, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Matt Walsh
- RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA, United States
| | - Rachel Boyd
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Megan Morris
- Ball Aerospace & Technologies, Fairborn, OH, United States
| | - Megan Wiedbusch
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
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12
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Harwood AE, Greenwood PM, Shaw TH. Transcranial Doppler Sonography Reveals Reductions in Hemispheric Asymmetry in Healthy Older Adults during Vigilance. Front Aging Neurosci 2017; 9:21. [PMID: 28228722 PMCID: PMC5296296 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2017.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Given that older adults are remaining longer in the workforce, their ability to perform demanding cognitive tasks such as vigilance assignments needs to be thoroughly examined, especially since many vigilance assignments affect public safety (e.g., aviation, medicine and long distance driving). Previous research exploring the relation between aging and vigilance is conflicted, with some studies finding decreased vigilance performance in older adults but others finding no effect of age. We sought a better understanding of effects of age on vigilance by assessing neurophysiological change over the course of a vigil in young (aged 18–24) and healthy older (aged 66–77) adults. To measure temporal changes in cerebral blood flow, participants underwent functional transcranial doppler (fTCD) recording during a 1 h vigilance task. Based on research showing a compensatory effect of increased left hemisphere activation during vigilance in young adults and the “hemispheric asymmetry reduction in older adults” (HAROLD) model, we predicted that during vigilance our older adults would show greater left hemisphere activation but perform at a similar level compared to young adults. While cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) declined over time in both groups, only young adults showed the typical right-lateralized CBFV pattern. Older adults showed greater left hemisphere activation consistent with the HAROLD model. However, the increased left hemisphere activation did not appear to be compensatory as the older adults performed at a significantly lower level compared to young adults over the vigil. Findings are discussed in terms of the HAROLD model of healthy aging and the resource theory of vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Harwood
- ARCH Laboratory, Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Pamela M Greenwood
- ARCH Laboratory, Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
| | - Tyler H Shaw
- ARCH Laboratory, Department of Psychology, George Mason University Fairfax, VA, USA
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Funke ME, Warm JS, Matthews G, Funke GJ, Chiu PY, Shaw TH, Greenlee ET. The Neuroergonomics of Vigilance. HUMAN FACTORS 2017; 59:62-75. [PMID: 28146671 DOI: 10.1177/0018720816683121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the effects of uncertainty about where in the field of view critical signals for detection appear during a vigilance task (spatial uncertainty) on cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) and oculomotor fatigue. BACKGROUND Neuroergonomics is a dimension of human factors founded by Raja Parasuraman that studies brain functions underlying performance at work. Neuroergonomic studies have shown that observers in vigilance tasks lose information-processing resources over time and experience oculomotor fatigue as indexed by a temporal decline in CBFV and elevation in eye closure as reflected in the PERCLOS metric. Because spatial uncertainty increases an observer's need for visual scanning relative to a spatial certainty condition, it was anticipated that spatial uncertainty would result in a greater temporal decline in CBFV and increased eye closure in a vigilance session. METHOD Observers performed a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) control task wherein collision flight paths were the events to be detected. UAV images could appear at random in any one of five locations on the controller's display (spatial uncertainty) or only in a fixed location (spatial certainty). RESULTS Signal detection was poorer in the spatial-uncertain relative to the certain condition, and predictions regarding CBFV and eye closure were confirmed. CONCLUSION Vigilance tasks involving spatial uncertainty are more neurophysiologically taxing than those in which spatial uncertainty is not a factor. APPLICATION The neuroergonomic approach helps in understanding the effects of psychophysical factors in vigilance and to signify when performance aiding is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E Funke
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | - Joel S Warm
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | | | - Gregory J Funke
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
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14
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Funke GJ, Warm JS, Baldwin CL, Garcia A, Funke ME, Dillard MB, Finomore VS, Matthews G, Greenlee ET. The Independence and Interdependence of Coacting Observers in Regard to Performance Efficiency, Workload, and Stress in a Vigilance Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2016; 58:915-926. [PMID: 27150529 DOI: 10.1177/0018720816646657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated performance, workload, and stress in groups of paired observers who performed a vigilance task in a coactive (independent) manner. BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated that groups of coactive observers detect more signals in a vigilance task than observers working alone. Therefore, the use of such groups might be effective in enhancing signal detection in operational situations. However, concern over appearing less competent than one's cohort might induce elevated levels of workload and stress in coactive group members and thereby undermine group performance benefits. Accordingly, we performed the initial experiment comparing workload and stress in observers who performed a vigilance task coactively with those of observers who performed the vigilance task alone. METHOD Observers monitored a video display for collision flight paths in a simulated unmanned aerial vehicle control task. Self-reports of workload and stress were secured via the NASA-Task Load Index and the Dundee Stress State Questionnaire, respectively. RESULTS Groups of coactive observers detected significantly more signals than did single observers. Coacting observers did not differ significantly from those operating by themselves in terms of workload but did in regard to stress; posttask distress was significantly lower for coacting than for single observers. CONCLUSION Performing a visual vigilance task in a coactive manner with another observer does not elevate workload above that of observers working alone and serves to attenuate the stress associated with vigilance task performance. APPLICATION The use of coacting observers could be an effective vehicle for enhancing performance efficiency in operational vigilance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Funke
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioGeorge Mason University, Fairfax, VirginiaNorthrop Grumman Corporation, Melbourne, FloridaNaval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OhioHoneywell International, Inc., Golden Valley, MinnesotaUnited States Air Force Academy, ColoradoUniversity of Central Florida, OrlandoNational Research Council, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | - Joel S Warm
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | | | - Andre Garcia
- Northrop Grumman Corporation, Melbourne, Florida
| | - Matthew E Funke
- Naval Medical Research Unit Dayton, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
| | | | | | | | - Eric T Greenlee
- National Research Council, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio
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15
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Anticipation of Monetary Reward Can Attenuate the Vigilance Decrement. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159741. [PMID: 27472785 PMCID: PMC4966925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Motivation and reward can have differential effects on separate aspects of sustained attention. We previously demonstrated that continuous reward/punishment throughout a sustained attention task improves overall performance, but not vigilance decrements. One interpretation of these findings is that vigilance decrements are due to resource depletion, which is not overcome by increasing overall motivation. However, an alternative explanation is that as one performs a continuously rewarded task there are less potential gains/losses as the task progresses, which could decrease motivation over time, producing a vigilance decrement. This would predict that keeping future gains/losses consistent throughout the task would reduce the vigilance decrement. In the current study, we examined this possibility by comparing two versions (continuous-small loss vs. anticipate-large loss) of a 10-minute gradual onset continuous performance task (gradCPT), a challenging go/no-go sustained attention task. Participants began each task with the potential to keep $18. In the continuous-small-loss version, small monetary losses were accrued continuously throughout the task for each error. However, in the anticipate-large-loss version, participants lost all $18 if they erroneously responded to one target that always appeared toward the end of the vigil. Typical vigilance decrements were observed in the continuous-small-loss condition. In the anticipate-large-loss condition, vigilance decrements were reduced, particularly when the anticipate-large loss condition was completed second. This suggests that the looming possibility of a large loss can attenuate the vigilance decrement and that this attenuation may occur most consistently after sufficient task experience. We discuss these results in the context of current theories of sustained attention.
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16
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Cummings ML, Gao F, Thornburg KM. Boredom in the Workplace: A New Look at an Old Problem. HUMAN FACTORS 2016; 58:279-300. [PMID: 26490443 DOI: 10.1177/0018720815609503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We review historical and more recent efforts in boredom research and related fields. A framework is presented that organizes the various facets of boredom, particularly in supervisory control settings, and research gaps and future potential areas for study are highlighted. BACKGROUND Given the ubiquity of boredom across a wide spectrum of work environments--exacerbated by increasingly automated systems that remove humans from direct, physical system interaction and possibly increasing tedium in the workplace--there is a need not only to better understand the multiple facets of boredom in work environments but to develop targeted mitigation strategies. METHOD To better understand the relationships between the various influences and outcomes of boredom, a systems-based framework, called the Boredom Influence Diagram, is proposed that describes various elements of boredom and their interrelationships. RESULTS Boredom is closely related to vigilance, attention management, and task performance. This review highlights the need to develop more naturalistic experiments that reflect the characteristics of a boring work environment. CONCLUSION With the increase in automation, boredom in the workplace will likely become a more prevalent issue for motivation and retention. In addition, developing continuous measures of boredom based on physiological signals is critical. APPLICATION Personnel selection and improvements in system and task design can potentially mitigate boredom. However, more work is needed to develop and evaluate other potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei Gao
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge
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17
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Wilson KM, Head J, de Joux NR, Finkbeiner KM, Helton WS. Friendly Fire and the Sustained Attention to Response Task. HUMAN FACTORS 2015; 57:1219-1234. [PMID: 26408648 DOI: 10.1177/0018720815605703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated whether losses of inhibitory control could be responsible for some friendly-fire incidents. BACKGROUND Several factors are commonly cited to explain friendly-fire incidents, but failure of inhibitory control has not yet been explored. The Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) could be a valid model for inhibition failures in some combat scenarios. METHOD Participants completed small-arms simulations using near infrared emitter guns, confronting research assistants acting as friends or foes. In Experiment 1, seven participants completed three conditions with three different proportions of foes (high, medium, low). In Experiment 2, 13 participants completed high-foe (high-go) and low-foe (low-go) versions of a small-arms simulation as well as comparative computer tasks. RESULTS Participants made more friendly-fire errors (errors of commission) when foe proportion was high. A speed-accuracy trade-off was apparent, with participants who were faster to fire on foes also more likely to accidentally shoot friends. When foe proportion was higher, response times to foe stimuli were faster, and subjective workload ratings were higher. CONCLUSION Failures of inhibitory control may be responsible for some friendly-fire incidents and the SART could be a suitable empirical model for some battlefield environments. The effect appears to be disproportionately greater at higher foe proportions. The exact nature of performance reductions associated with high-foe proportions requires further investigation. APPLICATION The SART may be a useful model of friendly-fire scenarios. It could be used to indicate a soldier's likelihood to commit a friendly-fire mistake and to identify high-risk environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James Head
- University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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de Joux NR, Wilson K, Russell PN, Helton WS. The effects of a transition between local and global processing on vigilance performance. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2015; 37:888-98. [PMID: 26240987 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2015.1068744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Sixty participants performed a sustained attention task in which they were required to perform either global or local feature discrimination. Two groups required just one type of discrimination, while the remaining two groups started on one type of discrimination before transitioning to the other type halfway through. A transition resulted in worse performance when compared to no transition. It was also found that the local discrimination group showed improved performance over time compared to the global discrimination group. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to measure blood oxygenation during the task and was used as an index of cerebral hemodynamic activity. Total oxygenation was found to increase more in global discrimination tasks. It was also found that the left prefrontal cortex showed little change in nontransition tasks while in transition tasks it followed the same trend as the right prefrontal cortex. Combined with performance data, it suggests that an increased utilization of bilateral resources may in some cases improve performance over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil R de Joux
- a Department of Psychology , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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19
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Becker A, Mandell AR, Tangney JP, Chrosniak LD, Shaw TH. The effects of self-control on cognitive resource allocation during sustained attention: a transcranial Doppler investigation. Exp Brain Res 2015; 233:2215-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-015-4291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Durantin G, Dehais F, Delorme A. Characterization of mind wandering using fNIRS. Front Syst Neurosci 2015; 9:45. [PMID: 25859190 PMCID: PMC4374461 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2015.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessing whether someone is attending to a task has become important for educational and professional applications. Such attentional drifts are usually termed mind wandering (MW). The purpose of the current study is to test to what extent a recent neural imaging modality can be used to detect MW episodes. Functional near infrared spectroscopy is a non-invasive neuroimaging technique that has never been used so far to measure MW. We used the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) to assess when subjects attention leaves a primary task. Sixteen-channel fNIRS data were collected over frontal cortices. We observed significant activations over the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during MW, a brain region associated with the default mode network (DMN). fNIRS data were used to classify MW data above chance level. In line with previous brain-imaging studies, our results confirm the ability of fNIRS to detect Default Network activations in the context of MW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gautier Durantin
- Département Conception des Véhicules Aérospatiaux, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Toulouse, France ; Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Universite de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France ; CNRS, CerCo Toulouse, France
| | - Frederic Dehais
- Département Conception des Véhicules Aérospatiaux, Institut Supérieur de l'Aéronautique et de l'Espace Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Delorme
- Centre de Recherche Cerveau et Cognition, Universite de Toulouse UPS, Toulouse, France ; CNRS, CerCo Toulouse, France
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21
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The effects of warning cues and attention-capturing stimuli on the sustained attention to response task. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:1061-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4179-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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22
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Dillard MB, Warm JS, Funke GJ, Funke ME, Finomore VS, Matthews G, Shaw TH, Parasuraman R. The sustained attention to response task (SART) does not promote mindlessness during vigilance performance. HUMAN FACTORS 2014; 56:1364-1379. [PMID: 25509819 DOI: 10.1177/0018720814537521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the validity of the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) as a means for promoting mindlessness in vigilance performance. BACKGROUND Vigilance tasks typically require observers to respond to critical signals and to withhold responding to neutral events. The SART features the opposite response requirements, which supposedly leads it to promote a mindless, non-thoughtful approach to the vigilance task To test that notion, we compared the SART to the traditional vigilance format (TVF) in terms of diagnostic accuracy assessed through decision theory measures of positive and negative predictive power (PPP and NPP), perceived mental workload indexed by the Multiple Resource Questionnaire, and oculomotor activity reflected in the Nearest Neighbor Index and fixation dwell times. METHOD Observers in TVF and SART conditions monitored a video display for collision flight paths in a simulated air traffic control task. RESULTS Diagnostic accuracy in terms of NPP was high in both format conditions. While PPP was poorer in the SART than in the TVF, that result could be accounted for by a loss of motor control rather than a lack of mindfulness. Identical high levels of workload were generated by the TVF and SART tasks, and observers in both conditions showed similar dynamic scanning of the visual scene. CONCLUSION The data indicate that the SART is not an engine of mindlessness. APPLICATION The results challenge the widespread use of the SART to support a model in which mindlessness is considered to be the principal root of detection failures in vigilance.
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23
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Sustained attention failures are primarily due to sustained cognitive load not task monotony. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2014; 153:87-94. [PMID: 25310454 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We conducted two studies using a modified sustained attention to response task (SART) to investigate the developmental process of SART performance and the role of cognitive load on performance when the speed-accuracy trade-off is controlled experimentally. In study 1, 23 participants completed the modified SART (target stimuli location was not predictable) and a subjective thought content questionnaire 4 times over the span of 4 weeks. As predicted, the influence of speed-accuracy trade-off was significantly mitigated on the modified SART by having target stimuli occur in unpredictable locations. In study 2, 21 of the 23 participants completed an abridged version of the modified SART with a verbal free-recall memory task. Participants performed significantly worse when completing the verbal memory task and SART concurrently. Overall, the results support a resource theory perspective with concern to errors being a result of limited mental resources and not simply mindlessness per se.
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24
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Bogler C, Mehnert J, Steinbrink J, Haynes JD. Decoding vigilance with NIRS. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101729. [PMID: 25032963 PMCID: PMC4102486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained, long-term cognitive workload is associated with variations and decrements in performance. Such fluctuations in vigilance can be a risk factor especially during dangerous attention demanding activities. Functional MRI studies have shown that attentional performance is correlated with BOLD-signals, especially in parietal and prefrontal cortical regions. An interesting question is whether these BOLD-signals could be measured in real-world scenarios, say to warn in a dangerous workplace whenever a subjects' vigilance is low. Because fMRI lacks the mobility needed for such applications, we tested whether the monitoring of vigilance might be possible using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS). NIRS is a highly mobile technique that measures hemodynamics in the surface of the brain. We demonstrate that non-invasive NIRS signals correlate with vigilance. These signals carry enough information to decode subjects' reaction times at a single trial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Bogler
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (CB); (J-DH)
| | - Jan Mehnert
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Machine Learning, Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Steinbrink
- Berlin NeuroImaging Center, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Center for Stroke Research Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Bernstein Focus Neurotechnology Berlin, Berlin Institute of Technology, Berlin, Germany
| | - John-Dylan Haynes
- Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Berlin and Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
- * E-mail: (CB); (J-DH)
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Towards a near infrared spectroscopy-based estimation of operator attentional state. PLoS One 2014; 9:e92045. [PMID: 24632819 PMCID: PMC3954803 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0092045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the critical risks to public health and safety that can involve lapses in attention (e.g., through implication in workplace accidents), researchers have sought to develop cognitive-state tracking technologies, capable of alerting individuals engaged in cognitively demanding tasks of potentially dangerous decrements in their levels of attention. The purpose of the present study was to address this issue through an investigation of the reliability of optical measures of cortical correlates of attention in conjunction with machine learning techniques to distinguish between states of full attention and states characterized by reduced attention capacity during a sustained attention task. Seven subjects engaged in a 30 minutes duration sustained attention reaction time task with near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) monitoring over the prefrontal and the right parietal areas. NIRS signals from the first 10 minutes of the task were considered as characterizing the ‘full attention’ class, while the NIRS signals from the last 10 minutes of the task were considered as characterizing the ‘attention decrement’ class. A two-class support vector machine algorithm was exploited to distinguish between the two levels of attention using appropriate NIRS-derived signal features. Attention decrement occurred during the task as revealed by the significant increase in reaction time in the last 10 compared to the first 10 minutes of the task (p<.05). The results demonstrate relatively good classification accuracy, ranging from 65 to 90%. The highest classification accuracy results were obtained when exploiting the oxyhemoglobin signals (i.e., from 77 to 89%, depending on the cortical area considered) rather than the deoxyhemoglobin signals (i.e., from 65 to 66%). Moreover, the classification accuracy increased to 90% when using signals from the right parietal area rather than from the prefrontal cortex. The results support the feasibility of developing cognitive tracking technologies using NIRS and machine learning techniques.
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26
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Ross HA, Russell PN, Helton WS. Effects of breaks and goal switches on the vigilance decrement. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1729-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3865-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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27
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The vigilance decrement in executive function is attenuated when individual chronotypes perform at their optimal time of day. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88820. [PMID: 24586404 PMCID: PMC3929366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Time of day modulates our cognitive functions, especially those related to executive control, such as the ability to inhibit inappropriate responses. However, the impact of individual differences in time of day preferences (i.e. morning vs. evening chronotype) had not been considered by most studies. It was also unclear whether the vigilance decrement (impaired performance with time on task) depends on both time of day and chronotype. In this study, morning-type and evening-type participants performed a task measuring vigilance and response inhibition (the Sustained Attention to Response Task, SART) in morning and evening sessions. The results showed that the vigilance decrement in inhibitory performance was accentuated at non-optimal as compared to optimal times of day. In the morning-type group, inhibition performance decreased linearly with time on task only in the evening session, whereas in the morning session it remained more accurate and stable over time. In contrast, inhibition performance in the evening-type group showed a linear vigilance decrement in the morning session, whereas in the evening session the vigilance decrement was attenuated, following a quadratic trend. Our findings imply that the negative effects of time on task in executive control can be prevented by scheduling cognitive tasks at the optimal time of day according to specific circadian profiles of individuals. Therefore, time of day and chronotype influences should be considered in research and clinical studies as well as real-word situations demanding executive control for response inhibition.
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28
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Practice does not make perfect in a modified sustained attention to response task. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:565-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3765-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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