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Han H, Yu C, Qi J, Wang P, Zhao P, Gong W, Xie C, Xia X, Liu C. High-efficient production of mushroom polyketide compounds in a platform host Aspergillus oryzae. Microb Cell Fact 2023; 22:60. [PMID: 36998045 PMCID: PMC10064546 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02071-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orsellinic acid (2,4-dihydroxy-6-methylbenzoic acid, OA) and its structural analog o-Orsellinaldehyde, have become widely used intermediates in clinical drugs synthesis. Although the research on the biosynthesis of such compounds has made significant progress, due to the lack of suitable hosts, there is still far from the industrial production of such compounds based on synthetic biology. RESULTS With the help of genome mining, we found a polyketide synthase (PKS, HerA) in the genome of the Hericium erinaceus, which shares 60% amino acid sequence homology with ArmB from Armillaria mellea, an identified PKS capable of synthesizing OA. To characterize the function of HerA, we cloned herA and heterologously expressed it in Aspergillus oryzae, and successfully detected the production of OA. Subsequently, the introduction of an incomplete PKS (Pks5) from Ustilago maydis containing only three domains (AMP-ACP-R), which was into herA-containing A. oryzae, the resulted in the production of o-Orsellinaldehyde. Considering the economic value of OA and o-Orsellinaldehyde, we then optimized the yield of these compounds in A. oryzae. The screening showed that when maltose was used as carbon source, the yields of OA and o-Orsellinaldehyde were 57.68 mg/L and 15.71 mg/L respectively, while the yields were 340.41 mg/Kg and 84.79 mg/Kg respectively in rice medium for 10 days. CONCLUSIONS Herein, we successfully expressed the genes of basidiomycetes using A. oryzae heterologous host. As a fungus of ascomycetes, which not only correctly splices genes of basidiomycetes containing multiple introns, but also efficiently produces their metabolites. This study highlights that A. oryzae is an excellent host for the heterologous production of fungal natural products, and has the potential to become an efficient chassis for the production of basidiomycete secondary metabolites in synthetic biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Han
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunyan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jianzhao Qi
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pengchao Wang
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Peipei Zhao
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China
| | - Wenbing Gong
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Chunliang Xie
- Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, Hunan, China
| | - Xuekui Xia
- Biology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250103, Shandong, China.
| | - Chengwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Enzyme and Enzyme-Like Material Engineering of Heilongjiang, College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
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2
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Goojani HG, Besharati S, Chauhan P, Asseri AH, Lill H, Bald D. Cytochrome bd-I from Escherichia coli is catalytically active in the absence of the CydH subunit. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:547-556. [PMID: 36460943 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd-I from Escherichia coli is a terminal oxidase in the respiratory chain that plays an important role under stress conditions. Cytochrome bd-I was thought to consist of the major subunits CydA and CydB plus the small CydX subunit. Recent high-resolution structures of cytochrome bd-I demonstrated the presence of an additional subunit, CydH/CydY (called CydH here), the function of which is unclear. In this report, we show that in the absence of CydH, cytochrome bd-I is catalytically active, can sustain bacterial growth and displays haem spectra and susceptibility for haem-binding inhibitors comparable to the wild-type enzyme. Removal of CydH did not elicit catalase activity of cytochrome bd-I in our experimental system. Taken together, in the absence of the CydH subunit cytochrome bd-I retained key enzymatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hojjat Ghasemi Goojani
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Samira Besharati
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Priyanka Chauhan
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amer H Asseri
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Holger Lill
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Bald
- Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), AIMMS, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Identification and optimization of quinolone-based inhibitors against cytochrome bd oxidase using an electrochemical assay. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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4
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Beebout CJ, Sominsky LA, Eberly AR, Van Horn GT, Hadjifrangiskou M. Cytochrome bd promotes Escherichia coli biofilm antibiotic tolerance by regulating accumulation of noxious chemicals. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:35. [PMID: 33863914 PMCID: PMC8052454 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00210-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutrient gradients in biofilms cause bacteria to organize into metabolically versatile communities capable of withstanding threats from external agents including bacteriophages, phagocytes, and antibiotics. We previously determined that oxygen availability spatially organizes respiration in uropathogenic Escherichia coli biofilms, and that the high-affinity respiratory quinol oxidase cytochrome bd is necessary for extracellular matrix production and biofilm development. In this study we investigate the physiologic consequences of cytochrome bd deficiency in biofilms and determine that loss of cytochrome bd induces a biofilm-specific increase in expression of general diffusion porins, leading to elevated outer membrane permeability. In addition, loss of cytochrome bd impedes the proton mediated efflux of noxious chemicals by diminishing respiratory flux. As a result, loss of cytochrome bd enhances cellular accumulation of noxious chemicals and increases biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics. These results identify an undescribed link between E. coli biofilm respiration and stress tolerance, while suggesting the possibility of inhibiting cytochrome bd as an antibiofilm therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor J. Beebout
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Levy A. Sominsky
- grid.152326.10000 0001 2264 7217Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Allison R. Eberly
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.66875.3a0000 0004 0459 167XPresent Address: Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN USA
| | - Gerald T. Van Horn
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Maria Hadjifrangiskou
- grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA ,grid.412807.80000 0004 1936 9916Vanderbilt Institute for Infection, Immunology, and Inflammation, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN USA
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5
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Sarewicz M, Pintscher S, Pietras R, Borek A, Bujnowicz Ł, Hanke G, Cramer WA, Finazzi G, Osyczka A. Catalytic Reactions and Energy Conservation in the Cytochrome bc1 and b6f Complexes of Energy-Transducing Membranes. Chem Rev 2021; 121:2020-2108. [PMID: 33464892 PMCID: PMC7908018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on key components of respiratory and photosynthetic energy-transduction systems: the cytochrome bc1 and b6f (Cytbc1/b6f) membranous multisubunit homodimeric complexes. These remarkable molecular machines catalyze electron transfer from membranous quinones to water-soluble electron carriers (such as cytochromes c or plastocyanin), coupling electron flow to proton translocation across the energy-transducing membrane and contributing to the generation of a transmembrane electrochemical potential gradient, which powers cellular metabolism in the majority of living organisms. Cytsbc1/b6f share many similarities but also have significant differences. While decades of research have provided extensive knowledge on these enzymes, several important aspects of their molecular mechanisms remain to be elucidated. We summarize a broad range of structural, mechanistic, and physiological aspects required for function of Cytbc1/b6f, combining textbook fundamentals with new intriguing concepts that have emerged from more recent studies. The discussion covers but is not limited to (i) mechanisms of energy-conserving bifurcation of electron pathway and energy-wasting superoxide generation at the quinol oxidation site, (ii) the mechanism by which semiquinone is stabilized at the quinone reduction site, (iii) interactions with substrates and specific inhibitors, (iv) intermonomer electron transfer and the role of a dimeric complex, and (v) higher levels of organization and regulation that involve Cytsbc1/b6f. In addressing these topics, we point out existing uncertainties and controversies, which, as suggested, will drive further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sarewicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sebastian Pintscher
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Rafał Pietras
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Borek
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Łukasz Bujnowicz
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Guy Hanke
- School
of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - William A. Cramer
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 United States
| | - Giovanni Finazzi
- Laboratoire
de Physiologie Cellulaire et Végétale, Université Grenoble Alpes, Centre National Recherche Scientifique,
Commissariat Energie Atomique et Energies Alternatives, Institut National
Recherche l’agriculture, l’alimentation et l’environnement, 38054 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Artur Osyczka
- Department
of Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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6
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Rosell-Hidalgo A, Young L, Moore AL, Ghafourian T. QSAR and molecular docking for the search of AOX inhibitors: a rational drug discovery approach. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2020; 35:245-260. [PMID: 33289903 PMCID: PMC7904559 DOI: 10.1007/s10822-020-00360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a monotopic diiron carboxylate protein that catalyses the oxidation of ubiquinol and the reduction of oxygen to water. Although a number of AOX inhibitors have been discovered, little is still known about the ligand–protein interaction and essential chemical characteristics of compounds required for a potent inhibition. Furthermore, owing to the rapidly growing resistance to existing inhibitors, new compounds with improved potency and pharmacokinetic properties are urgently required. In this study we used two computational approaches, ligand–protein docking and Quantitative Structure–Activity Relationships (QSAR) to investigate binding of AOX inhibitors to the enzyme and the molecular characteristics required for inhibition. Docking studies followed by protein–ligand interaction fingerprint (PLIF) analysis using the AOX enzyme and the mutated analogues revealed the importance of the residues Leu 122, Arg 118 and Thr 219 within the hydrophobic cavity. QSAR analysis, using stepwise regression analysis with experimentally obtained IC50 values as the response variable, resulted in a multiple regression model with a good prediction accuracy. The model highlighted the importance of the presence of hydrogen bonding acceptor groups on specific positions of the aromatic ring of ascofuranone derivatives, acidity of the compounds, and a large linker group on the compounds on the inhibitory effect of AOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Rosell-Hidalgo
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Luke Young
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Anthony L Moore
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK
| | - Taravat Ghafourian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedicine, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QG, UK. .,School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Creative Arts, Technologies and Science, University of Bedfordshire, Luton, Bedfordshire, LU1 3JU, UK.
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7
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Bajeli S, Baid N, Kaur M, Pawar GP, Chaudhari VD, Kumar A. Terminal Respiratory Oxidases: A Targetables Vulnerability of Mycobacterial Bioenergetics? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2020; 10:589318. [PMID: 33330134 PMCID: PMC7719681 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2020.589318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ATP synthase inhibitor Bedaquiline was approved for the treatment of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis emphasizing the importance of oxidative phosphorylation for the survival of mycobacteria. ATP synthesis is primarily dependent on the generation of proton motive force through the electron transport chain in mycobacteria. The mycobacterial electron transport chain utilizes two terminal oxidases for the reduction of oxygen, namely the bc1-aa3 supercomplex and the cytochrome bd oxidase. The bc1-aa3 supercomplex is an energy-efficient terminal oxidase that pumps out four vectoral protons, besides consuming four scalar protons during the transfer of electrons from menaquinone to molecular oxygen. In the past few years, several inhibitors of bc1-aa3 supercomplex have been developed, out of which, Q203 belonging to the class of imidazopyridine, has moved to clinical trials. Recently, the crystal structure of the mycobacterial cytochrome bc1-aa3 supercomplex was solved, providing details of the route of transfer of electrons from menaquinone to molecular oxygen. Besides providing insights into the molecular functioning, crystal structure is aiding in the targeted drug development. On the other hand, the second respiratory terminal oxidase of the mycobacterial respiratory chain, cytochrome bd oxidase, does not pump out the vectoral protons and is energetically less efficient. However, it can detoxify the reactive oxygen species and facilitate mycobacterial survival during a multitude of stresses. Quinolone derivatives (CK-2-63) and quinone derivative (Aurachin D) inhibit cytochrome bd oxidase. Notably, ablation of both the two terminal oxidases simultaneously through genetic methods or pharmacological inhibition leads to the rapid death of the mycobacterial cells. Thus, terminal oxidases have emerged as important drug targets. In this review, we have described the current understanding of the functioning of these two oxidases, their physiological relevance to mycobacteria, and their inhibitors. Besides these, we also describe the alternative terminal complexes that are used by mycobacteria to maintain energized membrane during hypoxia and anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sapna Bajeli
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Navin Baid
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Manjot Kaur
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ganesh P Pawar
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Vinod D Chaudhari
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Molecular Mycobacteriology, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh, India
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8
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Melin F, Hellwig P. Redox Properties of the Membrane Proteins from the Respiratory Chain. Chem Rev 2020; 120:10244-10297. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Melin
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Chimie de la Matière Complexe UMR 7140, Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Blaise Pascal, 67070 Strasbourg, France
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9
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Ran H, Li SM. Fungal benzene carbaldehydes: occurrence, structural diversity, activities and biosynthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2020; 38:240-263. [PMID: 32779678 DOI: 10.1039/d0np00026d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Covering: up to April 2020Fungal benzene carbaldehydes with salicylaldehydes as predominant representatives carry usually hydroxyl groups, prenyl moieties and alkyl side chains. They are found in both basidiomycetes and ascomycetes as key intermediates or end products of various biosynthetic pathways and exhibit diverse biological and pharmacological activities. The skeletons of the benzene carbaldehydes are usually derived from polyketide pathways catalysed by iterative fungal polyketide synthases. The aldehyde groups are formed by direct PKS releasing, reduction of benzoic acids or oxidation of benzyl alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huomiao Ran
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
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10
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Nikolaev A, Makarchuk I, Thesseling A, Hoeser J, Friedrich T, Melin F, Hellwig P. Stabilization of the Highly Hydrophobic Membrane Protein, Cytochrome bd Oxidase, on Metallic Surfaces for Direct Electrochemical Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143240. [PMID: 32708635 PMCID: PMC7397230 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytochrome bd oxidase catalyzes the reduction of oxygen to water in bacteria and it is thus an interesting target for electrocatalytic studies and biosensor applications. The bd oxidase is completely embedded in the phospholipid membrane. In this study, the variation of the surface charge of thiol-modified gold nanoparticles, the length of the thiols and the other crucial parameters including optimal phospholipid content and type, have been performed, giving insight into the role of these factors for the optimal interaction and direct electron transfer of an integral membrane protein. Importantly, all three tested factors, the lipid type, the electrode surface charge and the thiol length mutually influenced the stability of films of the cytochrome bd oxidase. The best electrocatalytic responses were obtained on the neutral gold surface when the negatively charged phosphatidylglycerol (PG) was used and on the charged gold surface when the zwitterionic phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was used. The advantages of the covalent binding of the membrane protein to the electrode surface over the non-covalent binding are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Nikolaev
- Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67081 Strasbourg, France; (A.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Iryna Makarchuk
- Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67081 Strasbourg, France; (A.N.); (I.M.)
| | - Alexander Thesseling
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.T.); (J.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Jo Hoeser
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.T.); (J.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Thorsten Friedrich
- Institut für Biochemie, Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; (A.T.); (J.H.); (T.F.)
| | - Frédéric Melin
- Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67081 Strasbourg, France; (A.N.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (P.H.)
| | - Petra Hellwig
- Laboratoire de Bioelectrochimie et Spectroscopie, UMR 7140, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, 67081 Strasbourg, France; (A.N.); (I.M.)
- Correspondence: (F.M.); (P.H.)
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Phytotoxic Metabolites Produced by Legume-Associated Ascochyta and Its Related Genera in the Dothideomycetes. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11110627. [PMID: 31671808 PMCID: PMC6891577 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytotoxins, secondary metabolites toxic to plants and produced by fungi, are believed to play an important role in disease development by targeting host cellular machineries and/or interfering with host immune responses. The Ascochyta blight diseases on different legume plants are caused by Ascochyta and related taxa, such as Phoma. The causal agents of the Ascochyta blight are often associated with specific legume plants, showing a relatively narrow host range. The legume-associated Ascochyta and Phoma are known to produce a diverse array of polyketide-derived secondary metabolites, many of which exhibited significant phytotoxicity and have been claimed as virulence or pathogenicity factors. In this article, we reviewed the current state of knowledge on the diversity and biological activities of the phytotoxic compounds produced by Ascochyta and Phoma species. Also, we touched on the secondary metabolite biosynthesis gene clusters identified thus far and discussed the role of metabolites in the fungal biology.
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12
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Complete biosynthetic pathways of ascofuranone and ascochlorin in Acremonium egyptiacum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:8269-8274. [PMID: 30952781 PMCID: PMC6486709 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819254116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascofuranone (AF) and ascochlorin (AC) are fungal natural products with similar chemical structures, originally isolated from Acremonium egyptiacum. Both have many useful biological properties; in particular, AF is a promising drug candidate against the tropical disease, African trypanosomiasis. However, the difficulty of the synthetic method and the inaccessibility of bioengineering methods have inhibited industrial production. This study identified all of the genes required for the branched biosynthetic pathways of AF/AC, which are clustered at two separate loci in the genome. In addition, we established the A. egyptiacum strain selectively producing AF, by genetically blocking the AC biosynthetic pathway. This study benefits the field of combinatorial biosynthesis through presenting biocatalysts and paves the way to cost-effective AF production with bioengineering. Ascofuranone (AF) and ascochlorin (AC) are meroterpenoids produced by various filamentous fungi, including Acremonium egyptiacum (synonym: Acremonium sclerotigenum), and exhibit diverse physiological activities. In particular, AF is a promising drug candidate against African trypanosomiasis and a potential anticancer lead compound. These compounds are supposedly biosynthesized through farnesylation of orsellinic acid, but the details have not been established. In this study, we present all of the reactions and responsible genes for AF and AC biosyntheses in A. egyptiacum, identified by heterologous expression, in vitro reconstruction, and gene deletion experiments with the aid of a genome-wide differential expression analysis. Both pathways share the common precursor, ilicicolin A epoxide, which is processed by the membrane-bound terpene cyclase (TPC) AscF in AC biosynthesis. AF biosynthesis branches from the precursor by hydroxylation at C-16 by the P450 monooxygenase AscH, followed by cyclization by a membrane-bound TPC AscI. All genes required for AC biosynthesis (ascABCDEFG) and a transcriptional factor (ascR) form a functional gene cluster, whereas those involved in the late steps of AF biosynthesis (ascHIJ) are present in another distantly located cluster. AF is therefore a rare example of fungal secondary metabolites requiring multilocus biosynthetic clusters, which are likely to be controlled by the single regulator, AscR. Finally, we achieved the selective production of AF in A. egyptiacum by genetically blocking the AC biosynthetic pathway; further manipulation of the strain will lead to the cost-effective mass production required for the clinical use of AF.
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Ebiloma GU, Balogun EO, Cueto-Díaz EJ, de Koning HP, Dardonville C. Alternative oxidase inhibitors: Mitochondrion-targeting as a strategy for new drugs against pathogenic parasites and fungi. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1553-1602. [PMID: 30693533 DOI: 10.1002/med.21560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The alternative oxidase (AOX) is a ubiquitous terminal oxidase of plants and many fungi, catalyzing the four-electron reduction of oxygen to water alongside the cytochrome-based electron transfer chain. Unlike the classical electron transfer chain, however, the activity of AOX does not generate adenosine triphosphate but has functions such as thermogenesis and stress response. As it lacks a mammalian counterpart, it has been investigated intensely in pathogenic fungi. However, it is in African trypanosomes, which lack cytochrome-based respiration in their infective stages, that trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) plays the central and essential role in their energy metabolism. TAO was validated as a drug target decades ago and among the first inhibitors to be identified was salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM), which produced the expected trypanocidal effects, especially when potentiated by coadministration with glycerol to inhibit anaerobic energy metabolism as well. However, the efficacy of this combination was too low to be of practical clinical use. The antibiotic ascofuranone (AF) proved a much stronger TAO inhibitor and was able to cure Trypanosoma vivax infections in mice without glycerol and at much lower doses, providing an important proof of concept milestone. Systematic efforts to improve the SHAM and AF scaffolds, aided with the elucidation of the TAO crystal structure, provided detailed structure-activity relationship information and reinvigorated the drug discovery effort. Recently, the coupling of mitochondrion-targeting lipophilic cations to TAO inhibitors has dramatically improved drug targeting and trypanocidal activity while retaining target protein potency. These developments appear to have finally signposted the way to preclinical development of TAO inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin U Ebiloma
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Kyoto, Japan.,Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emmanuel O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.,Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Harry P de Koning
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
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Ariefta NR, Kristiana P, Nurjanto HH, Momma H, Kwon E, Ashitani T, Tawaraya K, Murayama T, Koseki T, Furuno H, Usukhbayar N, Kimura KI, Shiono Y. Nectrianolins A, B, and C, new metabolites produced by endophytic fungus Nectria pseudotrichia 120-1NP. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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15
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Min-Wen JC, Yan-Jiang BC, Mishra S, Dai X, Magae J, Shyh-Chang N, Kumar AP, Sethi G. Molecular Targets of Ascochlorin and Its Derivatives for Cancer Therapy. STRESS AND INFLAMMATION IN DISORDERS 2017; 108:199-225. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Abstract
SUMMARYNew drugs against Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of Human African Trypanosomiasis, are urgently needed to replace the highly toxic and largely ineffective therapies currently used. The trypanosome alternative oxidase (TAO) is an essential and unique mitochondrial protein in these parasites and is absent from mammalian mitochondria, making it an attractive drug target. The structure and function of the protein are now well characterized, with several inhibitors reported in the literature, which show potential as clinical drug candidates. In this review, we provide an update on the functional activity and structural aspects of TAO. We then discuss TAO inhibitors reported to date, problems encountered with in vivo testing of these compounds, and discuss the future of TAO as a therapeutic target.
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17
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Creation of a gold nanoparticle based electrochemical assay for the detection of inhibitors of bacterial cytochrome bd oxidases. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 111:109-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Li C, Matsuda Y, Gao H, Hu D, Yao XS, Abe I. Biosynthesis of LL-Z1272β: Discovery of a New Member of NRPS-like Enzymes for Aryl-Aldehyde Formation. Chembiochem 2016; 17:904-7. [PMID: 26972702 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201600087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
LL-Z1272β (1) is a prenylated aryl-aldehyde produced by several fungi; it also serves as a key pathway intermediate for many fungal meroterpenoids. Despite its importance in the biosynthesis of natural products, the molecular basis for the biosynthesis of 1 has yet to be elucidated. Here we identified the biosynthetic gene cluster for 1 from Stachybotrys bisbyi PYH05-7, and elucidated the biosynthetic route to 1. The biosynthesis involves a polyketide synthase, a prenyltransferase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS)-like enzyme, which is responsible for the generation of the aldehyde functionality. Interestingly, the NRPS-like enzyme only accepts the farnesylated substrate to catalyze the carboxylate reduction; this represents a new example of a substrate for adenylation domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Yudai Matsuda
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Hao Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Dan Hu
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Xin Sheng Yao
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, No.601 Huangpu Avenue, Guangzhou, 510632, China.
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
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19
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Holyoake LV, Poole RK, Shepherd M. The CydDC Family of Transporters and Their Roles in Oxidase Assembly and Homeostasis. Adv Microb Physiol 2015. [PMID: 26210105 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ampbs.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The CydDC complex of Escherichia coli is a heterodimeric ATP-binding cassette type transporter (ABC transporter) that exports the thiol-containing redox-active molecules cysteine and glutathione. These reductants are thought to aid redox homeostasis of the periplasm, permitting correct disulphide folding of periplasmic and secreted proteins. Loss of CydDC results in the periplasm becoming more oxidising and abolishes the assembly of functional bd-type respiratory oxidases that couple the oxidation of ubiquinol to the reduction of oxygen to water. In addition, CydDC-mediated redox control is important for haem ligation during cytochrome c assembly. Given the diverse roles for CydDC in redox homeostasis, respiratory metabolism and the maturation of virulence factors, this ABC transporter is an intriguing system for researchers interested in both the physiology of redox perturbations and the role of low-molecular-weight thiols during infection.
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Prediction of high- and low-affinity quinol-analogue-binding sites in the aa3 and bo3 terminal oxidases from Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli1. Biochem J 2014; 461:305-14. [PMID: 24779955 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Haem-copper oxidases are the terminal enzymes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic respiratory chains. They catalyse the reduction of dioxygen to water and convert redox energy into a transmembrane electrochemical proton gradient during their catalytic activity. Haem-copper oxidases show substantial structure similarity, but spectroscopic and biochemical analyses indicate that these enzymes contain diverse prosthetic groups and use different substrates (i.e. cytochrome c or quinol). Owing to difficulties in membrane protein crystallization, there are no definitive structural data about the quinol oxidase physiological substrate-binding site(s). In the present paper, we propose an atomic structure model for the menaquinol:O2 oxidoreductase of Bacillus subtilis (QOx.aa3). Furthermore, a multistep computational approach is used to predict residues involved in the menaquinol/menaquinone binding within B. subtilis QOx.aa3 as well as those involved in quinol/quinone binding within Escherichia coli QOx.bo3. Two specific sequence motifs, R70GGXDX4RXQX3PX3FX[D/N/E/Q]X2HYNE97 and G159GSPX2GWX2Y169 (B. subtilis numbering), were highlighted within QOx from Bacillales. Specific residues within the first and the second sequence motif participate in the high- and low-affinity substrate-binding sites respectively. Using comparative analysis, two analogous motifs, R71GFXDX4RXQX8[Y/F]XPPHHYDQ101 and G163EFX3GWX2Y173 (E. coli numbering) were proposed to be involved in Enterobacteriales/Rhodobacterales/Rhodospirillales QOx high- and low-affinity quinol-derivative-binding sites. Results and models are discussed in the context of the literature.
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Miura H, Mogi T, Ano Y, Migita CT, Matsutani M, Yakushi T, Kita K, Matsushita K. Cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (CIO) from Gluconobacter oxydans is a unique terminal oxidase subfamily of cytochrome bd. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 153:535-45. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvt019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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22
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Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are of profound importance in food production and infection medicine. LAB do not rely on heme (protoheme IX) for growth and are unable to synthesize this cofactor but are generally able to assemble a small repertoire of heme-containing proteins if heme is provided from an exogenous source. These features are in contrast to other bacteria, which synthesize their heme or depend on heme for growth. We here present the cellular function of heme proteins so far identified in LAB and discuss their biogenesis as well as applications of the extraordinary heme physiology of LAB.
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Borisov VB, Gennis RB, Hemp J, Verkhovsky MI. The cytochrome bd respiratory oxygen reductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2011; 1807:1398-413. [PMID: 21756872 PMCID: PMC3171616 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 367] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome bd is a respiratory quinol: O₂ oxidoreductase found in many prokaryotes, including a number of pathogens. The main bioenergetic function of the enzyme is the production of a proton motive force by the vectorial charge transfer of protons. The sequences of cytochromes bd are not homologous to those of the other respiratory oxygen reductases, i.e., the heme-copper oxygen reductases or alternative oxidases (AOX). Generally, cytochromes bd are noteworthy for their high affinity for O₂ and resistance to inhibition by cyanide. In E. coli, for example, cytochrome bd (specifically, cytochrome bd-I) is expressed under O₂-limited conditions. Among the members of the bd-family are the so-called cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidases (CIO) which often have a low content of the eponymous heme d but, instead, have heme b in place of heme d in at least a majority of the enzyme population. However, at this point, no sequence motif has been identified to distinguish cytochrome bd (with a stoichiometric complement of heme d) from an enzyme designated as CIO. Members of the bd-family can be subdivided into those which contain either a long or a short hydrophilic connection between transmembrane helices 6 and 7 in subunit I, designated as the Q-loop. However, it is not clear whether there is a functional consequence of this difference. This review summarizes current knowledge on the physiological functions, genetics, structural and catalytic properties of cytochromes bd. Included in this review are descriptions of the intermediates of the catalytic cycle, the proposed site for the reduction of O₂, evidence for a proton channel connecting this active site to the bacterial cytoplasm, and the molecular mechanism by which a membrane potential is generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaliy B Borisov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, Moscow 119991, Russian Federation.
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Hurdle JG, O'Neill AJ, Chopra I, Lee RE. Targeting bacterial membrane function: an underexploited mechanism for treating persistent infections. Nat Rev Microbiol 2011; 9:62-75. [PMID: 21164535 DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro2474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Persistent infections involving slow-growing or non-growing bacteria are hard to treat with antibiotics that target biosynthetic processes in growing cells. Consequently, there is a need for antimicrobials that can treat infections containing dormant bacteria. In this Review, we discuss the emerging concept that disrupting the bacterial membrane bilayer or proteins that are integral to membrane function (including membrane potential and energy metabolism) in dormant bacteria is a strategy for treating persistent infections. The clinical applicability of these approaches is exemplified by the efficacy of lipoglycopeptides that damage bacterial membranes and of the diarylquinoline TMC207, which inhibits membrane-bound ATP synthase. Despite some drawbacks, membrane-active agents form an important new means of eradicating recalcitrant, non-growing bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian G Hurdle
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA.
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25
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Molnár I, Gibson DM, Krasnoff SB. Secondary metabolites from entomopathogenic Hypocrealean fungi. Nat Prod Rep 2010; 27:1241-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c001459c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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26
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Berry EA, Huang LS, Lee DW, Daldal F, Nagai K, Minagawa N. Ascochlorin is a novel, specific inhibitor of the mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 complex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2009; 1797:360-70. [PMID: 20025846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 12/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Ascochlorin is an isoprenoid antibiotic that is produced by the phytopathogenic fungus Ascochyta viciae. Similar to ascofuranone, which specifically inhibits trypanosome alternative oxidase by acting at the ubiquinol binding domain, ascochlorin is also structurally related to ubiquinol. When added to the mitochondrial preparations isolated from rat liver, or the yeast Pichia (Hansenula) anomala, ascochlorin inhibited the electron transport via CoQ in a fashion comparable to antimycin A and stigmatellin, indicating that this antibiotic acted on the cytochrome bc(1) complex. In contrast to ascochlorin, ascofuranone had much less inhibition on the same activities. On the one hand, like the Q(i) site inhibitors antimycin A and funiculosin, ascochlorin induced in H. anomala the expression of nuclear-encoded alternative oxidase gene much more strongly than the Q(o) site inhibitors tested. On the other hand, it suppressed the reduction of cytochrome b and the generation of superoxide anion in the presence of antimycin A(3) in a fashion similar to the Q(o) site inhibitor myxothiazol. These results suggested that ascochlorin might act at both the Q(i) and the Q(o) sites of the fungal cytochrome bc(1) complex. Indeed, the altered electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) lineshape of the Rieske iron-sulfur protein, and the light-induced, time-resolved cytochrome b and c reduction kinetics of Rhodobacter capsulatus cytochrome bc(1) complex in the presence of ascochlorin demonstrated that this inhibitor can bind to both the Q(o) and Q(i) sites of the bacterial enzyme. Additional experiments using purified bovine cytochrome bc(1) complex showed that ascochlorin inhibits reduction of cytochrome b by ubiquinone through both Q(i) and Q(o) sites. Moreover, crystal structure of chicken cytochrome bc(1) complex treated with excess ascochlorin revealed clear electron densities that could be attributed to ascochlorin bound at both the Q(i) and Q(o) sites. Overall findings clearly show that ascochlorin is an unusual cytochrome bc(1) inhibitor that acts at both of the active sites of this enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Berry
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams Street, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
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Mogi T, Kita K. Gramicidin S and polymyxins: the revival of cationic cyclic peptide antibiotics. Cell Mol Life Sci 2009; 66:3821-6. [PMID: 19701717 PMCID: PMC11115702 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-009-0129-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Gramicidin S and polymyxins are small cationic cyclic peptides and act as potent antibiotics against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria by perturbing integrity of the bacterial membranes. Screening of a natural antibiotics library with bacterial membrane vesicles identified gramicidin S as an inhibitor of cytochrome bd quinol oxidase and an alternative NADH dehydrogenase (NDH-2) and polymyxin B as an inhibitor of NDH-2 and malate: quinone oxidoreductase. Our studies showed that cationic cyclic peptide antibiotics have novel molecular targets in the membrane and interfere ligand binding on the hydrophobic surface of enzymes. Improvement of the toxicity and optimization of the structures and clinical uses are urgently needed for their effective application in combating drug-resistant bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mogi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033 Japan
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28
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Albury MS, Elliott C, Moore AL. Towards a structural elucidation of the alternative oxidase in plants. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2009; 137:316-27. [PMID: 19719482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2009.01270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
In addition to the conventional cytochrome c oxidase, mitochondria of all plants studied to date contain a second cyanide-resistant terminal oxidase or alternative oxidase (AOX). The AOX is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane and branches from the cytochrome pathway at the level of the quinone pool. It is non-protonmotive and couples the oxidation of ubiquinone to the reduction of oxygen to water. For many years, the AOX was considered to be confined to plants, fungi and a small number of protists. Recently, it has become apparent that the AOX occurs in wide range of organisms including prokaryotes and a moderate number of animal species. In this paper, we provide an overview of general features and current knowledge available about the AOX with emphasis on structure, the active site and quinone-binding site. Characterisation of the AOX has advanced considerably over recent years with information emerging about the role of the protein, regulatory regions and functional sites. The large number of sequences available is now enabling us to obtain a clearer picture of evolutionary origins and diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary S Albury
- Division of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN19QG, UK
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Mogi T, Murase Y, Mori M, Shiomi K, Omura S, Paranagama MP, Kita K. Polymyxin B identified as an inhibitor of alternative NADH dehydrogenase and malate: quinone oxidoreductase from the Gram-positive bacterium Mycobacterium smegmatis. J Biochem 2009; 146:491-9. [PMID: 19564154 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent in the world and the emergence of multidrug-resistant strains prompted us to develop new drugs with novel targets and mechanism. Here, we screened a natural antibiotics library with Mycobacterium smegmatis membrane-bound dehydrogenases and identified polymyxin B (cationic decapeptide) and nanaomycin A (naphtoquinone derivative) as inhibitors of alternative NADH dehydrogenase [50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values of 1.6 and 31 microg/ml, respectively] and malate: quinone oxidoreductase (IC(50) values of 4.2 and 49 microg/ml, respectively). Kinetic analysis on inhibition by polymyxin B showed that the primary site of action was the quinone-binding site. Because of the similarity in K(m) value for ubiquinone-1 and inhibitor sensitivity, we examined amino acid sequences of actinobacterial enzymes and found possible binding sites for L-malate and quinones. Proposed mechanisms of polymyxin B and nanaomycin A for the bacteriocidal activity were the destruction of bacterial membranes and production of reactive oxygen species, respectively, while this study revealed their inhibitory activity on bacterial membrane-bound dehydrogenases. Screening of the library with bacterial respiratory enzymes resulted in unprecedented findings, so we are hoping that continuing efforts could identify lead compounds for new drugs targeting to mycobacterial respiratory enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mogi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, the University of Tokyo, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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Mogi T, Kawakami T, Arai H, Igarashi Y, Matsushita K, Mori M, Shiomi K, Omura S, Harada S, Kita K. Siccanin Rediscovered as a Species-Selective Succinate Dehydrogenase Inhibitor. J Biochem 2009; 146:383-7. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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31
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Mogi T, Ano Y, Nakatsuka T, Toyama H, Muroi A, Miyoshi H, Migita CT, Ui H, Shiomi K, Omura S, Kita K, Matsushita K. Biochemical and spectroscopic properties of cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase from Gluconobacter oxydans. J Biochem 2009; 146:263-71. [PMID: 19416958 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvp067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanide-insensitive quinol oxidase (CioAB), a relative of cytochrome bd, has no spectroscopic features of hemes b(595) and d in the wild-type bacteria and is difficult to purify for detailed characterization. Here we studied enzymatic and spectroscopic properties of CioAB from the acetic acid bacterium Gluconobacter oxydans. Gluconobacter oxydans CioAB showed the K(m) value for ubiquinol-1 comparable to that of Escherichia coli cytochrome bd but it was more resistant to KCN and quinone-analogue inhibitors except piericidin A and LL-Z1272gamma. We obtained the spectroscopic evidence for the presence of hemes b(595) and d. Heme b(595) showed the alpha peak at 587 nm in the reduced state and a rhombic high-spin signal at g = 6.3 and 5.5 in the air-oxidized state. Heme d showed the alpha peak at 626 and 644 nm in the reduced and air-oxidized state, respectively, and an axial high-spin signal at g = 6.0 and low-spin signals at g = 2.63, 2.37 and 2.32. We found also a broad low-spin signal at g = 3.2, attributable to heme b(558). Further, we identified the presence of heme D by mass spectrometry. In conclusion, CioAB binds all three ham species present in cytochrome bd quinol oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Mogi
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, the University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan.
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