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Takebayashi M, Kaneda Y, Ouchi M, Sensui T, Yasaka K, Namba M, Takebayashi K, Shibutani H, Koyama T. Enhancing Interest in Smoking Cessation Programs With Nudge-Incorporated Flyers: A Randomized Controlled Trial Among Occupational Health Staff and Workers in Japan. Cureus 2024; 16:e64756. [PMID: 39156468 PMCID: PMC11329279 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.64756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the willingness to use and the application interest toward a smoking cessation program flyer among occupational health staff and smokers, utilizing a nudge approach. Methods A control group (typical flyer) and a nudge group (flyer improved according to the Easy, Attractive, Social, Timely (EAST) framework from the control flyer) were established. Occupational health staff and workers with a desire to quit smoking were randomly divided into two groups, and a web survey was conducted. Results Among occupational health staff, the nudge group flyers received significantly higher evaluations with desires "to apply" (control group: 1.7±0.7 vs. nudge group: 3.7±1.2: 5-point scale) and "to recommend to colleagues in the same profession" (control group: 1.7±2.4 vs. nudge group: 6.6±2.4: 11-point scale), and the reading completion rates were 7.0% for the control group vs. 70.7% for the nudge group (p<0.001). Although there was no significant difference in smokers' willingness "to apply" (control group: 2.9±1.2 vs. nudge group: 3.1±1.2: 5-point scale; p=0.388), the nudge group flyer was significantly more likely to be "want to recommend to other smokers" (control group: 4.9±2.4 vs. nudge group: 5.5±2.4: 11-point scale; p=0.032), with reading completion rates of 73.1% for the control group and 87.4% for the nudge group (p=0.001). Conclusion Typical flyers were not preferred by occupational health staff and may not have been effectively promoted to workers wishing to quit smoking. This study suggests that the combination of the EAST nudges could potentially increase the appeal to occupational health staff. To enhance the application interest among workers wishing to quit smoking, introducing other methods such as incentives might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Takebayashi
- Sociology, Aomori University, Aomori, JPN
- Health Sciences, Aomori University of Health and Welfare, Aomori, JPN
| | | | | | - Takao Sensui
- Smoking Cessation Support, Linkage Inc., Tokyo, JPN
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Kashiwakura S, Hiraki K. Future optimism group based on the chronological stress view is less likely to be severe procrastinators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:11338. [PMID: 38816408 PMCID: PMC11139897 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61277-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that procrastinators tend to disregard the future. However, the "time view" of procrastinators, including their impressions of the future, has not been sufficiently examined. Therefore, we introduced new indices, "chronological stress view" and "chronological well-being view," which treat impressions of the past, present, and future (= time view) as time-series data via stress and well-being, respectively. The results showed that the group that believed that stress did not increase as they moved into the future had a lower percentage of severe procrastinators. No relationship was found between the chronological well-being view and procrastination. This result suggests that people who are relatively optimistic about the future based on the chronological stress view are less likely to be severe procrastinators. This may suggest the importance of having a hopeful prospect in the future to avoid procrastinating on actions that should yield greater rewards in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saya Kashiwakura
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Hiraki
- Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
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3
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Xia L, Gu R, Lin Y, Qin J, Luo W, Luo YJ. Explaining reversal learning deficits in anxiety with electrophysiological evidence. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 164:270-280. [PMID: 37390622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Reversal learning is a crucial aspect of behavioral flexibility that plays a significant role in environmental adaptation and development. While previous studies have established a link between anxiety and impaired reversal learning ability, the underlying mechanisms behind this association remain unclear. This study employed a probabilistic reversal learning task with electroencephalographic recording to investigate these mechanisms. Participants were divided into two groups based on their scores on Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory: high trait-anxiety (HTA) and low trait-anxiety (LTA), consisting of 50 individuals in each group. The results showed that the HTA group had poorer reversal learning performance than the LTA group, including a lower tendency to shift to the new optimal option after rule reversals (reversal-shift). The study also examined event-related potentials elicited by reversals and found that although the N1 (related to attention allocation), feedback-related negativity (FRN: related to belief updating), and P3 (related to response inhibition) were all sensitive to the grouping factor, only the FRN elicited by reversal-shift mediated the relationship between anxiety and the number/reaction time of reversal-shift. From these findings, we suggest that abnormalities in belief updating may contribute to the impaired reversal learning performance observed in anxious individuals. In our opinion, this study sheds light on potential targets for interventions aimed at improving behavioral flexibility in anxious individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Yongling Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jianqiang Qin
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Wenbo Luo
- Research Center of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, China; Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Liaoning Province, Dalian, 116029, China.
| | - Yue-Jia Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Social Development and Management, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, 266113, China
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4
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Graff M, Barenholtz E. An Imagination - Procrastination Link? The Role of Efficacy Beliefs, Visual Imagery, and Affect in Academic Procrastination. Psychol Rep 2023:332941231168559. [PMID: 37051662 DOI: 10.1177/00332941231168559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have established that there is a relationship between efficacy beliefs and procrastination. Theory and research on motivation suggest that visual imagery (the capacity to create vivid mental images) may be implicated in this relationship and in the general tendency to procrastinate. This study's aim was to build on prior work by examining the role of visual imagery, as well as roles of other specific personal and affective factors, in predicting academic procrastination. Self-efficacy for self regulatory behavior was observed to be the strongest predictor, predicting lower rates of academic procrastination, though this effect was significantly greater for individuals who scored higher on a measure of visual imagery. Visual imagery predicted higher levels of academic procrastination when included in a regression model with other significant factors, though this relationship did not hold for individuals who scored higher on self regulatory self-efficacy, suggesting that this self-belief may shield individuals who would otherwise be disposed to procrastination behavior. Negative affect was observed to predict higher levels of academic procrastination, contrary to a previous finding. This result highlightsthe importance of considering social contextual issues that may influence emotional states, such as those surrounding the Covid-19 epidemic, in studies of procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meir Graff
- Graduate School of Education, Touro University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Elan Barenholtz
- Department of Psychology/Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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5
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Oguchi M, Takahashi T, Nitta Y, Kumano H. Moderating effect of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder tendency on the relationship between delay discounting and procrastination in young adulthood. Heliyon 2023; 9:e14834. [PMID: 37025860 PMCID: PMC10070913 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Among adults with ADHD, one of the most common problems in daily life is procrastination. ADHD is characterized by attention as well as suboptimal decision-making deficits, indicating difficulty in making long-term reward choices. However, little is known about the relationship between suboptimal decision-making or temporal discounting (TD) and procrastination among adults with ADHD. This study aimed to investigate whether ADHD symptoms enhance the relationship between TD and procrastination. Fifty-eight university participants completed questionnaires about procrastination and an experimental task which measured TD rates in reward and punishment conditions. Only the reward condition showed that ADHD symptoms significantly strengthened the association between the TD rate and procrastination. This study revealed that even when ADHD symptoms were high, higher TD rates were associated with more procrastination, while lower TD rates were associated with less procrastination. The results suggest that procrastination interventions for adult ADHD-prone individuals need to pay attention to reward responses.
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Zhang Z, Tian Y, Liu Y. Intertemporal Decision-making and Risk Decision-making Among Habitual Nappers Under Nap Sleep Restriction: A Study from ERP and Time-frequency. Brain Topogr 2023; 36:390-408. [PMID: 36881273 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-023-00948-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Sleep restriction affects people's decision-making behavior. Nap restriction is a vital subtopic within sleep restriction research. In this study, we used EEG to investigate the impact of nap sleep restriction on intertemporal decision-making (Study 1) and decision-making across risky outcomes (Study 2) from ERP and time-frequency perspectives. Study 1 found that habitual nappers restricting their naps felt more inclined to choose immediate, small rewards over delayed, large rewards in an intertemporal decision-making task. P200s, P300s, and LPP in our nap-restriction group were significantly higher than those in the normal nap group. Time-frequency results showed that the delta band (1 ~ 4 Hz) power of the restricted nap group was significantly higher than that of the normal nap group. In Study 2, the nap-restriction group was more likely to choose risky options. P200s, N2s, and P300s in the nap deprivation group were significantly higher than in the normal nap group. Time-frequency results also found that the beta band (11 ~ 15 Hz) power of the restricted nap group was significantly lower than that of the normal nap group. The habitual nappers became more impulsive after nap restriction and evinced altered perceptions of time. The time cost of the LL (larger-later) option was perceived to be too high when making intertemporal decisions, and their expectation of reward heightened when making risky decisions-believing that they had a higher probability of receiving a reward. This study provided electrophysiological evidence for the dynamic processing of intertemporal decision-making, risky decision-making, and the characteristics of nerve concussions for habitual nappers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Zhang
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China.,College of Education, Psychology & Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Yuqing Tian
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yingjie Liu
- School of Psychology and Mental Health, North China University of Science and Technology, 21 Bohai Avenue, Caofeidian District, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China.
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7
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Pei Y, Yu J, Zhao L. The effects of materialism and ego depletion on intertemporal choice: An event-related potential study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:1051405. [PMID: 36562050 PMCID: PMC9765891 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1051405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The study aims to promote human beings to make scientific and reasonable decisions for the long-term and beautiful future. Methods We designed two experiments to explore the influence of materialism and ego depletion from the perspective of behavioral decision-making and neural mechanism. Results In Experiment 1, there was asymmetry in intertemporal choice between gain and loss situations. In the gain situation, high materialism were more likely to choose the later and larger option (LL). However, in a loss situation, we found a reverse sign effect, and the proportion of subjects choosing sooner and smaller options (SS) increased. In Experiment 2, in the gain situation, after adding the low ego depletion task, there was a marginal significant difference between high and low materialism in the percentage of choosing LL options, F(1, 40) = 3.37, P = 0.07, η2 = 0.08; After adding the high ego depletion task, the percentage of choosing LL options was no difference, F(1, 40) = 1.42, P > 0.05. In the loss situation, whether in the high ego depletion task [F(1, 40) = 2.25, P > 0.05) or in the low ego depletion task [F(1, 40) = 1.44, P > 0.05), there was no difference between high and low materialism in the percentage of choosing LL options, and they both tended to choose SS options. The EEG study showed that in high materialism, there was a significant difference between the high and low ego depletion conditions, and the N1 amplitude induced under the low ego depletion condition was larger than that under the high ego depletion condition. However, there was no significant difference in N1 amplitude between the high and low ego depletion conditions in the low materialism. The amplitude of P2 evoked in the loss situation was larger than that in the gain situation. Conclusion In conclusion, Materialism dominated people's intertemporal choices, and ego depletion affected the intertemporal choice to a certain extent by influencing the subjects' thinking activities. The COVID-19 epidemic maybe affected intertemporal choice indirectly by acting on materialistic values and subjects' emotions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Pei
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China
| | - Junjian Yu
- School of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Department of Psychology, School of Education Science, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China,*Correspondence: Lijun Zhao,
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8
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A neuro-computational account of procrastination behavior. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5639. [PMID: 36163352 PMCID: PMC9513091 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-33119-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans procrastinate despite being aware of potential adverse consequences. Yet, the neuro-computational mechanisms underlying procrastination remain poorly understood. Here, we use fMRI during intertemporal choice to inform a computational model that predicts procrastination behavior in independent tests. Procrastination is assessed in the laboratory as the preference for performing an effortful task on the next day as opposed to immediately, and at home as the delay taken in returning completed administrative forms. These procrastination behaviors are respectively modeled as unitary and repeated decisions to postpone a task until the next time step, based on a net expected value that integrates reward and effort attributes, both discounted with delay. The key feature that is associated with procrastination behavior across individuals (both in-lab and at-home) is the extent to which the expected effort cost (signaled by the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex) is attenuated by the delay before task completion. Thus, procrastination might stem from a cognitive bias that would make doing a task later (compared to now) appear as much less effortful but not much less rewarding. Most humans procrastinate to some extent, despite adverse consequences. Here, the authors show that how much an individual procrastinates, both in the lab and at home, relates to brain signals that reflect temporal discounting of effort cost.
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9
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Vilca LW. The moderating role of sex in the relationship between executive functions and academic procrastination in undergraduate students. Front Psychol 2022; 13:928425. [PMID: 36072020 PMCID: PMC9444057 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.928425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the study was to determine if sex plays a moderating role in the relationship between executive functions and academic procrastination in 106 university students of both genders (28.3% male and 71.7% female) between the ages of 18 and 30 years (M = 19.7; SD = 2.7). The Academic Procrastination Scale and the Neuropsychological Battery of Executive Functions and Frontal Lobes (BANFE-2) were used to measure the variables. The results of the study showed that the degree of prediction of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex (involves the orbitofrontal cortex [OFC] and the medial prefrontal cortex [mPFC]) on academic procrastination is significantly moderated by the sex of the university students (β3 = 0.53; p < 0.01). For men, the estimated effect of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on the degree of academic procrastination is −0.81. For women, the estimated effect of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on the degree of academic procrastination is −0.28. In addition, it was shown that sex does not play a moderating role in the relationship between the tasks linked to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and academic procrastination (β3 = 0.12; p > 0.05). It was also determined that sex does not play a moderating role in the relationship between the tasks linked to the anterior prefrontal cortex (aPFC) and academic procrastination (β3 = 0.05; p > 0.05). It is concluded that only the executive functions associated with the orbitomedial cortex are moderated by the sex of the university students, where the impact of the tasks linked to the orbitomedial cortex on academic procrastination in men is significantly greater than in women.
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10
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Make Time for Employees to Be Sustainable: The Roles of Temporal Leadership, Employee Procrastination, and Organizational Time Norms. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14148778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Extended work availability (EWA) captures the experience of an employee who needs to be available for job demands during nonworking hours. It is a ubiquitous phenomenon because of the prevalent use of information and communication technology (ICT) such as mobile devices and internet services for work purposes. Although it has been found to impair employee health and well-being, evidence that delineates how to mitigate employee EWA is sparse. Thus, an important research question is: How can managers alleviate employee EWA in the ICT-prevalent work environment? Given EWA has a close connection with the time-based work–nonwork conflict, the present study addresses this question by taking a temporal lens and focusing on the roles of three time-related determinants of employee EWA. Particularly, we first include temporal leadership as a predictor of employee EWA, which concerns a particular type of time management behavior in which a manager aims at helping employees to achieve effective use of time while performing job duties. Then, we incorporate both the individual tendency to delay an intended course of action (i.e., procrastination) and the time management environment in an organization (i.e., organizational time norms) into our research model to further reveal how employee EWA could be shaped. Drawing on spillover theory, the goal of the present study was to examine the effect of temporal leadership in determining employee EWA, as well as the roles employee procrastination and organizational time norms play. Analyses of cross-sectional survey data from a sample of 240 full-time employees showed that temporal leadership has a U-shaped association (β = 0.32, p < 0.001) with employee EWA. Both employee procrastination (r = 0.40, p < 0.001) and organizational time norms (r = 0.30, p < 0.001) are positively related to employee EWA, respectively. Moreover, the U-shaped association between temporal leadership and employee EWA becomes more salient when the organizational time norms is strong, with a standardized regression coefficient of 0.24 (p < 0.05) for the interaction between temporal leadership squared and organizational time norms. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive view of how managers can alleviate employee EWA in today’s ICT-prevalent work environment.
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11
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Ye Y, Jiang P, Zhang W. The Neural and Psychological Processes of Peer-Influenced Online Donation Decision: An Event-Related Potential Study. Front Psychol 2022; 13:899233. [PMID: 35668975 PMCID: PMC9165720 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.899233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of information and communication technology (ICT), social media-based donation platforms emerged.1 These platforms innovatively demonstrate peer information (e.g., number of donated peers) on the donation page, which inevitably brings the peer influence into donors’ donation decision process. However, how the peer influence will affect the psychological process of donation decisions are remained unknown. This study used the number of donated peers to examine the effects of peer influence on donors’ donation decisions and extracted event-related potential (ERP) from electroencephalographic data to explore the underlying psychological process. The behavioral results indicated that the number of donated peers positively influenced donors’ willingness to donate. The ERP results suggested that a larger number of donated peers might indicate a higher level of conformity and greater perceived emotional rewards, as a larger P2 amplitude was observed. Following the early processing of emotional stimuli, cognitive detection of decisional risk took place, and the donors reckoned a smaller number of donated peers as a high potential risk, which was reflected by a larger N2 amplitude. In the later stage, the larger number of donated peers, which represented a higher magnitude of prospective emotional rewards, led to a higher incentive to donate, and reflected in a larger amplitude of P3. Additionally, implications and future directions were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Ye
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Pengtao Jiang
- School of Information Science and Engineering, NingboTech University, Ningbo, China.,Business School, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, China
| | - Wuke Zhang
- Business School, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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12
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Chen Z, Feng T. Neural connectome features of procrastination: Current progress and future direction. Brain Cogn 2022; 161:105882. [PMID: 35679698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Procrastination refers to an irrationally delay for intended courses of action despite of anticipating a negative consequence due to this delay. Previous studies tried to reveal the neural substrates of procrastination in terms of connectome-based biomarkers. Based on this, we proposed a unified triple brain network model for procrastination and pinpointed out what challenges we are facing in understanding neural mechanism of procrastination. Specifically, based on neuroanatomical features, the unified triple brain network model proposed that connectome-based underpinning of procrastination could be ascribed to the abnormalities of self-control network (i.e., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, DLPFC), emotion-regulation network (i.e., orbital frontal cortex, OFC), and episodic prospection network (i.e., para-hippocampus cortex, PHC). Moreover, based on the brain functional features, procrastination had been attributed to disruptive neural circuits on FPN (frontoparietal network)-SCN (subcortical network) and FPN-SAN (salience network), which led us to hypothesize the crucial roles of interplay between these networks on procrastination in unified triple brain network model. Despite of these findings, poor interpretability and computational model limited further understanding for procrastination from theoretical and neural perspectives. On balance, the current study provided an overview to show current progress on the connectome-based biomarkers for procrastination, and proposed the integrative neurocognitive model of procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Chen
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.
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A dual-process perspective to explore decision making in internet gaming disorder: An ERP study of comparison with recreational game users. COMPUTERS IN HUMAN BEHAVIOR 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chb.2021.107104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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14
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Flasbeck V, Enzi B, Andreou C, Juckel G, Mavrogiorgou P. P300 and delay-discounting in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 272:327-339. [PMID: 34258638 PMCID: PMC8866265 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-021-01302-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Previous research showed that dysfunctions of fronto-striatal neural networks are implicated in the pathophysiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Accordingly, patients with OCD showed altered performances during decision-making tasks. As P300, evoked by oddball paradigms, is suggested to be related to attentional and cognitive processes and generated in the medial temporal lobe and orbitofrontal and cingulate cortices, it is of special interest in OCD research. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate P300 in OCD and its associations with brain activity during decision-making: P300, evoked by an auditory oddball paradigm, was analysed in 19 OCD patients and 19 healthy controls regarding peak latency, amplitude and source density power in parietal cortex areas by sLORETA. Afterwards, using a fMRI paradigm, Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast imaging was conducted during a delay-discounting paradigm. We hypothesised differences between groups regarding P300 characteristics and associations with frontal activity during delay-discounting. The P300 did not differ between groups, however, the P300 latency over the P4 electrode correlated negatively with the NEO-FFI score openness to experience in patients with OCD. In healthy controls, P300 source density power correlated with activity in frontal regions when processing rewards, a finding which was absent in OCD patients. To conclude, associations of P300 with frontal brain activation during delay-discounting were found, suggesting a contribution of attentional or context updating processes. Since this association was absent in patients with OCD, the findings could be interpreted as being indeed related to dysfunctions of fronto-striatal neural networks in patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Flasbeck
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Björn Enzi
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
| | - Christina Andreou
- grid.412468.d0000 0004 0646 2097Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Lübeck (UKSH), Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Juckel
- Department of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, 44791, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Paraskevi Mavrogiorgou
- grid.5570.70000 0004 0490 981XDepartment of Psychiatry, LWL-University Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Alexandrinenstr. 1, 44791 Bochum, Germany
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15
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Intertemporal preference reversals are associated with early activation of insula and sustained preferential processing of immediate rewards in visual cortex. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22277. [PMID: 34782648 PMCID: PMC8593020 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01579-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Decision makers tend to give magnified significance to immediately available rewards which leads to intertemporal preference reversals, which is a form of self-control failure. The objective of the present study was to understand the cognitive and neural underpinnings of this phenomenon using event-related potentials (ERP) and their source localization using standardized low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography analysis (sLORETA). Twenty-four participants performed a money choice task, where they made choices between a smaller-sooner and a larger-later reward, which included trials with and without an immediately available option, while their electroencephalography (EEG) activity was recorded. Trials with and without immediacy were identical except that the latter involved a front-end delay added to both the rewards. Results showed that presence of immediacy made the choices significantly more impulsive. Presence of immediate reward elicited larger visual P2 and late positive potential (LPP), indicating enhanced capture of automatic and sustained attention respectively, and smaller N2, indicative of diminished engagement of cognitive control processes. Source localization revealed increased activity in the visual cortex in the presence of immediacy, signifying higher valuation. Higher activation of areas of insula during P2-suggesting increased awareness of visceral signals-predicted larger impulsive preference reversals. The results suggest that presence of immediate reward biases the choice very early during the decision making process by precipitating visceral states that triggers approach behaviour, and highlight the need to adopt strategies like precommitment to counter the effect.
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16
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Suo T, Jia X, Song X, Liu L. The Differential Effects of Anger and Sadness on Intertemporal Choice: An ERP Study. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:638989. [PMID: 34305513 PMCID: PMC8296139 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.638989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research has taken a valence-based approach to examine the carryover effects of incidental emotions on intertemporal choices. However, recent studies have begun to explore the effects of specific emotions on intertemporal choices. In this study, we investigated how anger and sadness influenced intertemporal choices using event-related potentials (ERPs). Behavioral results showed that, compared with neutral prime, anger prime was associated with more preference for delayed rewards, whereas sad prime did not change individuals’ choice preference. Specifically, anger prime yielded a shorter response time than sad prime for the difficult-to-select choices. ERP results found that, compared with neutral and sad primes, anger prime elicited larger P1 in the fronto-central and parietal areas, larger P2 in the fronto-central area, and larger P3 in the parietal area during the evaluation stage. These findings suggest that there are differential carryover effects of anger and sadness on intertemporal choice. This study provides enlightenment on the significance of understanding how incidental emotions affect individuals’ intertemporal choices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Suo
- Institute of Psychology and Behavior, Institute of Cognition, Brain, and Health, School of Education, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xuji Jia
- Key Research Base of Humanities and Social Sciences of Ministry of Education, Academy of Psychology and Behavior, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiyan Song
- Department of Psychology, College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Psychology, College of Teacher Education, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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17
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Xia L, Xu P, Yang Z, Gu R, Zhang D. Impaired probabilistic reversal learning in anxiety: Evidence from behavioral and ERP findings. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2021; 31:102751. [PMID: 34242887 PMCID: PMC8271162 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
High and low anxious participants finish a probabilistic reversal learning task. High anxious participants showed a worse performance and less likely to lose-shift. Feedback-related negativity (FRN) was correlated with the frequency of lose-shift. High anxious participants showed a smaller FRN in response to lose-shift. Anxious people’s reversal learning is affected by impaired sensitivity to losses.
Background Reversal learning reflects an individual’s capacity to adapt to a dynamic environment with changing stimulus–reward contingencies. This study focuses on the potential influence of anxiety on reversal learning skills. Methods We asked 40 participants with a high level of trait anxiety (HTA) and 40 counterparts with a low anxiety level (LTA) to finish a probabilistic reversal learning task with event-related potential (ERP) recording, during which stimulus–reward contingencies are reversed after players have learned the optimal choice. Results We found that compared to their LTA counterparts, the HTA participants showed worse learning performance and were less likely to make lose-shift choices. The FRN amplitude might help interpret these behavioral results, which is suggested to be associated with punishment sensitivity and was positively correlated with the number of lose-shift in this study. Seeing that anxiety level predicted the FRN amplitude for lose-shift, we explain that anxious individuals’ inflexible behavioral responses to losses are due to their impaired sensitivity to negative feedback. Conclusions A higher level of anxiety is associated with weaker reversal learning performance, possibly because of abnormal sensitivity to negative outcomes. These findings have implications for the understanding of behavioral symptoms in anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- School of Psychology, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Pengfei Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center for Emotion and Brain, Shenzhen Institute of Neuroscience, Shenzhen 518057, China; Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Research Institute for Neuroscience and Neurotechnologies, Kwun Tong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ziyan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing 100101, China; Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Dandan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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18
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Jiang Q, Liu L. Temporal course of the sign effect in intertemporal choice. JOURNAL OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/20445911.2021.1948551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Jiang
- Police Academy, Shandong University of Political Science and Law, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Psychology, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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19
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Yu M, Liu T, Shangguan F, Sui J, Shi J. The neurodevelopment of delay discounting for monetary rewards in pre-adolescent children. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8337. [PMID: 33863945 PMCID: PMC8052366 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87282-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Children are found to exhibit high degrees of delay discounting compared with adults in many delay discounting studies, which might be due to the asynchronous development of "bottom-up" and "top-down" neural systems. However, the temporal dynamics associated with the two systems in the development of delay discounting processes are not well known. In this study, we chose two age groups of participants and adopted event-related potential (ERP) techniques to investigate the neural dynamic differences between children and adults during delay discounting processes. Behavioral findings showed that children discounted more than adults and chose more immediate choices. Electrophysiological findings revealed that children exhibited longer neural processing (longer P2 latency) than adults during the early detection and identification phase. Children showed less cognitive control (smaller N2 amplitude) than adults over the middle frontal areas, and they devoted more neural effort (larger P3 amplitudes) to making final choices than adults. The factors of reward amount and time delay could influence the development of delay discounting in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Yu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Tongran Liu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Fangfang Shangguan
- grid.253663.70000 0004 0368 505XBeijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingxin Sui
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Student Office, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029 Liaoning China
| | - Jiannong Shi
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 16 Lincui Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101 China ,grid.410726.60000 0004 1797 8419Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China ,grid.5117.20000 0001 0742 471XDepartment of Learning and Philosophy, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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20
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Gao K, Zhang R, Xu T, Zhou F, Feng T. The effect of conscientiousness on procrastination: The interaction between the self-control and motivation neural pathways. Hum Brain Mapp 2021; 42:1829-1844. [PMID: 33421255 PMCID: PMC7978125 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.25333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a prevalent and universal problematic behavior, largely impairing individual's health, wealth and well-being. Substantial studies have confirmed that conscientiousness, one of the big five personality, showed markedly inverse relation with procrastination. However, it is hitherto unknown about the neural basis underlying the impact of conscientiousness on procrastination. To address this issue, we employed the voxel-based morphometry (VBM) and resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) methods to explore the neural substrates of conscientiousness responsible for procrastination (N = 330). In line with previous findings, the behavioral results showed a strong negative correlation between conscientiousness and procrastination (r = -.75). The VBM analysis found that conscientiousness was positively correlated with gray matter (GM) volumes in the left dorsal-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), right orbital frontal cortex (OFC) and right putamen, but negatively correlated with that in the left insula. Moreover, the RSFC results revealed that both dlPFC-IPL (inferior parietal lobule) and dlPFC-PCC (posterior cingulate gyrus) functional connectivity were positively associated with conscientiousness, while the functional connectivity of parahippocampal gyrus (PHC)-putamen and insula-IPL were negatively associated with conscientiousness. More importantly, the structural equation modeling (SEM) integrating RSFC results were well fitted for the influence process of conscientiousness on procrastination by both self-control (i.e., dlPFC-IPL, dlPFC-PCC) and motivation pathways (i.e., PHC-putamen, insula-IPL). The current findings suggest that self-control and motivation could be the two neural pathways underlying the impact of conscientiousness on procrastination, which provides a new perspective to understand the relationship between conscientiousness and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanxin Gao
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fan Zhou
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, China
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21
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Wang C, Fu W, Jin J, Shang Q, Luo X, Zhang X. Differential Effects of Monetary and Social Rewards on Product Online Rating Decisions in E-Commerce in China. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1440. [PMID: 32733323 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans can change their behaviors to obtain environmental rewards (e.g., money, food, and sex). However, our knowledge regarding how rewards affect human behaviors by priming and whether there are differences among types of rewards is limited. This study focused on whether monetary and social rewards have different priming effects on product rating decisions in e-commerce by using a behavioral experiment and event-related potentials (ERPs). Using cash/discount coupons as a monetary reward and greeting cards as a social reward, the behavioral data showed that unsatisfactory products with a monetary reward induced a less negative consumer attitude than those with a social reward or no reward; additionally, such products were associated with a longer reaction time while rating products than those with a social reward, reflecting that monetary rewards made it more difficult for the subjects to rate unsatisfactory products than social rewards. The P2, N2, and P3 components of the ERP data were evaluated. Unsatisfactory products caused negative emotion, which could be compensated more by the monetary reward than the social reward as reflected by a smaller P2 amplitude. Due to the compensation effect of the monetary reward, unsatisfactory products were associated with more decision conflict than the social reward as reflected by a more negative N2 amplitude, which is consistent with the behavioral results. However, in the subsequent controlled process, regardless of whether the products were satisfactory or unsatisfactory, the monetary reward caused more attention reallocation and was more motivating than the social reward as reflected by a larger P3 component. These findings have implications for the marketing strategy of online sellers and value of online reviews and suggest attaching importance to ethical issues induced by monetary rewards in rating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Wang
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-Making, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Weizhong Fu
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-Making, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Jia Jin
- School of Business and Management, Shanghai International Studies University, Shanghai, China.,Academy of Neuroeconomics and Neuromanagement, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China.,Center of Group Behavior and Social Psychological Service, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Qian Shang
- School of Management, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Luo
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-Making, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Management, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Process Optimization and Intelligent Decision-Making, Ministry of Education, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, China
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22
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Attenuated brain activity during error processing and punishment anticipation in procrastination - a monetary Go/No-go fMRI study. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11492. [PMID: 31391541 PMCID: PMC6685938 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Procrastination is a self-regulatory failure in which people voluntarily but irrationally delay important tasks. Trait procrastination is estimated to affect 15-20% of the total population and leads to a significant decrease in performance, satisfaction with achievements, and quality of life. Procrastination is related to impulsivity and reduced executive control, especially in the domain of inhibition. Moreover, procrastinatory tendencies seem to increase with negative affect, suggesting impaired emotion regulation. The aim of this study was to investigate the neuronal mechanisms of inhibition, error processing, and behavioral control under pressure of punishment in procrastinators. Non-student subjects recruited to low (LP) and high procrastination (HP) groups performed an fMRI monetary Go/No-go task. HP showed significantly lower error-related activity in ACC than LP. There was also a significant group by condition interaction in the ACC and right DLPFC suggesting increase of control during the punishment condition in LP but not HP group. These results suggest that procrastinators have impaired error processing mechanisms which may add to the persistence of procrastination through difficulties in correction of faulty behaviors. Procrastination also seems to be related to a decreased ability to intensify self-control in more demanding situations and/or impaired coping in the context of negative situations.
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23
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Nordby K, Løkken RA, Pfuhl G. Playing a video game is more than mere procrastination. BMC Psychol 2019; 7:33. [PMID: 31196191 PMCID: PMC6567407 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-019-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Procrastination is seen as a severe problem among young people, and many factors have been claimed to be associated with it, playing video games being one of them. One of the reasons why video games might be related to procrastination is their ability to offer instant gratification and feedback, while at the same time offer distractions from less tempting and rewarding tasks. It is not yet agreed on whether or not video game players are more prone towards procrastination and discounting of future rewards. Method Over 500 participants across two studies completed two surveys on video gaming habits, as well as a measurement of procrastination tendencies. In study 1 participants performed an experiential discounting task, while participants in study 2 performed the 5-trial adjusting delay discounting task, both tasks assessing preference for delayed larger rewards. Results In study 1, hours of videogaming was not significantly related to procrastination or the discount rate. In study 2, hours of videogaming was not strongly associated with procrastination and delay discounting either. However, when asked why they play, those answering to escape reality and to reduce stress had more problems of procrastination than those who play for entertainment, reward or social reasons. Overall, the association between procrastination and hours spent playing video games was weak but positive, r(513) = .122. Discussion Time spent enjoying and engaging in video gaming is done for various reasons, only for a few this is related to procrastination. By using only hypothetical payouts in the discounting tasks, the absence of a relationship between hours spent video gaming, procrastination and delayed gratification requires further investigation. However, playing video games is more than mere procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent Nordby
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Ronny Andre Løkken
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Gerit Pfuhl
- Department of Psychology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037, Tromsø, Norway.
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24
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Zohar AH, Shimone LP, Hen M. Active and passive procrastination in terms of temperament and character. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6988. [PMID: 31179184 PMCID: PMC6545097 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While passive procrastination is usually associated with distress and dysfunction active procrastination may be an effective coping style. To test this possibility, we examined passive and active procrastination in terms of temperament, character, and emotional intelligence (EI), as well as by a short-term longitudinal study. Methods Adult community volunteers (N = 126) self-reported twice in an online short-term longitudinal study. At baseline on active and passive procrastination, as well as on the temperament and character inventory of personality (TCI-140) and EI. At first testing, they were asked to freely describe three personal goals and to make action plans to achieve each within the next two weeks. Two weeks later they reported on progress on their personal goals (PPG). Results PPG correlated positively with active procrastination and negatively with passive procrastination. Dividing the participants into median splits on active and passive procrastination resulted in four groups: Active, Passive, Active-Passive, and Non-Procrastinators. Analysis of variance showed that active procrastinators had an advantage in temperament and character traits as well as EI. Active procrastinators were also higher than the other groups on personality profiles i.e. combinations of traits; dependable temperament and well-developed character. Conclusions Active procrastination can be an adaptive and productive coping style. It is associated with dependable temperament, well-developed character, and high emotional intelligence and predicts meeting personal goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada H Zohar
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, , Emek Hefer, Israel.,Lior Zfaty Center for the Prevention of Suicide and Mental Pain, Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Lior Pesah Shimone
- Graduate Program in Clinical Psychology, Ruppin Academic Center, , Emek Hefer, Israel
| | - Meirav Hen
- Psychology, Tel-Hai College, Upper Gallillee, Israel
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25
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Zhang S, Liu P, Feng T. To do it now or later: The cognitive mechanisms and neural substrates underlying procrastination. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2019; 10:e1492. [PMID: 30638308 DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Procrastination, the voluntary and irrational delay of an intended course of action, has troubled individuals and society extensively. Various studies have been conducted to explain why people procrastinate and to explore the neural substrates of procrastination. First, research has identified many contributing factors to procrastination. Specifically, task aversiveness, future incentives, and time delay of these incentives have been confirmed as three prominent task characteristics that affect procrastination. On the other hand, self-control and impulsivity have been identified as two most predictive traits of procrastination. After identifying contributing factors, two important theories proposed to explain procrastination by integrating these factors are reviewed. Specifically, an emotion-regulation perspective regards procrastination as a form of self-regulation failure that reflects giving priority to short-term mood repair over achieving long-term goals. However, temporal motivation theory explains why people's motivation to act increases when time approaches a deadline with time discounting effect. To further specify the cognitive mechanism underlying procrastination, this study proposes a novel theoretical model which clarifies how the motivation to act and the motivation to avoid vary differently when delaying a task, explaining why people decide not to act now but are willing to act in the future. Of note, few recent studies have investigated neural correlates of procrastination. Specifically, it was revealed that individual differences in procrastination are correlated with structural abnormalities and altered spontaneous metabolism in the parahippocampal cortex and the prefrontal cortex, which might contribute to procrastination through episodic future thinking or memory and emotion regulation, respectively. This article is categorized under: Economics > Individual Decision Making Psychology > Theory and Methods Psychology > Emotion and Motivation Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunmin Zhang
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peiwei Liu
- Department of Psychology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Tingyong Feng
- Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China.,Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Ministry of Education, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
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26
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Gui DY, Yu T, Hu Z, Yan J, Li X. Dissociable functional activities of cortical theta and beta oscillations in the lateral prefrontal cortex during intertemporal choice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11233. [PMID: 30046152 PMCID: PMC6060123 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21150-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) plays an important role in the neural networks involved in intertemporal choice. However, little is known about how the neural oscillation of LPFC functions during intertemporal choice, owing to the technical limitations of functional magnetic resonance imaging and event-related brain potential recordings. Electrocorticography (ECoG) is a novel neuroimaging technique that has high spatial and temporal resolution. In this study, we used ECoG and projected the ECoG data onto individual brain spaces to investigate human intracranial cortex activity and how neural oscillations of the LPFC impact intertemporal choice. We found that neural activity of theta oscillation was significantly higher during impulsive decisions, while beta oscillation activity was significantly higher during non-impulsive ones. Our findings suggest a functional dissociation between cortical theta and beta oscillations during decision-making processes involved in intertemporal choice, and that decision outcomes may be determined by LPFC modulation, which involves neural oscillations at different frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Yang Gui
- Department of Marketing, College of Management, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Beijing Institute of Functional Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-6131, USA
| | - Jiaqing Yan
- College of Electrical and Control Engineering, North China University of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
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27
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Wypych M, Matuszewski J, Dragan WŁ. Roles of Impulsivity, Motivation, and Emotion Regulation in Procrastination - Path Analysis and Comparison Between Students and Non-students. Front Psychol 2018; 9:891. [PMID: 29922205 PMCID: PMC5996249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Procrastination – an irrational delay of intended actions despite expecting to be worse off – is a complex and non-homogenous phenomenon. Previous studies have found a number of correlates of procrastination, some of which seem to be particularly important. Impulsivity is closely connected to procrastination on behavioral, genetic, and neuronal levels. Difficulties in emotion regulation have also been shown to be strongly related to procrastination. Procrastination can also be considered as a motivation-based problem. To try to disentangle the connections of impulsivity, emotion regulation, and motivation to procrastination we collected data from over 600 subjects using multiple questionnaires (PPS – Pure Procrastination Scale; UPPSP – Impulsive Behavior Scale, ERQ – Emotion Regulation Questionnaire and MDT – Motivational Diagnostic Test). Structural equation modeling was performed to test several possible relationships between the measured variables. The effects of student status and age have also been investigated. The final path model was a directional model based on six explanatory variables and accounted for 70% of the variance in procrastination. Path analysis revealed that the strongest contributions to procrastination came from lack of value, delay discounting, and lack of perseverance, suggesting the involvement of motivation and impulsivity. The model also revealed the moderating role of expressive suppression between several aspects of impulsivity and procrastination. Close inspection of the paths’ weights suggests that there may be two partly competing strategies for dealing with impulsivity and negative emotions: either to suppress emotions and impulsive reactions or to react impulsively, discarding previous plans, and to procrastinate. Path invariance analysis showed the significant moderating roles of student status and age. Both in non-students and high-age groups, the path leading from suppression to procrastination was insignificant. This suggests that caution should be used in generalizing the results of studies carried out on students. These results support previous findings that procrastination may serve as a short-term mood regulation strategy. However, as the spectrum of the emotion regulation strategies included in the study was very limited, we conclude that future studies should seek more insight into the relationship between emotion regulation, self-control, and procrastination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Wypych
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Matuszewski
- Laboratory of Brain Imaging, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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Hu Y, Liu P, Guo Y, Feng T. The neural substrates of procrastination: A voxel-based morphometry study. Brain Cogn 2018; 121:11-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Yeh YC, Wang PW, Huang MF, Lin PC, Chen CS, Ko CH. The procrastination of Internet gaming disorder in young adults: The clinical severity. Psychiatry Res 2017; 254:258-262. [PMID: 28482194 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Young adults with Internet gaming disorder (IGD) usually postpone the tasks of their daily lives to engage in Internet gaming. This study evaluates the association between procrastination and IGD and the association between the negative consequences of IGD and procrastination. We recruited 87 individuals with IGD and 87 controls without a history of IGD. All participants underwent a diagnostic interview based on the DSM-5 IGD criteria to assess the clinical global score. They also completed questionnaires regarding IGD, procrastination, impulsivity, depression, and hostility. Young adults with IGD had higher levels of procrastination. Procrastination was positively associated with depression, hostility, and impulsivity. After controlling for depression, hostility, and impulsivity, procrastination was still found to be associated with IGD. Further, procrastination was positively associated with the clinical global impressions score among young adults with IGD. Procrastination is associated with IGD independent of depression, hostility, and impulsivity. Procrastination is also associated with the clinical severity of IGD. The results suggest that procrastination should be carefully evaluated and intervention should be taken with young adults with IGD. This intervention might attenuate the negative consequences of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chun Yeh
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Wei Wang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Feng Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 807 Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Pai-Cheng Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Ta-Tung Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Sheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hung Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 807, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Municipal Hsiao-Kang Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung City 812, Taiwan.
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30
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The overlapping brain region accounting for the relationship between procrastination and impulsivity: A voxel-based morphometry study. Neuroscience 2017; 360:9-17. [PMID: 28757243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Procrastination is a prevalent problematic behavior that brings serious consequences, such as lower levels of health, wealth, and well-being. Previous research has verified that impulsivity is one of the traits most strongly correlated with procrastination. However, little is known about why there is a tight behavioral relationship between them. To address this question, we used voxel-based morphometry (VBM) to explore the common neural substrates between procrastination and impulsivity. In line with previous findings, the behavioral results showed a strong behavioral correlation between procrastination and impulsivity. Neuroimaging results showed impulsivity and procrastination shared the common neurobiological underpinnings in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) based on the data from 85 participants (sample 1). Furthermore, the mediation analysis revealed that impulsivity mediated the impact of gray matter (GM) volumes of this overlapping region in the DLPFC on procrastination on another independent 84 participants' data (sample 2). In conclusion, the overlapping brain region in the DLPFC would be responsible for the close relationship between procrastination and impulsivity. As a whole, the present study extends our knowledge on procrastination, and provides a novel perspective to explain the tight impulsivity - procrastination relationship.
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31
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Xia L, Gu R, Zhang D, Luo Y. Anxious Individuals Are Impulsive Decision-Makers in the Delay Discounting Task: An ERP Study. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:5. [PMID: 28174528 PMCID: PMC5258725 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Impulsivity, which is linked to a wide range of psychiatric disorders, is often characterized by a preference for immediate but smaller rewards over delayed but larger rewards. However, debate exists on the relationship between anxiety and impulsivity. Here we use event-related potential (ERP) components as biomarkers in the temporal discounting task to examine the effect of anxiety on inter-temporal decision-making. Our behavioral results indicated that the high trait anxiety (HTA) group made significantly more immediate choices than the low trait anxiety (LTA) group. Compared with the LTA group, shorter response time was associated with immediate rewards in the HTA group. Furthermore, previous studies have demonstrated three ERP components that are associated with impulsivity and/or delay discounting. First, the N1 is an early sensory component involved in selective attention and attention processing for goal-directed actions. Second, the reward positivity (RewP) reflects reward-related dopaminergic activity and encodes reward values. Third, the P3 is regarded as a measure of motivational significance in the decision-making literature. Accordingly, this study found in the immediate-option-evoked ERPs that the HTA group had a larger N1 than the LTA group did. For the delayed-option-evoked ERPs, the HTA group had larger N1 and RewP for the immediate choice than the LTA group did, while the LTA group had a larger P3 for the delayed choice than the HTA group did. These results support the notion that anxiety individuals are impulsive decision-makers in the Delay Discounting Task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisheng Xia
- College of Information Engineering, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Ruolei Gu
- Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
| | - Yuejia Luo
- Institute of Affective and Social Neuroscience, Shenzhen UniversityShenzhen, China
- Department of Psychology, Southern Medical UniversityGuangzhou, China
- Shenzhen Institute of NeuroscienceShenzhen, China
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