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Giles AV, Edwards L, Covian R, Lucotte BM, Balaban RS. Cardiac nitric oxide scavenging: role of myoglobin and mitochondria. J Physiol 2024; 602:73-91. [PMID: 38041645 PMCID: PMC10872739 DOI: 10.1113/jp284446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular production of nitric oxide (NO) regulates vascular tone. However, highly permeable NO entering the cardiomyocyte would profoundly impact metabolism and signalling without scavenging mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to establish mechanisms of cardiac NO scavenging. Quantitative optical studies of normoxic working hearts demonstrated that micromolar NO concentrations did not alter mitochondria redox state or respiration despite detecting NO oxidation of oxymyoglobin to metmyoglobin. These data are consistent with proposals that the myoglobin/myoglobin reductase (Mb/MbR) system is the major NO scavenging site. However, kinetic studies in intact hearts reveal a minor role (∼9%) for the Mb/MbR system in NO scavenging. In vitro, oxygenated mitochondria studies confirm that micromolar concentrations of NO bind cytochrome oxidase (COX) and inhibit respiration. Mitochondria had a very high capacity for NO scavenging, importantly, independent of NO binding to COX. NO is also known to quickly react with reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro. Stimulation of NO scavenging with antimycin and its inhibition by substrate depletion are consistent with NO interacting with ROS generated in Complex I or III under aerobic conditions. Extrapolating these in vitro data to the intact heart supports the hypothesis that mitochondria are a major site of cardiac NO scavenging. KEY POINTS: Cardiomyocyte scavenging of vascular nitric oxide (NO) is critical in maintaining normal cardiac function. Myoglobin redox cycling via myoglobin reductase has been proposed as a major NO scavenging site in the heart. Non-invasive optical spectroscopy was used to monitor the effect of NO on mitochondria and myoglobin redox state in intact beating heart and isolated mitochondria. These non-invasive studies reveal myoglobin/myoglobin reductase plays a minor role in cardiac NO scavenging. A high capacity for NO scavenging by heart mitochondria was demonstrated, independent of cytochrome oxidase binding but dependent on oxygen and high redox potentials consistent with generation of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail V Giles
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lanelle Edwards
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Raul Covian
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Bertrand M. Lucotte
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Robert S Balaban
- Laboratory of Cardiac Energetics, Systems Biology Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Guha S, Konkwo C, Lavorato M, Mathew ND, Peng M, Ostrovsky J, Kwon YJ, Polyak E, Lightfoot R, Seiler C, Xiao R, Bennett M, Zhang Z, Nakamaru-Ogiso E, Falk MJ. Pre-clinical evaluation of cysteamine bitartrate as a therapeutic agent for mitochondrial respiratory chain disease. Hum Mol Genet 2020; 28:1837-1852. [PMID: 30668749 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddz023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cysteamine bitartrate is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved therapy for nephropathic cystinosis also postulated to enhance glutathione biosynthesis. We hypothesized this antioxidant effect may reduce oxidative stress in primary mitochondrial respiratory chain (RC) disease, improving cellular viability and organismal health. Here, we systematically evaluated the therapeutic potential of cysteamine bitartrate in RC disease models spanning three evolutionarily distinct species. These pre-clinical studies demonstrated the narrow therapeutic window of cysteamine bitartrate, with toxicity at millimolar levels directly correlating with marked induction of hydrogen peroxide production. Micromolar range cysteamine bitartrate treatment in Caenorhabditis elegans gas-1(fc21) RC complex I (NDUFS2-/-) disease invertebrate worms significantly improved mitochondrial membrane potential and oxidative stress, with corresponding modest improvement in fecundity but not lifespan. At 10 to 100 μm concentrations, cysteamine bitartrate improved multiple RC complex disease FBXL4 human fibroblast survival, and protected both complex I (rotenone) and complex IV (azide) Danio rerio vertebrate zebrafish disease models from brain death. Mechanistic profiling of cysteamine bitartrate effects showed it increases aspartate levels and flux, without increasing total glutathione levels. Transcriptional normalization of broadly dysregulated intermediary metabolic, glutathione, cell defense, DNA, and immune pathways was greater in RC disease human cells than in C. elegans, with similar rescue in both models of downregulated ribosomal and proteasomal pathway expression. Overall, these data suggest cysteamine bitartrate may hold therapeutic potential in RC disease, although not through obvious modulation of total glutathione levels. Careful consideration is required to determine safe and effective cysteamine bitartrate concentrations to further evaluate in clinical trials of human subjects with primary mitochondrial RC disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujay Guha
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chigoziri Konkwo
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Manuela Lavorato
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Neal D Mathew
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Min Peng
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julian Ostrovsky
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Young-Joon Kwon
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Erzsebet Polyak
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lightfoot
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christoph Seiler
- Aquatics Core Facility, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Rui Xiao
- Department of Statistics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael Bennett
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eiko Nakamaru-Ogiso
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marni J Falk
- Mitochondrial Medicine Frontier Program, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Stepanova A, Galkin A. Measurement of mitochondrial H 2O 2 production under varying O 2 tensions. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 155:273-293. [PMID: 32183962 PMCID: PMC9897472 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in the development of several pathologies and are also involved in physiological signaling. Molecular oxygen is the direct substrate of complex IV of the respiratory chain, and at the same time, its partial reduction in mitochondria results in the formation of ROS, mainly H2O2. The accurate knowledge of the dependence of H2O2 production on oxygen concentration is vital for the studies of tissue ischemia/reperfusion, where the relationship between oxygen availability, respiration, and ROS production is critical. In this chapter, we describe a straightforward and reliable protocol for the assessment of H2O2 release by mitochondria at varying oxygen concentrations. This method can be used for any ROS-generating system where the effect of oxygen level on H2O2 production needs to be assessed.
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Nitric Oxide and Mitochondrial Function in Neurological Diseases. Neuroscience 2018; 376:48-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Pastor-Flores D, Becker K, Dick TP. Monitoring yeast mitochondria with peroxiredoxin-based redox probes: the influence of oxygen and glucose availability. Interface Focus 2017; 7:20160143. [PMID: 28382205 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2016.0143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrially generated oxidants are believed to play important roles in both physiology and pathophysiology. Therefore, it is of significant interest to better understand the metabolic conditions leading to enhanced mitochondrial oxidant generation. Here, we investigate the influence of oxygen and glucose availability on the redox state of peroxiredoxin-based redox probes, expressed in the cytosol and mitochondrial matrix of yeast cells. We observe that the redox state of peroxiredoxin probes reflects the balance between dioxygen-dependent peroxide generation and glucose-dependent generation of reducing equivalents. The oxidative pentose phosphate pathway appears to be the dominant source of NADPH in the system under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Pastor-Flores
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
| | - Katja Becker
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology , Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, Justus Liebig University , 35392 Giessen , Germany
| | - Tobias P Dick
- Division of Redox Regulation, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance , German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) , Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg , Germany
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Santana-Blank L, Rodríguez-Santana E, Santana-Rodríguez KE, Reyes H. "Quantum Leap" in Photobiomodulation Therapy Ushers in a New Generation of Light-Based Treatments for Cancer and Other Complex Diseases: Perspective and Mini-Review. Photomed Laser Surg 2016; 34:93-101. [PMID: 26890728 DOI: 10.1089/pho.2015.4015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Set within the context of the 2015 International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies,and of a growing and aging world population with ever-rising healthcare needs, this perspective and mini-review focuses on photobiomodulation (PBM) therapy as an emerging, cost-effective, treatment option for cancer (i.e., solid tumors) and other complex diseases, particularly, of the eye (e.g., age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, retinitis pigmentosa) and the central nervous system (e.g., Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease). BACKGROUND DATA Over the last decades, primary and secondary mechanisms of PBM have been revealed. These include oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent structural and functional action pathways. Signal and target characteristics determine biological outcome, which is optimal (or even positive) only within a given set of parameters. METHODS This study was a perspective and nonsystematic literature mini-review. RESULTS Studies support what we describe as a paradigm shift or "quantum leap" in the understanding and use of light and its interaction with water and other relevant photo-cceptors to restore physiologic function. CONCLUSIONS Based on existing evidence, it is argued that PBM therapy can raise the standard of care and improve the quality of life of patients for a fraction of the cost of many current approaches. PBM therapy can, therefore,benefit large, vulnerable population groups, including the elderly and the poor, whilehaving a major impact on medical practice and public finances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Santana-Blank
- Fundalas, Foundation for Interdisciplinary Research and Development, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Heberto Reyes
- Fundalas, Foundation for Interdisciplinary Research and Development, Caracas, Venezuela
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Olajide OJ, Enaibe BU, Bankole OO, Akinola OB, Laoye BJ, Ogundele OM. Kolaviron was protective against sodium azide (NaN3) induced oxidative stress in the prefrontal cortex. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:25-35. [PMID: 25916484 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Kolaviron is a phytochemical isolated from Garcina kola (G. kola); a common oral masticatory agent in Nigeria (West Africa). It is a bioflavonoid used--as an antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant--in relieving the symptoms of several diseases and infections. In this study we have evaluated the neuroprotective and regenerative effect of kolaviron in neurons of the prefrontal cortex (Pfc) before or after exposure to sodium azide (NaN3) induced oxidative stress. Separate groups of animals were treated as follows; kolaviron (200 mg/Kg) for 21 days; kolaviron (200 mg/Kg for 21 days) followed by NaN3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days); NaN3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days) followed by kolaviron (200 mg/Kg for 21 days); 1 ml of corn-oil (21 days-vehicle); NaN3 treatment (20 mg/Kg for 5 days). Exploratory activity associated with Pfc function was assessed in the open field test (OFT) following which the microscopic anatomy of the prefrontal cortex was examined in histology (Haematoxylin and Eosin) and antigen retrieval Immunohistochemistry to show astroglia activation (GFAP), neuronal metabolism (NSE), cytoskeleton (NF) and cell cycle dysregulation (p53). Subsequently, we quantified the level of Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the brain tissue homogenate as a measure of stress-related glucose metabolism. Kolaviron (Kv) and Kolaviron/NaN3 treatment caused no prominent change in astroglia density and size while NaN3 and NaN3/Kv induced astroglia activation and scar formation (astrogliosis) in the Pfc when compared with the control. Similarly, Kolaviron and Kv/NaN3 did not alter NSE expression (glucose metabolism) while NaN3 and NaN3/Kv treatment increased cortical NSE expression; thus indicating stress related metabolism. Further studies on enzymes of glucose metabolism (G6PDH and LDH) showed that NaN3 increased LDH while kolaviron reduced LDH in the brain tissue homogenate (P < 0.001). In addition kolaviron treatment before (P < 0.001) or after (P < 0.05) NaN3 treatment also reduced LDH expression; thus supporting its role in suppression of oxidative stress. Interestingly, NF deposition increased in the Pfc after kolaviron treatment while Kv/NaN3 showed no significant change in NF when compared with the control. In furtherance, NaN3 and NaN3/Kv caused a decrease in NF deposition (degeneration). Ultimately, the protective effect of KV administered prior to NaN3 treatment was confirmed through p53 expression; which was similar to the control. However, NaN3 and NaN3/Kv caused an increase in p53 expression in the Pfc neurons (cell cycle dysregulation). We conclude that kolaviron is not neurotoxic when used at 200 mg/Kg BW. Furthermore, 200 mg/Kg of kolaviron administered prior to NaN3 treatment (Kv/NaN3) was neuroprotective when compared with Kolaviron administered after NaN3 treatment (NaN3/Kv). Some of the observed effects of kolaviron administered before NaN3 treatment includes reduction of astroglia activation, absence of astroglia scars, antioxidation (reduced NSE and LDH), prevention of neurofilament loss and cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olayemi J Olajide
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Bernard U Enaibe
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwamolakun O Bankole
- Neurobiology Unit; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Oluwole B Akinola
- Department of Anatomy, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
| | - Babafemi J Laoye
- Neurobiology Unit; Department of Biological Sciences, College of Sciences, Afe Babalola University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
| | - Olalekan M Ogundele
- Neural Systems Unit; Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Afe Babalola University, College Building II, 2nd Floor, Room G14, Km 8.5 Afe Babalola Way, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria.
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Pinto BB, Fernandez BO, Simon V, Feelisch M, Singer M. Short-term hypoxic vasodilation in vivo is mediated by bioactive nitric oxide metabolites, rather than free nitric oxide derived from haemoglobin-mediated nitrite reduction. J Physiol 2014; 592:1061-75. [PMID: 24396056 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.255687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Local increases in blood flow--'hypoxic vasodilation'--confer cellular protection in the face of reduced oxygen delivery. The physiological relevance of this response is well established, yet ongoing controversy surrounds its underlying mechanisms. We sought to confirm that early hypoxic vasodilation is a nitric oxide (NO)-mediated phenomenon and to study putative pathways for increased levels of NO, namely production from NO synthases, intravascular nitrite reduction, release from preformed stores and reduced deactivation by cytochrome c oxidase. Experiments were performed on spontaneously breathing, anaesthetized, male Wistar rats undergoing short-term systemic hypoxaemia, who received pharmacological inhibitors and activators of the various NO pathways. Arterial blood pressure, cardiac output, tissue oxygen tension and the circulating pool of NO metabolites (oxidation, nitrosation and nitrosylation products) were measured in plasma and erythrocytes. Hypoxaemia caused a rapid and sustained vasodilation, which was only partially reversed by non-selective NO synthase inhibition. This was associated with significantly lower plasma nitrite, and marginally elevated nitrate levels, suggestive of nitrite bioinactivation. Administration of sodium nitrite had little effect in normoxia, but produced significant vasodilation and increased nitrosylation during hypoxaemia that could not be reversed by NO scavenging. Methodological issues prevented assessment of the contribution, if any, of reduced deactivation of NO by cytochrome c oxidase. In conclusion, acute hypoxic vasodilation is an adaptive NO-mediated response conferred through bioactive metabolites rather than free NO from haemoglobin-mediated reduction of nitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London, Cruciform Building, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Umbrello M, Dyson A, Feelisch M, Singer M. The key role of nitric oxide in hypoxia: hypoxic vasodilation and energy supply-demand matching. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:1690-710. [PMID: 23311950 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.4979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A mismatch between energy supply and demand induces tissue hypoxia with the potential to cause cell death and organ failure. Whenever arterial oxygen concentration is reduced, increases in blood flow--hypoxic vasodilation--occur in an attempt to restore oxygen supply. Nitric oxide (NO) is a major signaling and effector molecule mediating the body's response to hypoxia, given its unique characteristics of vasodilation (improving blood flow and oxygen supply) and modulation of energetic metabolism (reducing oxygen consumption and promoting utilization of alternative pathways). RECENT ADVANCES This review covers the role of oxygen in metabolism and responses to hypoxia, the hemodynamic and metabolic effects of NO, and mechanisms underlying the involvement of NO in hypoxic vasodilation. Recent insights into NO metabolism will be discussed, including the role for dietary intake of nitrate, endogenous nitrite (NO₂⁻) reductases, and release of NO from storage pools. The processes through which NO levels are elevated during hypoxia are presented, namely, (i) increased synthesis from NO synthases, increased reduction of NO₂⁻ to NO by heme- or pterin-based enzymes and increased release from NO stores, and (ii) reduced deactivation by mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. CRITICAL ISSUES Several reviews covered modulation of energetic metabolism by NO, while here we highlight the crucial role NO plays in achieving cardiocirculatory homeostasis during acute hypoxia through both vasodilation and metabolic suppression. FUTURE DIRECTIONS We identify a key position for NO in the body's adaptation to an acute energy supply-demand mismatch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Umbrello
- 1 Department of Medicine, Bloomsbury Institute of Intensive Care Medicine, University College London , London, United Kingdom
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The Chemical Interplay between Nitric Oxide and Mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase: Reactions, Effectors and Pathophysiology. Int J Cell Biol 2012; 2012:571067. [PMID: 22811713 PMCID: PMC3395247 DOI: 10.1155/2012/571067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 03/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) reacts with Complex I and cytochrome c oxidase (CcOX, Complex IV), inducing detrimental or cytoprotective effects. Two alternative reaction pathways (PWs) have been described whereby NO reacts with CcOX, producing either a relatively labile nitrite-bound derivative (CcOX-NO2
−, PW1) or a more stable nitrosyl-derivative (CcOX-NO, PW2). The two derivatives are both inhibited, displaying different persistency and O2 competitiveness. In the mitochondrion, during turnover with O2, one pathway prevails over the other one depending on NO, cytochrome c2+ and O2 concentration. High cytochrome c2+, and low O2 proved to be crucial in favoring CcOX nitrosylation, whereas under-standard cell-culture conditions formation of the nitrite derivative prevails. All together, these findings suggest that NO can modulate physiologically the mitochondrial respiratory/OXPHOS efficiency, eventually being converted to nitrite by CcOX, without cell detrimental effects. It is worthy to point out that nitrite, far from being a simple oxidation byproduct, represents a source of NO particularly important in view of the NO cell homeostasis, the NO production depends on the NO synthases whose activity is controlled by different stimuli/effectors; relevant to its bioavailability, NO is also produced by recycling cell/body nitrite. Bioenergetic parameters, such as mitochondrial ΔΨ, lactate, and ATP production, have been assayed in several cell lines, in the presence of endogenous or exogenous NO and the evidence collected suggests a crucial interplay between CcOX and NO with important energetic implications.
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Sarti P, Forte E, Mastronicola D, Giuffrè A, Arese M. Cytochrome c oxidase and nitric oxide in action: molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2011; 1817:610-9. [PMID: 21939634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2011.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The reactions between Complex IV (cytochrome c oxidase, CcOX) and nitric oxide (NO) were described in the early 60's. The perception, however, that NO could be responsible for physiological or pathological effects, including those on mitochondria, lags behind the 80's, when the identity of the endothelial derived relaxing factor (EDRF) and NO synthesis by the NO synthases were discovered. NO controls mitochondrial respiration, and cytotoxic as well as cytoprotective effects have been described. The depression of OXPHOS ATP synthesis has been observed, attributed to the inhibition of mitochondrial Complex I and IV particularly, found responsible of major effects. SCOPE OF REVIEW The review is focused on CcOX and NO with some hints about pathophysiological implications. The reactions of interest are reviewed, with special attention to the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of NO observed on cytochrome c oxidase, particularly during turnover with oxygen and reductants. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE The NO inhibition of CcOX is rapid and reversible and may occur in competition with oxygen. Inhibition takes place following two pathways leading to formation of either a relatively stable nitrosyl-derivative (CcOX-NO) of the enzyme reduced, or a more labile nitrite-derivative (CcOX-NO(2)(-)) of the enzyme oxidized, and during turnover. The pathway that prevails depends on the turnover conditions and concentration of NO and physiological substrates, cytochrome c and O(2). All evidence suggests that these parameters are crucial in determining the CcOX vs NO reaction pathway prevailing in vivo, with interesting physiological and pathological consequences for cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Sarti
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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Gupta KJ, Igamberdiev AU. The anoxic plant mitochondrion as a nitrite: NO reductase. Mitochondrion 2011; 11:537-43. [PMID: 21406251 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Under the conditions of oxygen deprivation, accumulating nitrite can be reduced in the mitochondrial electron transport chain forming free radical nitric oxide (NO). By reducing nitrite to NO, plant mitochondria preserve the capacity to oxidize external NADH and NADPH and retain a limited power for ATP synthesis complementing glycolytic ATP production. NO participates in O(2) balance in mitochondria by competitively inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase which can oxidize it to nitrite when oxygen concentration increases. Some of the NO escapes to the cytosol, where the efficient scavenging system involving non-symbiotic hemoglobin oxygenates NO to nitrate and supports continuous anaerobic turnover of nitrogen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapuganti J Gupta
- Department of Plant Physiology, University of Rostock, Albert Einstein Str. 3, D-10859, Germany.
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Regulation of mitochondrial processes by protein S-nitrosylation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:712-21. [PMID: 21397666 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitric oxide (NO) exerts powerful physiological effects through guanylate cyclase (GC), a non-mitochondrial enzyme, and through the generation of protein cysteinyl-NO (SNO) adducts-a post-translational modification relevant to mitochondrial biology. A small number of SNO proteins, generated by various mechanisms, are characteristically found in mammalian mitochondria and influence the regulation of oxidative phosphorylation and other aspects of mitochondrial function. SCOPE OF REVIEW The principles by which mitochondrial SNO proteins are formed and their actions, independently or collectively with NO binding to heme, iron-sulfur centers, or to glutathione (GSH) are reviewed on a molecular background of SNO-based signal transduction. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Mitochondrial SNO-proteins have been demonstrated to inhibit Complex I of the electron transport chain, to modulate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, influence calcium-dependent opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), promote selective importation of mitochondrial protein, and stimulate mitochondrial fission. The ease of reversibility and the affirmation of regulated S-nitros(yl)ating and denitros(yl)ating enzymatic reactions support hypotheses that SNO regulates the mitochondrion through redox mechanisms. SNO modification of mitochondrial proteins, whether homeostatic or adaptive (physiological), or pathogenic, is an area of active investigation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Mitochondrial SNO proteins are associated with mainly protective, bur some pathological effects; the former mainly in inflammatory and ischemia/reperfusion syndromes and the latter in neurodegenerative diseases. Experimentally, mitochondrial SNO delivery is also emerging as a potential new area of therapeutics. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Regulation of cellular processes by S-nitrosylation.
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Lundberg JO, Carlström M, Larsen FJ, Weitzberg E. Roles of dietary inorganic nitrate in cardiovascular health and disease. Cardiovasc Res 2010; 89:525-32. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvq325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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