1
|
Horonyova P, Durisova I, Cermakova P, Babelova L, Buckova B, Sofrankova L, Valachovic M, Hsu YHH, Balazova M. The subtherapeutic dose of valproic acid induces the activity of cardiolipin-dependent proteins. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2024; 1865:149501. [PMID: 39079622 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2024.149501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 06/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
A mood-stabilizing anticonvulsant valproic acid (VPA) is a drug with a pleiotropic effect on cells. Here, we describe the impact of VPA on the metabolic function of human HAP1 cells. We show that VPA altered the biosynthetic pathway of cardiolipin (CL) and affected the activities of mitochondrial enzymes such as pyruvate dehydrogenase, α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase and NADH dehydrogenase. We demonstrate that a therapeutic dose of VPA (0.6 mM) has a harmful effect on cell growth and increases the production of reactive oxygen species and superoxides. On the contrary, less concentrated VPA (0.06 mM) increased the activities of CL-dependent enzymes leading to an increased level of oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production. The effect of VPA was also tested on the Barth syndrome model, which is characterized by a reduced amount of CL and an increased level of monolyso-CL. In this model, VPA treatment slightly attenuated the mitochondrial defects by altering the activities of CL-dependent enzymes. However, the presence of CL was essential for the increase in ATP production by VPA. Our findings highlight the potential therapeutic role of VPA in normalizing mitochondrial function in BTHS and shed light on the intricate interplay between lipid metabolism and mitochondrial physiology in health and disease. SUMMARY: This study investigates the dose-dependent effect of valproate, a mood-stabilizing drug, on mitochondrial function. The therapeutic concentration reduced overall cellular metabolic activity, while a subtherapeutic concentration notably improved the function of cardiolipin-dependent proteins within mitochondria. These findings shed light on novel aspects of valproate's effect and suggest potential practical applications for its use. By elucidating the differential effects of valproate doses on mitochondrial activity, this research underscores the drug's multifaceted role in cellular metabolism and highlights avenues for further exploration in therapeutic interventions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Horonyova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Ivana Durisova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Cermakova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Babelova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Buckova
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Sofrankova
- Institute of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Valachovic
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | - Maria Balazova
- Department of Membrane Biochemistry, Institute of Animal Biochemistry and Genetics, Centre of Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moedas MF, Simões RJM, Silva MFB. Mitochondrial targets in hyperammonemia: Addressing urea cycle function to improve drug therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2024; 222:116034. [PMID: 38307136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2024.116034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
The urea cycle (UC) is a critically important metabolic process for the disposal of nitrogen (ammonia) produced by amino acids catabolism. The impairment of this liver-specific pathway induced either by primary genetic defects or by secondary causes, namely those associated with hepatic disease or drug administration, may result in serious clinical consequences. Urea cycle disorders (UCD) and certain organic acidurias are the major groups of inherited rare diseases manifested with hyperammonemia (HA) with UC dysregulation. Importantly, several commonly prescribed drugs, including antiepileptics in monotherapy or polytherapy from carbamazepine to valproic acid or specific antineoplastic agents such as asparaginase or 5-fluorouracil may be associated with HA by mechanisms not fully elucidated. HA, disclosing an imbalance between ammoniagenesis and ammonia disposal via the UC, can evolve to encephalopathy which may lead to significant morbidity and central nervous system damage. This review will focus on biochemical mechanisms related with HA emphasizing some poorly understood perspectives behind the disruption of the UC and mitochondrial energy metabolism, namely: i) changes in acetyl-CoA or NAD+ levels in subcellular compartments; ii) post-translational modifications of key UC-related enzymes, namely acetylation, potentially affecting their catalytic activity; iii) the mitochondrial sirtuins-mediated role in ureagenesis. Moreover, the main UCD associated with HA will be summarized to highlight the relevance of investigating possible genetic mutations to account for unexpected HA during certain pharmacological therapies. The ammonia-induced effects should be avoided or overcome as part of safer therapeutic strategies to protect patients under treatment with drugs that may be potentially associated with HA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco F Moedas
- Research Institute for Medicines-iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ricardo J M Simões
- Research Institute for Medicines-iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida F B Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines-iMed.ULisboa, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Duarte IF, Caio J, Moedas MF, Rodrigues LA, Leandro AP, Rivera IA, Silva MFB. Dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase, pyruvate oxidation, and acetylation-dependent mechanisms intersecting drug iatrogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:7451-7468. [PMID: 34718827 PMCID: PMC11072406 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03996-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In human metabolism, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is one of the most intricate and large multimeric protein systems representing a central hub for cellular homeostasis. The worldwide used antiepileptic drug valproic acid (VPA) may potentially induce teratogenicity or a mild to severe hepatic toxicity, where the underlying mechanisms are not completely understood. This work aims to clarify the mechanisms that intersect VPA-related iatrogenic effects to PDC-associated dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD; E3) activity. DLD is also a key enzyme of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase, α-ketoadipate dehydrogenase, and the glycine decarboxylase complexes. The molecular effects of VPA will be reviewed underlining the data that sustain a potential interaction with DLD. The drug-associated effects on lipoic acid-related complexes activity may induce alterations on the flux of metabolites through tricarboxylic acid cycle, branched-chain amino acid oxidation, glycine metabolism and other cellular acetyl-CoA-connected reactions. The biotransformation of VPA involves its complete β-oxidation in mitochondria causing an imbalance on energy homeostasis. The drug consequences as histone deacetylase inhibitor and thus gene expression modulator have also been recognized. The mitochondrial localization of PDC is unequivocal, but its presence and function in the nucleus were also demonstrated, generating acetyl-CoA, crucial for histone acetylation. Bridging metabolism and epigenetics, this review gathers the evidence of VPA-induced interference with DLD or PDC functions, mainly in animal and cellular models, and highlights the uncharted in human. The consequences of this interaction may have significant impact either in mitochondrial or in nuclear acetyl-CoA-dependent processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I F Duarte
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - J Caio
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F Moedas
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Division of Molecular Metabolism, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L A Rodrigues
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - A P Leandro
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - I A Rivera
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M F B Silva
- The Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Metabolism and Genetics Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Ahmad W, Ebert PR. Suppression of a core metabolic enzyme dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase ( dld) protects against amyloid beta toxicity in C. elegans model of Alzheimer's disease. Genes Dis 2021; 8:849-866. [PMID: 34522713 PMCID: PMC8427249 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in energy metabolism is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but it is not known whether the observed decrease exacerbates or protects against the disease. The importance of energy metabolism in AD is reinforced by the observation that variants of dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLD), is genetically linked to late-onset AD. To determine whether DLD is a suitable therapeutic target, we suppressed the dld-1 gene in Caenorhabditis elegans that express human Aβ peptide in either muscles or neurons. Suppression of the dld-1 gene resulted in significant restoration of vitality and function that had been degraded by Aβ pathology. This included protection of neurons and muscles cells. The observed decrease in proteotoxicity was associated with a decrease in the formation of toxic oligomers rather than a decrease in the abundance of the Aβ peptide. The mitochondrial uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide 4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), which like dld-1 gene expression inhibits ATP synthesis, had no significant effect on Aβ toxicity. Proteomics data analysis revealed that beneficial effects after dld-1 suppression could be due to change in energy metabolism and activation of the pathways associated with proteasomal degradation, improved cell signaling and longevity. Thus, some features unique to dld-1 gene suppression are responsible for the therapeutic benefit. By direct genetic intervention, we have shown that acute inhibition of dld-1 gene function may be therapeutically beneficial. This result supports the hypothesis that lowering energy metabolism protects against Aβ pathogenicity and that DLD warrants further investigation as a therapeutic target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Waqar Ahmad
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Paul R. Ebert
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Giménez-Palomo A, Dodd S, Anmella G, Carvalho AF, Scaini G, Quevedo J, Pacchiarotti I, Vieta E, Berk M. The Role of Mitochondria in Mood Disorders: From Physiology to Pathophysiology and to Treatment. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:546801. [PMID: 34295268 PMCID: PMC8291901 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.546801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are cellular organelles involved in several biological processes, especially in energy production. Several studies have found a relationship between mitochondrial dysfunction and mood disorders, such as major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder. Impairments in energy production are found in these disorders together with higher levels of oxidative stress. Recently, many agents capable of enhancing antioxidant defenses or mitochondrial functioning have been studied for the treatment of mood disorders as adjuvant therapy to current pharmacological treatments. A better knowledge of mitochondrial physiology and pathophysiology might allow the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development and study of novel effective therapies to treat these specific mitochondrial impairments. This could be especially beneficial for treatment-resistant patients. In this article, we provide a focused narrative review of the currently available evidence supporting the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in mood disorders, the effects of current therapies on mitochondrial functions, and novel targeted therapies acting on mitochondrial pathways that might be useful for the treatment of mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Giménez-Palomo
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Seetal Dodd
- Deakin University, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Gerard Anmella
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Giselli Scaini
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Joao Quevedo
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, TX, United States.,Translational Psychiatry Laboratory, Graduate Program in Health Sciences, University of Southern Santa Catarina, Criciúma, Brazil.,Center of Excellence in Mood Disorders, Faillace Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Isabella Pacchiarotti
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Bipolar and Depressives Disorders Unit, Hospital Clínic, University of Barcelona, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Mental Health Research Networking Center (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael Berk
- School of Medicine, The Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Barwon Health, Geelong, VIC, Australia.,Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
ĽUPTÁK M, HROUDOVÁ J. Important Role of Mitochondria and the Effect of Mood Stabilizers on Mitochondrial Function. Physiol Res 2019; 68:S3-S15. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria primarily serve as source of cellular energy through the Krebs cycle and β-oxidation to generate substrates for oxidative phosphorylation. Redox reactions are used to transfer electrons through a gradient to their final acceptor, oxygen, and to pump hydrogen protons into the intermembrane space. Then, ATP synthase uses the electrochemical gradient to generate adenosine triphosphate (ATP). During these processes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated. ROS are highly reactive molecules with important physiological functions in cellular signaling. Mitochondria play a crucial role in intracellular calcium homeostasis and serve as transient calcium stores. High levels of both, ROS and free cytosolic calcium, can damage mitochondrial and cellular structures and trigger apoptosis. Impaired mitochondrial function has been described in many psychiatric diseases, including mood disorders, in terms of lowered mitochondrial membrane potential, suppressed ATP formation, imbalanced Ca2+ levels and increased ROS levels. In vitro models have indicated that mood stabilizers affect mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes, ROS production, ATP formation, Ca2+ buffering and the antioxidant system. Most studies support the hypothesis that mitochondrial dysfunction is a primary feature of mood disorders. The precise mechanism of action of mood stabilizers remains unknown, but new mitochondrial targets have been proposed for use as mood stabilizers and mitochondrial biomarkers in the evaluation of therapy effectiveness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. ĽUPTÁK
- Department of Pharmacology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Praena B, Bello-Morales R, de Castro F, López-Guerrero JA. Amidic derivatives of valproic acid, valpromide and valnoctamide, inhibit HSV-1 infection in oligodendrocytes. Antiviral Res 2019; 168:91-99. [PMID: 31132386 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous infectious agent that can establish latency in neurons, and in some cases, viral retrograde transport results in infection of the central nervous system (CNS). Several antivirals have been identified with the ability to inhibit HSV-1 replication in human cells to a greater or lesser degree, most of which are nucleoside analogues that unfortunately exhibit teratogenic potential, embryotoxicity, carcinogenic or antiproliferative activities and resistances in immunocompromised patients, specially. In the present study, we assessed two amidic derivatives of valproic acid (VPA) - valpromide (VPD) and valnoctamide (VCD) - which are already used in clinic treatments, as feasible HSV-1 antivirals in glial cells. Both VPD and VCD have exhibited increased efficacy in bipolar disorders and as anticonvulsant drugs compared to VPA, while being less teratogenic and hepatotoxic. Cytotoxicity assays carried out in our laboratory showed that VPD and VCD were not toxic in a human oligodendroglioma cell line (HOG), at least at the concentrations established for human treatments. Infectivity assays showed a significant inhibition of HSV-1 infection in HOG cells after VPD and VCD treatment, being more pronounced in VPD-treated cells, comparable to the effects obtained with acyclovir. Furthermore, the same antiherpetic effects of VPD were observed in other oligodendrocytic cell lines and rat primary oligodendrocytes (OPCs), confirming the results obtained in HOG cells. Altogether, our results allow us to propose VPD as a potential antiherpetic drug that is able to act directly on oligodendrocytes of the CNS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Praena
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Bello-Morales
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J A López-Guerrero
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The footprints of mitochondrial impairment and cellular energy crisis in the pathogenesis of xenobiotics-induced nephrotoxicity, serum electrolytes imbalance, and Fanconi's syndrome: A comprehensive review. Toxicology 2019; 423:1-31. [PMID: 31095988 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fanconi's Syndrome (FS) is a disorder characterized by impaired renal proximal tubule function. FS is associated with a vast defect in the renal reabsorption of several chemicals. Inherited and/or acquired conditions seem to be connected with FS. Several xenobiotics including many pharmaceuticals are capable of inducing FS and nephrotoxicity. Although the pathological state of FS is well described, the exact underlying etiology and cellular mechanism(s) of xenobiotics-induced nephrotoxicity, serum electrolytes imbalance, and FS are not elucidated. Constant and high dependence of the renal reabsorption process to energy (ATP) makes mitochondrial dysfunction as a pivotal mechanism which could be involved in the pathogenesis of FS. The current review focuses on the footprints of mitochondrial impairment in the etiology of xenobiotics-induced FS. Moreover, the importance of mitochondria protecting agents and their preventive/therapeutic capability against FS is highlighted. The information collected in this review may provide significant clues to new therapeutic interventions aimed at minimizing xenobiotics-induced renal injury, serum electrolytes imbalance, and FS.
Collapse
|
9
|
Yang X, Song J, Yan LJ. Chronic Inhibition of Mitochondrial Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase (DLDH) as an Approach to Managing Diabetic Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2019; 8:E32. [PMID: 30717346 PMCID: PMC6406859 DOI: 10.3390/antiox8020032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (DLDH) is a redox enzyme involved in decarboxylation of pyruvate to form acetyl-CoA during the cascade of glucose metabolism and mitochondrial adenine triphosphate (ATP) production. Depending on physiological or pathophysiological conditions, DLDH can either enhance or attenuate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species. Recent research in our laboratory has demonstrated that inhibition of DLDH induced antioxidative responses and could serve as a protective approach against oxidative stress in stroke injury. In this perspective article, we postulated that chronic inhibition of DLDH could also attenuate oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes. We discussed DLDH-involving mitochondrial metabolic pathways and metabolic intermediates that could accumulate upon DLDH inhibition and their corresponding roles in abrogating oxidative stress in diabetes. We also discussed a couple of DLDH inhibitors that could be tested in animal models of type 2 diabetes. It is our belief that DLDH inhibition could be a novel approach to fighting type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| | - Liang-Jun Yan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, UNT System College of Pharmacy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
De Michele G, Sorrentino P, Nesti C, Rubegni A, Ruggiero L, Peluso S, Antenora A, Quarantelli M, Filla A, De Michele G, Santorelli FM. Reversible Valproate-Induced Subacute Encephalopathy Associated With a MT-ATP8 Variant in the Mitochondrial Genome. Front Neurol 2018; 9:728. [PMID: 30214424 PMCID: PMC6125373 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: There are several reported cases of patients developing motor and cognitive neurological impairment under treatment with valproic acid (VPA). We describe a woman who developed a subacute encephalopathy after VPA intake, harboring a mitochondrial DNA variant, previously described as causing VPA sensitivity in one pediatric patient. Material and Methods: A 65-year old woman developed a progressive, severe neurological deterioration after a 3 month treatment with valproate sodium, 800 mg daily. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), muscle histochemical analysis and assay of mitochondrial enzymatic activities, and mitochondrial DNA sequencing were performed. Results: Neurological examination showed drowsiness, vertical gaze palsy, inability to either stand or walk, diffuse weakness, increased tendon reflexes. Blood lactate was increased, EEG showed diffuse theta and delta activity, MRI subcortical atrophy and leukoencephalopathy, MRS marked reduction of the NAA spectrum, with a small signal compatible with presence of lactate. Muscle biopsy evidenced presence of ragged red fibers (20%) and reduced COX reactivity. Assay of the muscle enzymatic activities showed multiple deficiencies of the electron transport chain and reduced ATP production. The mt.8393C>T variant in the MT-ATP8 gene was found in homoplasmy. The patient considerably improved after valproate withdrawal. Conclusion: The variant we found has been reported both as a polymorphism and, in a single patient, as related to the valproate-induced encephalopathy. The present case is the first bearing this mutation in homoplasmy. In case of neurological symptoms after starting VPA therapy, once hyperammonemia and liver failure have been ruled out, mtDNA abnormalities should be considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Pierpaolo Sorrentino
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Claudia Nesti
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Rubegni
- Molecular Medicine, IRCCS Fondazione Stella Maris, Pisa, Italy
| | - Lucia Ruggiero
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Silvio Peluso
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonella Antenora
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mario Quarantelli
- Institute of Biostructure and Bioimaging, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Filla
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Napoli, Italy
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Ramachandran A, Visschers RGJ, Duan L, Akakpo JY, Jaeschke H. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a mechanism of drug-induced hepatotoxicity: current understanding and future perspectives. J Clin Transl Res 2018. [PMID: 30873497 PMCID: PMC6261533 DOI: 10.18053/jctres.04.201801.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are critical cellular organelles for energy generation and are now also recognized as playing important roles in cellular signaling. Their central role in energy metabolism, as well as their high abundance in hepatocytes, make them important targets for drug-induced hepatotoxicity. This review summarizes the current mechanistic understanding of the role of mitochondria in drug-induced hepatotoxicity caused by acetaminophen, diclofenac, anti-tuberculosis drugs such as rifampin and isoniazid, anti-epileptic drugs such as valproic acid and constituents of herbal supplements such as pyrrolizidine alkaloids. The utilization of circulating mitochondrial-specific biomarkers in understanding mechanisms of toxicity in humans will also be examined. In summary, it is well-established that mitochondria are central to acetaminophen-induced cell death. However, the most promising areas for clinically useful therapeutic interventions after acetaminophen toxicity may involve the promotion of adaptive responses and repair processes including mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, In contrast, the limited understanding of the role of mitochondria in various aspects of hepatotoxicity by most other drugs and herbs requires more detailed mechanistic investigations in both animals and humans. Development of clinically relevant animal models and more translational studies using mechanistic biomarkers are critical for progress in this area. Relevance for patients:This review focuses on the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in liver injury mechanisms of clinically important drugs like acetaminophen, diclofenac, rifampicin, isoniazid, amiodarone and others. A better understanding ofthe mechanisms in animal models and their translation to patients will be critical for the identification of new therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anup Ramachandran
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Ruben G J Visschers
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Jephte Y Akakpo
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kudin AP, Mawasi H, Eisenkraft A, Elger CE, Bialer M, Kunz WS. Mitochondrial Liver Toxicity of Valproic Acid and Its Acid Derivatives Is Related to Inhibition of α-Lipoamide Dehydrogenase. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18091912. [PMID: 28878165 PMCID: PMC5618561 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18091912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver toxicity of valproic acid (VPA) is an established side effect of this widely used antiepileptic drug, which is extremely problematic for patients with metabolic epilepsy and particularly epilepsy due to mitochondrial dysfunction. In the present report, we investigated the reason for liver mitochondrial toxicity of VPA and several acid and amide VPA analogues. While the pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidation rates of rat brain mitochondria were nearly unaffected by VPA, rat liver mitochondrial pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidation was severely impaired by VPA concentrations above 100 µM. Among the reactions involved in pyruvate oxidation, pyruvate transport and dehydrogenation steps were not affected by VPA, while α-lipoamide dehydrogenase was strongly inhibited. Strong inhibition of α-lipoamide dehydrogenase was also noted for the VPA one-carbon homolog sec -butylpropylacetic acid (SPA) and to a lesser extent for the VPA constitutional isomer valnoctic acid (VCA), while the corresponding amides of the above three acids valpromide (VPD), sec -butylpropylacetamide (SPD) and valnoctamide (VCD) showed only small effects. We conclude that the active inhibitors of pyruvate and 2-oxoglutarate oxidation are the CoA conjugates of VPA and its acid analogues affecting selectively α-lipoamide dehydrogenase in liver. Amide analogues of VPA, like VCD, show low inhibitory effects on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the liver, which might be relevant for treatment of patients with mitochondrial epilepsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexei P Kudin
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Hafiz Mawasi
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Arik Eisenkraft
- Institute for Research in Military Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Christian E Elger
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Meir Bialer
- Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
| | - Wolfram S Kunz
- Department of Epileptology and Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Aucamp J, Van Dyk HC, Bronkhorst AJ, Pretorius PJ. Valproic acid alters the content and function of the cell-free DNA released by hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells in vitro. Biochimie 2017; 140:93-105. [PMID: 28668269 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has long been believed that cell-free DNA (cfDNA) actively released into circulation can serve as intercellular messengers, and their involvement in processes such as the bystander effect strongly support this. However, this intercellular messaging function of cfDNA may have clinical implications that have not yet been considered. METHODS CfDNA was isolated from the growth medium of HepG2 cells treated with valproic acid (VPA). This cfDNA was then administered to untreated cells and cellular metabolic activity was measured. RESULTS VPA altered the characteristics of cfDNA released by treated HepG2 cells in vitro. When administered to untreated cells, the cfDNA from cells treated with VPA resulted in the dose-dependent induction of glycolytic activity within 36 min of administration, but little to no alterations in oxidative phosphorylation. The glycolytic activity lasted for 4-6 h, whereas changes in subsequent cfDNA release and characteristics were found to remain persistent after two 24 h treatments. Fragmented genomic DNA from VPA-treated cells did not induce the effects observed for cfDNA obtained VPA-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS It is possible for cfDNA to, under in vitro conditions, transfer pharmaceutically-induced effects to untreated recipient cells. Further investigation regarding this occurrence under in vivo conditions is, therefore, strongly encouraged. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The intercellular messaging functions of cfDNA present in donated biological fluids has potential clinical implications that require urgent attention. These implications may, however, also have potential as new forms of treatment that can circumvent pharmacological barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janine Aucamp
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa.
| | - Hayley C Van Dyk
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Abel J Bronkhorst
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| | - Piet J Pretorius
- Human Metabolomics, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Hoffman Street, Potchefstroom, 2520, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Affiliation(s)
- Eike Blohm
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Mark Neavyn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Division of Toxicology, University of Massachusetts Medical Center, Worcester, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Spilioti M, Pavlou E, Gogou M, Katsanika I, Papadopoulou-Alataki E, Grafakou O, Gkampeta A, Dinopoulos A, Evangeliou A. Valproate effect on ketosis in children under ketogenic diet. Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2016; 20:555-9. [PMID: 27117552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although ketogenic diet has been proven useful in the management of intractable seizures, interactions with other medicines have been reported. This study reports two patients on co-administration with ketogenic diet and valproate appearing undesirable side effects after increase or decrease of valproate pharmaceutical levels. METHODS Totally 75 patients suffering from drug-resistant epilepsy were treated with ketogenic diet in our departments. Their age varied from 6 months to 9 years. All patients were followed for at least 12 months and up to five years. Clinical and laboratory variables have been regularly assessed. RESULTS In 75 patients treated with ketogenic diet and valproate at the same time treatment was well tolerated. Two patients presented mild to moderate undesirable effects. In these patients the removal of valproate treatment resulted in an increase of ketosis with respective clinical signs. The conversion of the diet from 4:1 to 1:1 and 2,5:1 respectively resulted in reduction of ketosis and clinical improvement. CONCLUSION In the majority of cases co-administration of valproate and ketogenic diet seems to be safe. In two cases, valproate appeared to have a negative effect on ketosis (and weaning it led to over-ketosis). This interaction is worthy of future study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martha Spilioti
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelos Pavlou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Gogou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Irene Katsanika
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efimia Papadopoulou-Alataki
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Grafakou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasia Gkampeta
- 1st Department of Neurology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece; 2nd Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University General Hospital AHEPA, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Argyrios Dinopoulos
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics, University of Athens, Attikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Evangeliou
- 4th Department of Pediatrics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Papageorgiou General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Klein S, Maggioni S, Bucher J, Mueller D, Niklas J, Shevchenko V, Mauch K, Heinzle E, Noor F. In Silico Modeling for the Prediction of Dose and Pathway-Related Adverse Effects in Humans From In Vitro Repeated-Dose Studies. Toxicol Sci 2015; 149:55-66. [PMID: 26420750 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term repeated-dose toxicity is mainly assessed in animals despite poor concordance of animal data with human toxicity. Nowadays advanced human in vitro systems, eg, metabolically competent HepaRG cells, are used for toxicity screening. Extrapolation of in vitro toxicity to in vivo effects is possible by reverse dosimetry using pharmacokinetic modeling. We assessed long-term repeated-dose toxicity of bosentan and valproic acid (VPA) in HepaRG cells under serum-free conditions. Upon 28-day exposure, the EC50 values for bosentan and VPA decreased by 21- and 33-fold, respectively. Using EC(10) as lowest threshold of toxicity in vitro, we estimated the oral equivalent doses for both test compounds using a simplified pharmacokinetic model for the extrapolation of in vitro toxicity to in vivo effect. The model predicts that bosentan is safe at the considered dose under the assumed conditions upon 4 weeks exposure. For VPA, hepatotoxicity is predicted for 4% and 47% of the virtual population at the maximum recommended daily dose after 3 and 4 weeks of exposure, respectively. We also investigated the changes in the central carbon metabolism of HepaRG cells exposed to orally bioavailable concentrations of both drugs. These concentrations are below the 28-day EC(10) and induce significant changes especially in glucose metabolism and urea production. These metabolic changes may have a pronounced impact in susceptible patients such as those with compromised liver function and urea cycle deficiency leading to idiosyncratic toxicity. We show that the combination of modeling based on in vitro repeated-dose data and metabolic changes allows the prediction of human relevant in vivo toxicity with mechanistic insights.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Klein
- *Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Silvia Maggioni
- IRCCS - Instituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri," 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Joachim Bucher
- Insilico Biotechnology AG, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany, and
| | - Daniel Mueller
- *Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Jens Niklas
- Insilico Biotechnology AG, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany, and
| | | | - Klaus Mauch
- Insilico Biotechnology AG, 70563 Stuttgart, Germany, and
| | - Elmar Heinzle
- *Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany
| | - Fozia Noor
- *Biochemical Engineering, Saarland University, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany,
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Finsterer J, Frank M. Re: Sodium Valproate-Induced Myopathy in a Child. Sultan Qaboos Univ Med J 2015; 15:e442-3. [PMID: 26356090 PMCID: PMC4554286 DOI: 10.18295/squmj.2015.15.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Finsterer
- Departments of Neurology, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftng, Vienna, Austria
| | - Marlies Frank
- First Medical, Krankenanstalt Rudolfstiftng, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Effects of Mood Stabilizers on Brain Energy Metabolism in Mice Submitted to an Animal Model of Mania Induced by Paradoxical Sleep Deprivation. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:1144-52. [PMID: 25894682 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-015-1575-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a body of evidence suggesting that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in bipolar disorder (BD) pathogenesis. Studies suggest that abnormalities in circadian cycles are involved in the pathophysiology of affective disorders; paradoxical sleep deprivation (PSD) induces hyperlocomotion in mice. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the effects of lithium (Li) and valproate (VPA) in an animal model of mania induced by PSD for 96 h. PSD increased exploratory activity, and mood stabilizers prevented PSD-induced behavioral effects. PSD also induced a significant decrease in the activity of complex II-III in hippocampus and striatum; complex IV activity was decreased in prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. Additionally, VPA administration was able to prevent PSD-induced inhibition of complex II-III and IV activities in prefrontal cortex, cerebellum, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex, whereas Li administration prevented PSD-induced inhibition only in prefrontal cortex and hippocampus. Regarding the enzymes of Krebs cycle, only citrate synthase activity was increased by PSD in prefrontal cortex. We also found a similar effect in creatine kinase, an important enzyme that acts in the buffering of ATP levels in brain; its activity was increased in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and cerebral cortex. These results are consistent with the connection of mitochondrial dysfunction and hyperactivity in BD and suggest that the present model fulfills adequate face, construct and predictive validity as an animal model of mania.
Collapse
|
20
|
Komulainen T, Lodge T, Hinttala R, Bolszak M, Pietilä M, Koivunen P, Hakkola J, Poulton J, Morten KJ, Uusimaa J. Sodium valproate induces mitochondrial respiration dysfunction in HepG2 in vitro cell model. Toxicology 2015; 331:47-56. [PMID: 25745980 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sodium valproate (VPA) is a potentially hepatotoxic antiepileptic drug. Risk of VPA-induced hepatotoxicity is increased in patients with mitochondrial diseases and especially in patients with POLG1 gene mutations. We used a HepG2 cell in vitro model to investigate the effect of VPA on mitochondrial activity. Cells were incubated in glucose medium and mitochondrial respiration-inducing medium supplemented with galactose and pyruvate. VPA treatments were carried out at concentrations of 0-2.0mM for 24-72 h. In both media, VPA caused decrease in oxygen consumption rates and mitochondrial membrane potential. VPA exposure led to depleted ATP levels in HepG2 cells incubated in galactose medium suggesting dysfunction in mitochondrial ATP production. In addition, VPA exposure for 72 h increased levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS), but adversely decreased protein levels of mitochondrial superoxide dismutase SOD2, suggesting oxidative stress caused by impaired elimination of mitochondrial ROS and a novel pathomechanism related to VPA toxicity. Increased cell death and decrease in cell number was detected under both metabolic conditions. However, immunoblotting did not show any changes in the protein levels of the catalytic subunit A of mitochondrial DNA polymerase γ, the mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II and IV, ATP synthase, E3 subunit dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase of pyruvate dehydrogenase, 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and glutathione peroxidase. Our results show that VPA inhibits mitochondrial respiration and leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and increased cell death, thus suggesting an essential role of mitochondria in VPA-induced hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tuomas Komulainen
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland.
| | - Tiffany Lodge
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX6 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Reetta Hinttala
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Maija Bolszak
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mika Pietilä
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Peppi Koivunen
- Biocenter Oulu, Faculty of Biochemisty and Molecular Medicine, Oulu Center for Cell-Matrix Research, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5400, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, P.O. Box 5000, FI-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX6 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Morten
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Women's Centre, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX6 9DU, United Kingdom
| | - Johanna Uusimaa
- PEDEGO Research Center and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland; Department of Children and Adolescents, Division of Pediatric Neurology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 23, FI-90029 OYS, Oulu, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jennings P, Schwarz M, Landesmann B, Maggioni S, Goumenou M, Bower D, Leonard MO, Wiseman JS. SEURAT-1 liver gold reference compounds: a mechanism-based review. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2099-133. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
22
|
Mampilly GT, Mampilly TK, Christopher R, Chandramohan N, Janaki V. Challenges in diagnosing a metabolic disorder: error of pyruvate metabolism or drug induced? J Child Neurol 2014; 29:833-6. [PMID: 23439713 DOI: 10.1177/0883073813477201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Certain drugs are known to cause metabolic changes resulting in altered metabolic profiles. We report here a case where a combination of antiepileptic drugs resulted in a profile that mimicked a metabolic disorder. A 16month-old female child on antiepileptic drugs (valproate and topiramate) was suspected to have the inherited metabolic disorder, dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency, based on clinical symptoms and metabolic profile showing hyperalaninemia, elevated branched-chain amino acids, and lactate-pyruvate ratio. Suspecting that the observed metabolic changes could have also arised from medication, current medication was weaned off and replaced with levetiracetam, clonazepam, and levocarnitine (supportive therapy). Metabolic profiling conducted after 47 days showed normal alanine, branched-chain amino acids, ornithine, and lactate-pyruvate ratio, suggesting that the earlier abnormalities could have been medication induced. We stress that metabolic changes resulting from chronic medication should be considered while interpreting a positive result when investigating an inherited metabolic disorder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Tomy Mampilly
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities, Muttukadu, Chennai, India
| | - Tomy Kochuvareed Mampilly
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities, Muttukadu, Chennai, India
| | - Rita Christopher
- Department of Neurochemistry, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
| | - Neeradha Chandramohan
- Department of Clinical Psychology, National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities, Muttukadu, Chennai, India
| | - Vijayalakshmy Janaki
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, National Institute for Empowerment of Persons with Multiple Disabilities, Muttukadu, Chennai, India
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Aurangzeb S, Vale T, Tofaris G, Poulton J, Turner MR. Mitochondrial encephalomyopathy with lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) in the older adult. Pract Neurol 2014; 14:432-6. [PMID: 24828681 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2014-000853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Vale
- Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - George Tofaris
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joanna Poulton
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Luís PBM, Ruiter J, IJlst L, de Almeida IT, Duran M, Wanders RJA, Silva MFB. Valproyl-CoA inhibits the activity of ATP- and GTP-dependent succinate:CoA ligases. J Inherit Metab Dis 2014; 37:353-7. [PMID: 24154984 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-013-9657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Valproic acid (VPA) is an effective antiepileptic drug that may induce progressive microvesicular steatosis. The impairment of mitochondrial function may be an important metabolic effect of VPA treatment with potential adverse consequences. OBJECTIVE To investigate the influence of VPA on the activity of GTP- and ATP-specific succinate:CoA ligases (G-SUCL and A-SUCL). METHODS The GTP- and ATP-specific SUCL activities were measured in human fibroblasts in the reverse direction, i.e. the formation of succinyl-CoA. These were assessed at different concentrations of succinate in the presence of VPA, valproyl-CoA and zinc chloride, an established inhibitor of the enzymes. Activities were measured using an optimized HPLC procedure. RESULTS Valproyl-CoA (1 mM) inhibited the activity of A-SUCL and G-SUCL by 45-55% and 25-50%, respectively. VPA (1 mM) had no influence on the activity of the two enzymes. DISCUSSION Valproyl-CoA appears to affect the activity of SUCL, especially with the ATP-specific enzyme. Considering the key role of SUCL in the Krebs cycle, interference with its activity might impair the cellular energy status. Moreover, A-SUCL is bound to the nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK), which is responsible for the mitochondrial (deoxy)nucleotide synthesis. An inhibition of A-SUCL might influence the activity of NDPK inducing an imbalance of nucleotides in the mitochondria and eventually mitochondrial DNA depletion. This may account for the potential liver failure associated with valproate therapy, reported in patients with deficiencies within the mitochondrial DNA replicase system such as polymerase gamma 1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paula B M Luís
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences - iMED.UL, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Finsterer J, Zarrouk Mahjoub S. Mitochondrial toxicity of antiepileptic drugs and their tolerability in mitochondrial disorders. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2011; 8:71-9. [DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2012.644535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
|
26
|
Valproic acid utilizes the isoleucine breakdown pathway for its complete β-oxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 2011; 82:1740-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2011.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 07/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
27
|
Mahmoud F, Tampi RR. Valproic Acid–Induced Parkinsonism in the Elderly: A Comprehensive Review of the Literature. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 9:405-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.amjopharm.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
|
28
|
Inhibitors of succinate: quinone reductase/Complex II regulate production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species and protect normal cells from ischemic damage but induce specific cancer cell death. Pharm Res 2011; 28:2695-730. [PMID: 21863476 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0566-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Succinate:quinone reductase (SQR) of Complex II occupies a unique central point in the mitochondrial respiratory system as a major source of electrons driving reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It is an ideal pharmaceutical target for modulating ROS levels in normal cells to prevent oxidative stress-induced damage or alternatively,increase ROS in cancer cells, inducing cell death.The value of drugs like diazoxide to prevent ROS production,protecting normal cells, whereas vitamin E analogues promote ROS in cancer cells to kill them is highlighted. As pharmaceuticals these agents may prevent degenerative disease and their modes of action are presently being fully explored. The evidence that SDH/Complex II is tightly coupled to the NADH/NAD+ ratio in all cells,impacted by the available supplies of Krebs cycle intermediates as essential NAD-linked substrates, and the NAD+-dependent regulation of SDH/Complex II are reviewed, as are links to the NAD+-dependent dehydrogenases, Complex I and the E3 dihiydrolipoamide dehydrogenase to produce ROS. This review collates and discusses diverse sources of information relating to ROS production in different biological systems, focussing on evidence for SQR as the main source of ROS production in mitochondria, particularly its relevance to protection from oxidative stress and to the mitochondrial-targeted anti cancer drugs (mitocans) as novel cancer therapies [corrected].
Collapse
|
29
|
Brion L, Gorostizaga A, Gómez NV, Podestá EJ, Cornejo Maciel F, Paz C. Valproic acid alters mitochondrial cholesterol transport in Y1 adrenocortical cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2010; 25:7-12. [PMID: 20732403 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 08/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Several reports suggest putative interactions between valproic acid (VPA) treatment and the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Given that VPA alters mitochondrial functions, an action of this drug on a mitochondrial process such as steroid synthesis in adrenal cells should be expected. In order to disclose a putative action of VPA on the adrenocortical cell itself we evaluated VPA effects on regulatory steps of the acute stimulation of steroidogenesis in Y1 adrenocortical cells. This study demonstrates that VPA increases progesterone production in non-stimulated cells without inducing the levels of Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) protein, which facilitates cholesterol transport. This result suggests that VPA increases mitochondrial cholesterol transport through a StAR-independent mechanism and is further supported by the fact that in isolated mitochondria VPA stimulates exogenous cholesterol metabolization to progesterone. VPA also reduces the cAMP-mediated increase of the StAR protein, mRNA levels, promoter activity and progesterone production. In summary, the present data show that VPA can alter steroid production in adrenal cells by a complex mechanism that mainly involves an action on cholesterol access to the inner mitochondrial membrane. The VPA-mediated increase of basal steroidogenesis could be linked to the increase of basal cortisolemia described in patients under VPA treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Brion
- IIHMNO-Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Berger I, Segal I, Shmueli D, Saada A. The effect of antiepileptic drugs on mitochondrial activity: a pilot study. J Child Neurol 2010; 25:541-5. [PMID: 20413803 DOI: 10.1177/0883073809352888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are probably a target in antiepileptic drug-induced hepatotoxicity accompanied by oxidative stress. Most studies discuss valproic acid. The information regarding other antiepileptic drugs is scarce. Most studies used in vitro methods and animal models. In this study, the authors have investigated the effect of antiepileptic drugs, other than valproic acid, on the oxidative phosphorylation process in children, by measuring mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and the enzymatic activities of respiratory chain complexes II-IV in peripheral white blood cells. The results demonstrate that several antiepileptic drugs can affect the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. The authors have concluded that the effect of antiepileptic drugs on the mitochondria is not limited only to valproic acid, but can affect different mitochondrial pathways and can be performed in humans by relatively simple methods, using small samples of peripheral white blood cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Itai Berger
- The Neuro-Pediatric Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
|
32
|
Common effects of lithium and valproate on mitochondrial functions: protection against methamphetamine-induced mitochondrial damage. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2009; 12:805-22. [PMID: 19149911 PMCID: PMC2779114 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145708009802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dysfunction plays a critical role in the progression of a variety of neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. Thus, enhancing mitochondrial function could potentially help ameliorate the impairments of neural plasticity and cellular resilience associated with a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. A series of studies was undertaken to investigate the effects of mood stabilizers on mitochondrial function, and against mitochondrially mediated neurotoxicity. We found that long-term treatment with lithium and valproate (VPA) enhanced cell respiration rate. Furthermore, chronic treatment with lithium or VPA enhanced mitochondrial function as determined by mitochondrial membrane potential, and mitochondrial oxidation in SH-SY5Y cells. In-vivo studies showed that long-term treatment with lithium or VPA protected against methamphetamine (Meth)-induced toxicity at the mitochondrial level. Furthermore, these agents prevented the Meth-induced reduction of mitochondrial cytochrome c, the mitochondrial anti-apoptotic Bcl-2/Bax ratio, and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase (COX) activity. Oligoarray analysis demonstrated that the gene expression of several proteins related to the apoptotic pathway and mitochondrial functions were altered by Meth, and these changes were attenuated by treatment with lithium or VPA. One of the genes, Bcl-2, is a common target for lithium and VPA. Knock-down of Bcl-2 with specific Bcl-2 siRNA reduced the lithium- and VPA-induced increases in mitochondrial oxidation. These findings illustrate that lithium and VPA enhance mitochondrial function and protect against mitochondrially mediated toxicity. These agents may have potential clinical utility in the treatment of other diseases associated with impaired mitochondrial function, such as neurodegenerative diseases and schizophrenia.
Collapse
|
33
|
Barhoumi R, Qian Y, Burghardt RC, Tiffany-Castiglioni E. Image analysis of Ca2+ signals as a basis for neurotoxicity assays: promises and challenges. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2009; 32:16-24. [PMID: 19555758 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2009.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2008] [Revised: 03/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Free intracellular calcium ([Ca(2+)](i)) controls a wide range of cellular functions such as contraction, neurotransmitter and hormone release, metabolism, cell division and differentiation. Cytosolic Ca(2+) levels are abnormal in cells exposed to toxicants and understanding how these levels become altered may improve our ability to design high-throughput methods for the sensitive detection of cellular responses to a toxic exposure. Because Ca(2+) is involved in multiple aspects of cellular function, its role in signaling is complex. It is therefore necessary to identify the individual pathways targeted during toxicant exposure in order to use them as a tool for predictive measurements of toxicity and as targets for prevention or reversal of injury. This review illustrates several methods available for analysis of Ca(2+) responses in vitro and their applicability for understanding mechanisms of toxicity at the molecular and cellular levels. The review will also consider the usefulness of Ca(2+) imaging for predicting a unique signature for classes of toxicants. Towards this end, two methodological approaches for assessment of Ca(2+) responses to toxicants are examined: steady state measurements and complex spatial and/or temporal measurements. Each of the methods described and appropriately used results in reliable and reproducible measurements which may be applied in a high-throughput fashion to individualize in vitro assessment of cellular responses caused by toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rola Barhoumi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Aires CC, Soveral G, Luís PB, ten Brink HJ, de Almeida IT, Duran M, Wanders RJ, Silva MF. Pyruvate uptake is inhibited by valproic acid and metabolites in mitochondrial membranes. FEBS Lett 2008; 582:3359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2008.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Revised: 08/06/2008] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|