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Andrew Leynes P, Kolli H, Sawhney S. Separating the role of perceptual and conceptual fluency on masked word priming using event-related potentials. Brain Cogn 2023; 172:106089. [PMID: 37783019 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Masked word repetition increases "old" responses on an episodic recognition test (Jacoby & Whitehouse, 1989). This effect is commonly attributed to perceptual fluency; that is, unconscious perception of the prime speeds reading of the target and this fluency leads to elevated familiarity. Two experiments directly tested the claim that perceptual fluency is responsible for word priming effects. Experiment 1 held prime-target meaning constant and altered the physical characteristics of match primes (e.g., "RIGHT" primes "RIGHT") by including both lowercase (e.g, "right") and mixed case primes (e.g., "rIgHt"). If word priming effects are due to perceptual fluency, then lowering the perceptual overlap between the prime and target should decrease or eliminate word priming effects. Instead, all three conditions showed robust priming effects in the behavioral and ERP (i.e., N400) measures. Experiment 2 equated the prime-target perceptual features and lowered the conceptual overlap by using orthographically similar nonwords as primes (e.g., "JIGHT" primes "RIGHT"). Removing prime-target conceptual overlap eliminated behavioral evidence of priming and N400 ERP differences correlated with priming. The evidence suggests that word priming effects on episodic recognition memory are more likely a product of conceptual fluency than perceptual fluency.
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Addante RJ, Lopez-Calderon J, Allen N, Luck C, Muller A, Sirianni L, Inman CS, Drane DL. An ERP measure of non-conscious memory reveals dissociable implicit processes in human recognition using an open-source automated analytic pipeline. Psychophysiology 2023; 60:e14334. [PMID: 37287106 PMCID: PMC10524783 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Non-conscious processing of human memory has traditionally been difficult to objectively measure and thus understand. A prior study on a group of hippocampal amnesia (N = 3) patients and healthy controls (N = 6) used a novel procedure for capturing neural correlates of implicit memory using event-related potentials (ERPs): old and new items were equated for varying levels of memory awareness, with ERP differences observed from 400 to 800 ms in bilateral parietal regions that were hippocampal-dependent. The current investigation sought to address the limitations of that study by increasing the sample of healthy subjects (N = 54), applying new controls for construct validity, and developing an improved, open-source tool for automated analysis of the procedure used for equating levels of memory awareness. Results faithfully reproduced prior ERP findings of parietal effects that a series of systematic control analyses validated were not contributed to nor contaminated by explicit memory. Implicit memory effects extended from 600 to 1000 ms, localized to right parietal sites. These ERP effects were found to be behaviorally relevant and specific in predicting implicit memory response times, and were topographically dissociable from other traditional ERP measures of implicit memory (miss vs. correct rejections) that instead occurred in left parietal regions. Results suggest first that equating for reported awareness of memory strength is a valid, powerful new method for revealing neural correlates of non-conscious human memory, and second, behavioral correlations suggest that these implicit effects reflect a pure form of priming, whereas misses represent fluency leading to the subjective experience of familiarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Addante
- School of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA
| | - Javier Lopez-Calderon
- Instituto de Matemáticas, Universidad de Talca, Talca, Chile
- Newencode Analytics, Talca, Chile
| | - Nathaniel Allen
- School of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, Florida, USA
| | - Carter Luck
- Department of Computer Science, Reed College, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Alana Muller
- Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Lindsey Sirianni
- School of Health Sciences, University of California - San Diego Moores Cancer Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Cory S Inman
- Department of Psychology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel L Drane
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Andrew Leynes P, Kalelkar AU, Shaik HT, Sawhney S. Event-Related Potential (ERP) evidence for fluency and disfluency effects on recognition memory. Brain Cogn 2023; 167:105961. [PMID: 36893675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2023.105961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Masked priming is used in recognition memory studies to alter fluency and create familiarity. Primes are flashed briefly before target words that are considered for a recognition judgment. Matching primes are hypothesized to produce greater familiarity by increasing the perceptual fluency of the target word. Experiment 1 tested this claim by contrasting match primes (i.e., "RIGHT" primes "RIGHT"), semantic primes (e.g., "LEFT" primes "RIGHT"), and orthographically similar (OS) primes (e.g., "SIGHT" primes "RIGHT") while recording event-related potentials (ERPs). Relative to match primes, OS primes elicited fewer "old" responses and more negative ERPs during the interval associated with familiarity (300-500 ms). This result was replicated when control primes consisting of unrelated words (Experiment 2) or symbols (Experiment 3) were inserted into the sequence. The behavioral and ERP evidence suggest that word primes are perceived as a unit and the prime word activation will affect target fluency and recognition judgments. When the prime matches the target, fluency is increased and more familiarity experiences are created. When the primes are words that do not match the target, fluency is decreased (disfluency) and fewer familiarity experiences result. This evidence suggests that the effects of disfluency on recognition should be carefully considered.
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Brouillet D, Servajean P, Josa R, Gimenez C, Turo S, Michalland AH. The subjective feeling of a gap between conceptual and perceptual fluency is interpreted as a metacognitive signal of pastness. Cogn Process 2023; 24:83-94. [PMID: 36527528 PMCID: PMC9759051 DOI: 10.1007/s10339-022-01114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to address the following question: does the discrepancy between an expected word and its readability enhances or impair its memorability? We used an adaptation of the sentence stem paradigm (Whittlesea in J Exp Psycol 19:1235-1253, 1993) and manipulated the perceptual clarity of the words by introducing some Gaussian noise (Reber in Psycol Sci 9:45-48, 1998). The target words were semantically predictable or otherwise (conceptual fluency) or were easy or difficult to read (perceptual fluency). The first experiment was conducted to ensure that the two manipulated factors had an impact on the readability of the words. In particular, results showed that when the words were written against a noisy background their predictability enhanced the judgement of readability. The second experiment aimed to test the hypothesis that recognition would be influenced by the discrepancy between conceptual and perceptual fluency. The results showed that with a noisy background, the predictability of the target words had an impact on recognition judgement; with a clear background, the effect on the recognition judgement was caused by the non-predictability of the target words. Conversely, confidence in judgement increased when the two factors went in the same direction, that is, predictability with clarity and non-predictability with low clarity. The results showed that (a) depending on the task, the effects of conceptual and perceptual fluency did not go in the same direction; (b) the kinds of fluency (conceptual and perceptual) were not independent; and (c) recognition judgements were affected by the gap between conceptual and perceptual fluency.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Brouillet
- EPSYLON, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 4556), Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | - P. Servajean
- EPSYLON, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 4556), Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France ,LPNC, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - R. Josa
- LAPSCO, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale Et Cognitive, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - C. Gimenez
- EPSYLON, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 4556), Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France
| | - S. Turo
- EPSYLON, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 4556), Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France ,LIFAM, Laboratoire Innovation Forme Architecture Milieux—Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - A. H. Michalland
- EPSYLON, Laboratoire de Psychologie (EA 4556), Université Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, Route de Mende, Montpellier, France ,i2ml Fondation, Institut Méditerranéen Des Métiers de La Longévité, Nîmes, France ,LIFAM, Laboratoire Innovation Forme Architecture Milieux—Université Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Andrew Leynes P, Upadhyay T. Context dissociations of the FN400 and N400 are evidence for recognition based on relative or absolute familiarity. Brain Cogn 2022; 162:105903. [PMID: 36030708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fluency, the ease of processing, can increase familiarity and the ability to recognize previously encountered information. Mixing or blocking the pre-experimental familiarity of test probes alters the pattern of recognition Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) for picture stimuli (Bruett & Leynes, 2015). The present study tested this idea further by mixing or blocking pre-experimental familiarity of word stimuli. A test with only pre-experimentally familiar words (Experiment 1) elicited the prototypical mid-frontal FN400 old/new ERP difference, which is a correlate of familiarity. However, tests with a mix of pre-experimentally familiar and unfamiliar words (Experiment 2) elicited posterior N400 old/new differences. Based on the Unexpected Fluency Attribution model (Mecklinger & Bader, 2020), this pattern of results suggests that pre-experimental fluency can influence the use of relative (changes from recent exposure) or absolute (baseline levels accrued from experience) familiarity to make a recognition judgment.
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Nie A, Pan R, Shen H. How Processing Fluency Contributes to the Old/New Effects of Familiarity and Recollection: Evidence From the Remember/Know Paradigm. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.5406/amerjpsyc.134.3.0297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous investigations have demonstrated FN400 and LPC, 2 event-related potential old/new effects that respectively reflect familiarity- and recollection-based processes in memory. However, it is unclear whether these effects are susceptible to processing fluency, particularly different types of processing fluency. To address this issue, applying a masked priming paradigm, we conducted an event-related potential experiment by manipulating semantic relations between the prime and the target as identical (reflecting perceptual fluency), thematically and taxonomically related (referring to conceptual fluency), and unrelated. A remember/know (R/K) judgment task in the test phase was used to distinguish familiarity- and recollection-based processes. Behaviorally, both task performance and response speed were modulated by the variables of priming condition, item type, and response type. All 4 priming conditions elicited significant FN400 and LPC. Compared with the K response, the R response was more relevant to the recollection-based processes reflected by LPC. Both FN400 and LPC were modulated by whether there was a response of R, K, or new. The former was susceptible only to conceptual fluency, and the latter was sensitive to both perceptual fluency and conceptual fluency, which offered telling evidence for the dual process model. Considerations for future investigations are proposed. See supplemental materials here: https://www.press.uillinois.edu/journals/ajp/media/evidence_in_remember_know_paradigm/
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Distinct FN400/N400 memory effects for perceptually fluent and disfluent words. Brain Cogn 2020; 147:105661. [PMID: 33360780 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2020.105661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Recognition memory studies have shown that increased perceptual fluency results in more "old" responses and, presumably, increases familiarity. However, the exact neural mechanisms of these effects remain unresolved. We conducted two ERP experiments in which participants encoded words and performed a recognition test where fluency was manipulated by changing clarity of test words (half of them were clear or blurry). In the more demanding Experiment 1, we found a reversed effect of fluency on recognition (more hits for blurry words), which was accompanied by larger N400 and LPC old/new effects for blurry words. For high confidence responses, the topography of N400 shifted towards frontal electrodes (the FN400 for blurry words). In the less demanding Experiment 2, no behavioral differences between clear and blurry words were observed. However, there was a discrepancy in the ERP results, with the frontal FN400 for blurry words and the parietal N400 for clear words, suggesting that distinct neural pathways can support familiarity-based recognition for clear and blurry items. In both experiments, early perceptual fluency ERP effects were also observed. The results indicate that both semantic processing and familiarity can be enhanced by perceptual fluency and contribute to recognition judgments, depending on the interpretations of fluency.
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The relationship between perceptual priming and subsequent recognition memory: an event-related potential study. Neuroreport 2020; 31:1175-1179. [PMID: 33044325 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000001533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated the relationship between perceptual priming and subsequent recognition memory using conceptually impoverished kaleidoscope images as stimuli. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded to explore the ERPs related to perceptual priming and their relationship with subsequent recognition memory. The results revealed that the early ERP perceptual priming effect between 100 and 300 ms, which might reflect perceptual fluency, was significant for both subsequent remembered and forgotten images. Both the latter ERP perceptual priming effects between 300-500 ms and 500-800 ms and the behavioral priming effect were significant for subsequent remembered images but not for subsequent forgotten images. These results indicated that brain activities between 300-500 ms and 500-800 ms could be predictive of both subsequent perceptual priming and recognition memory. Thus, the results of the present study demonstrate that perceptual priming and recognition memory share encoding factors.
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Context influences the FN400 recognition event-related potential. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 158:16-26. [PMID: 33039538 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Recognition of studied items often elicit more positive event-related potentials (ERPs) than unstudied items at mid-frontal electrodes about 300-500 ms (i.e., the FN400). The debate over the psychological processes associated with the FN400 has led to two competing hypotheses. One hypothesis is that the FN400 reflects familiarity, whereas another hypothesis is that it reflects conceptual implicit memory (i.e., conceptual fluency). The present experiment tested these hypotheses by presenting meaningless images that lack familiarity and conceptual fluency, off-brand products that lack pre-experimental familiarity, and name-brand products that have both pre-experimental familiarity and conceptual fluency. ERPs were recorded during judgments of lifetime and recent recognition. During both forms of recognition, ERPs in the FN400 window were greater for meaningless images than name- or off-brand products. Because this evidence is difficult to reconcile with either the familiarity or conceptual fluency hypotheses, the results are interpreted within a broader theoretical framework that includes top-down psychological (i.e., context) influences on the FN400.
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Electrophysiological correlates of the perceptual fluency effect on recognition memory in different fluency contexts. Neuropsychologia 2020; 148:107639. [PMID: 33007361 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study used event-related potentials (ERPs) to investigate the contribution of perceptual fluency to recognition memory in different fluency contexts. In a recognition memory test with a modified remember-know paradigm, we employed conceptually impoverished items (kaleidoscope images) as stimuli and manipulated the perceptual fluency of recognition test cues through masked repetition priming. There were two fluency context conditions. In the random fluency context (RC) condition, primed and unprimed trials were randomly inter-mixed. In the blocked fluency context (BC) condition, primed and unprimed trials were grouped into blocks. Behavioral results showed that priming elevated the incidence of remember hits and the accuracy of remember judgements in the RC condition; no such effects were evident in the BC condition. In addition, priming effects on reaction times were found only for remember hit responses in the RC condition. The ERP results revealed an early100-200 ms effect related to masked repetition priming, which took the form of greater positivity for primed than unprimed trials. This effect was modulated neither by fluency context or response type. The present findings suggest that perceptual fluency induced by masked repetition priming affects recollection-related memory judgments in a specific fluency context and indicate that relative, rather absolute, fluency plays a critical role in influencing recognition memory judgments.
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Mecklinger A, Bader R. From fluency to recognition decisions: A broader view of familiarity-based remembering. Neuropsychologia 2020; 146:107527. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2020.107527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Jia X, Gao C, Cui L, Guo C. Neurophysiological evidence for the retrieval practice effect under emotional context. Int J Psychophysiol 2019; 147:224-231. [PMID: 31857190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Testing has been demonstrated to enhance memory retention compared to restudy, which is known as the retrieval practice effect. Although much evidence has shown that emotional arousal has an impact on memory retention, little is known about how emotional arousal would influence the retrieval practice effect. To answer this question, the current study used emotional pictures as a context to induce the emotional arousal for restudy or retrieval practice. A Remember/Know paradigm was used in the final test with EEG recordings to examine how the impact of emotional arousal on retrieval practice effect would be reflected in familiarity or recollection. Behavioral results showed that the remembrance was enhanced by the retrieval practice compared to the restudy under both neutral and emotional contexts. Consistently, a parietal old/new effect from 500 to 800 ms was only found for the retrieval practice but not for the restudy condition under both neutral and emotional contexts. These findings indicated that retrieval practice could enhance later recollection when compared to restudy irrespective of emotional or neutral contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia 29201, SC, USA
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, PR China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 10048, PR China.
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Nie A, Xiao Y, Liu S, Zhu X, Zhang D. Sensitivity of Reality Monitoring to Fluency: Evidence from Behavioral Performance and Event-Related Potential (ERP) Old/New Effects. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:9490-9498. [PMID: 31830005 PMCID: PMC6927240 DOI: 10.12659/msm.917401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Item memory and source memory are differently processed with both behavioral and event-related potential (ERP) evidence. Reality monitoring, a specific type of source memory, which refers to the ability to differentiate external sources from internal sources, has been drawing much attention. Among factors that have an impact on reality monitoring, fluency has not been well-studied. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate whether fluency could affect reality monitoring, through observations on both behavioral performance and electrophysiological patterns. Material/Methods Adopting ERP techniques, participants were required either to watch the presentation of a name/picture pair, or to imagine a picture for each displayed name, once (low fluency) or twice (high fluency). Later they completed a reality monitoring task of identifying names as perceived, imagined, or novel items. Behavioral performance was measured, and ERP waveforms were recorded. Results Behaviorally, high fluency items were faster and more accurately attributed to the sources than low fluency items. ERP waveforms revealed that late positive component (LPC) occurred for all 4 types of items, while imagined items of low fluency did not record a robust FN400 or late frontal old/new effect. Conclusions As results revealed, the factor of fluency does influence reality monitoring in terms of accuracy and responding speed. Meanwhile, for imagined items of low fluency, the absence of FN400 and frontal old/new effect also suggests the sensitivity of reality monitoring to fluency, because these representatives of familiarity-based processing and post-retrieval monitoring are inevitably involved in the process of differentiating internal source from external source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiqing Nie
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Yueyue Xiao
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Si Liu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaolei Zhu
- Department of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
| | - Delin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China (mainland)
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Jia X, Gao C, Cui L, Guo C. The role of emotion arousal in the retrieval practice effect. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:3241-3252. [PMID: 31646349 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05658-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Many studies have shown that practicing retrieval produces better memory retention compared to restudy. Though previous literature has provided valuable insights about the retrieval practice effect, it is still unclear how emotion arousal influences the retrieval practice effect, and whether the effect would be manifested in recollection or familiarity processes. To answer these questions, in the current study, negative and neutral words were used as stimuli and participants were asked to perform a recognition test or restudy the words after initial study. At the end of the experiment, a final recognition test with involving the remember-know paradigm was shown. Behavioral data were collected with EEG recorded throughout the experiment. The behavioral retrieval practice effect was only found for the neutral but not the negative words. Consistently, significant ERP differences between the restudy and retrieval practice conditions were only found for neutral, but not negative items, which was a component from 700 to 900 ms at left-posterior electrode cluster. Moreover, we found that the effects of emotion arousal on the retrieval practice effect were mainly reflected in the recollection process. These findings provide behavioral and neural evidence that emotion arousal can influence the retrieval practice effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Jia
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, No. 23 Baiduizijia, Fuwaidajie St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Lixia Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, No. 23 Baiduizijia, Fuwaidajie St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, No. 23 Baiduizijia, Fuwaidajie St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China.
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Li B, Gao C, Wang W, Guo C. The effect of conceptual priming on subsequent familiarity: Behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. Biol Psychol 2019; 149:107783. [PMID: 31626873 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2019.107783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies on the neural mechanisms of how priming influences subsequent recognition memory have mainly focused on repetition priming, whereas the neural mechanisms of how conceptual priming affects subsequent recognition memory is still not clear. The present study investigated the electrophysiological correlates of how conceptual priming influences subsequent recognition memory. The behavioral results showed that conceptual priming only affected subsequent familiarity. The ERP results showed that conceptual priming was associated with reduced N400, and that the N400 conceptual priming effect predicted the behavioral effect of conceptual priming on subsequent familiarity. These results indicated that conceptual priming could influence subsequent familiarity by facilitating semantic processing in the encoding phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingbing Li
- School of Education Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou 221116, PR China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China
| | - Chuanji Gao
- Department of Psychology, Institute for Mind and Brain, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29201, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Modern Teaching Technology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, PR China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, PR China.
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