1
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Rashid S, Wilson SG, Zhu K, Walsh JP, Xu J, Mullin BH. Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and Molecular Pathways Involved in Osteoclastogenesis Using RNA-seq. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040916. [PMID: 37107674 PMCID: PMC10137460 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a disease that is characterised by reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and can be exacerbated by the excessive bone resorption of osteoclasts (OCs). Bioinformatic methods, including functional enrichment and network analysis, can provide information about the underlying molecular mechanisms that participate in the progression of osteoporosis. In this study, we harvested human OC-like cells differentiated in culture and their precursor peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and characterised the transcriptome of the two cell types using RNA-sequencing in order to identify differentially expressed genes. Differential gene expression analysis was performed in RStudio using the edgeR package. Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses were performed to identify enriched GO terms and signalling pathways, with inter-connected regions characterised using protein-protein interaction analysis. In this study, we identified 3201 differentially expressed genes using a 5% false discovery rate; 1834 genes were upregulated, whereas 1367 genes were downregulated. We confirmed a significant upregulation of several well-established OC genes including CTSK, DCSTAMP, ACP5, MMP9, ITGB3, and ATP6V0D2. The GO analysis suggested that upregulated genes are involved in cell division, cell migration, and cell adhesion, while the KEGG pathway analysis highlighted oxidative phosphorylation, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, lysosome, and focal adhesion pathways. This study provides new information about changes in gene expression and highlights key biological pathways involved in osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rashid
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
| | - Scott G Wilson
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Kun Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
| | - John P Walsh
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
- Medical School, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
| | - Jiake Xu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
| | - Benjamin H Mullin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6907, Australia
- Department of Endocrinology & Diabetes, Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
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Gong HP, Ren Y, Zha PP, Zhang WY, Zhang J, Zhang ZW, Wang C. Clinical and genetic diagnosis of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II in a Chinese family: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:700-708. [PMID: 36793634 PMCID: PMC9923847 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i3.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteopetrosis is a rare genetic disorder characterized by increased bone density due to defective bone resorption of osteoclasts. Approximately, 80% of autosomal dominant osteopetrosis type II (ADO-II) patients were usually affected by heterozygous dominant mutations in the chloride voltage-gated channel 7 (ClCN7) gene and present early-onset osteoarthritis or recurrent fractures. In this study, we report a case of persistent joint pain without bone injury or underlying history.
CASE SUMMARY We report a 53-year-old female with joint pain who was accidentally diagnosed with ADO-II. The clinical diagnosis was based on increased bone density and typical radiographic features. Two heterozygous mutations in the ClCN7 and T-cell immune regulator 1 (TCIRG1) genes by whole exome sequencing were identified in the patient and her daughter. The missense mutation (c.857G>A) occurred in the CLCN7 gene p. R286Q, which is highly conserved across species. The TCIRG1 gene point mutation (c.714-20G>A) in intron 7 (near the splicing site of exon 7) had no effect on subsequent transcription.
CONCLUSION This ADO-II case had a pathogenic CLCN7 mutation and late onset without the usual clinical symptoms. For the diagnosis and assessment of the prognosis for osteopetrosis, genetic analysis is advised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Ping Gong
- International Medical Center Ward, General Practice Medical Center, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Pan-Pan Zha
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Wen-Yan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614003, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The People’s Hospital of Leshan, Leshan 614003, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Chun Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University West China Hospital, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China
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Nakanishi-Matsui M, Matsumoto N. V-ATPase a3 Subunit in Secretory Lysosome Trafficking in Osteoclasts. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1426-1431. [PMID: 36184499 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) shares its structure and rotational catalysis with F-type ATPase (F-ATPase, ATP synthase). However, unlike subunits of F-ATPase, those of V-ATPase have tissue- and/or organelle-specific isoforms. Structural diversity of V-ATPase generated by different combinations of subunit isoforms enables it to play diverse physiological roles in mammalian cells. Among these various roles, this review focuses on the functions of lysosome-specific V-ATPase in bone resorption by osteoclasts. Lysosomes remain in the cytoplasm in most cell types, but in osteoclasts, secretory lysosomes move toward and fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete lysosomal enzymes, which is essential for bone resorption. Through this process, lysosomal V-ATPase harboring the a3 isoform of the a subunit is relocated to the plasma membrane, where it transports protons from the cytosol to the cell exterior to generate the acidic extracellular conditions required for secreted lysosomal enzymes. In addition to this role as a proton pump, we recently found that the lysosomal a3 subunit of V-ATPase is essential for anterograde trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Specifically, a3 interacts with Rab7, a member of the Rab guanosine 5'-triphosphatase (GTPase) family that regulates organelle trafficking, and recruits it to the lysosomal membrane. These findings revealed the multifunctionality of lysosomal V-ATPase in osteoclasts; V-ATPase is responsible not only for the formation of the acidic environment by transporting protons, but also for intracellular trafficking of secretory lysosomes by recruiting organelle trafficking factors. Herein, we summarize the molecular mechanism underlying secretory lysosome trafficking in osteoclasts, and discuss the possible regulatory role of V-ATPase in organelle trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University
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Matsumoto N, Sekiya M, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Nakanishi-Matsui M. The lysosomal V-ATPase a3 subunit is involved in localization of Mon1-Ccz1, the GEF for Rab7, to secretory lysosomes in osteoclasts. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8455. [PMID: 35589873 PMCID: PMC9120031 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12397-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that the lysosomal a3 isoform of the a subunit of vacuolar-type ATPase (V-ATPase) interacts with inactive (GDP-bound form) Rab7, a small GTPase that regulates late endosome/lysosome trafficking, and that a3 recruits Rab7 to secretory lysosomes in mouse osteoclasts. This is essential for outward trafficking of secretory lysosomes and thus for bone resorption. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the recruitment of Rab7 by a3 remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we showed that a3 interacts with the Mon1A-Ccz1 complex, a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Rab7, using HEK293T cells. The interaction was mediated by the amino-terminal half domain of a3 and the longin motifs of Mon1A and Ccz1. Exogenous expression of the GEF promoted the interaction between a3 and Rab7. Mon1A mutants that interact inefficiently with Rab7 interacted with a3 at a similar level to wild-type Mon1A. Lysosomal localization of endogenous Ccz1 was abolished in osteoclasts lacking a3. These results suggest that the lysosomal a3 isoform of V-ATPase interacts with Mon1A-Ccz1, and that a3 is important for Mon1A-Ccz1 localization to secretory lysosomes, which mediates Rab7 recruitment to the organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Idaidori 1-1-1, Shiwa, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sekiya
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Idaidori 1-1-1, Shiwa, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakanishi-Matsui
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Idaidori 1-1-1, Shiwa, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.
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Kim MH, Choi LY, Chung JY, Kim EJ, Yang WM. Auraptene ameliorates osteoporosis by inhibiting RANKL/NFATc1 pathway-mediated bone resorption based on network pharmacology and experimental evaluation. Bone Joint Res 2022; 11:304-316. [PMID: 35579298 PMCID: PMC9130672 DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.115.bjr-2021-0380.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The association of auraptene (AUR), a 7-geranyloxycoumarin, on osteoporosis and its potential pathway was predicted by network pharmacology and confirmed in experimental osteoporotic mice. METHODS The network of AUR was constructed and a potential pathway predicted by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway and Gene Ontology (GO) terms enrichment. Female ovariectomized (OVX) Institute of Cancer Research mice were intraperitoneally injected with 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM AUR for four weeks. The bone mineral density (BMD) level was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The bone microstructure was determined by histomorphological changes in the femora. In addition, biochemical analysis of the serum and assessment of the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of osteoclastic markers were performed. RESULTS In total, 65.93% of the genes of the AUR network matched with osteoporosis-related genes. Osteoclast differentiation was predicted to be a potential pathway of AUR in osteoporosis. Based on the network pharmacology, the BMD and bone mineral content levels were significantly (p < 0.05) increased in the whole body, femur, tibia, and lumbar spine by AUR. AUR normalized the bone microstructure and the serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (bALP), osteocalcin, and calcium in comparison with the OVX group. In addition, AUR treatment reduced TRAP-positive osteoclasts and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)+nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 (NFATc1)+ expression in the femoral body. Moreover, the expressions of initiators for osteoclastic resorption and bone matrix degradation were significantly (p < 0.05) regulated by AUR in the lumbar spine of the osteoporotic mice. CONCLUSION AUR ameliorated bone loss by downregulating the RANKL/NFATc1 pathway, resulting in improvement of osteoporosis. In conclusion, AUR might be an ameliorative cure that alleviates bone loss in osteoporosis via inhibition of osteoclastic activity. Cite this article: Bone Joint Res 2022;11(5):304-316.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi H Kim
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - La Y Choi
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae Y Chung
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, Dongguk University Bundang Oriental Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Woong M Yang
- Department of Convergence Korean Medical Science, Graduate School, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
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6
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Matsumoto N, Sekiya M, Fujimoto Y, Haga S, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Functional complementation of V-ATPase a subunit isoforms in osteoclasts. J Biochem 2021; 169:459-466. [PMID: 33135054 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvaa118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In osteoclasts, the a3 isoform of the proton-pumping V-ATPase plays essential roles in anterograde trafficking of secretory lysosomes and extracellular acidification required for bone resorption. This study examined functional complementation of the a isoforms by exogenously expressing the a1, a2 and a3 isoforms in a3-knockout (KO) osteoclasts. The expression levels of a1 and a2 in a3KO osteoclasts were similar, but lower than that of a3. a1 significantly localized to lysosomes, whereas a2 slightly did. On the other hand, a2 interacted with Rab7, a regulator of secretory lysosome trafficking in osteoclasts, more efficiently than a1. a1 partly complemented the functions of a3 in secretory lysosome trafficking and calcium phosphate resorption, while a2 partly complemented the former but not the latter function.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yasuyuki Fujimoto
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Idaidori 1-1-1, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | | | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kodo 97-1, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Mihogaoka 8-1, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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7
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Oot RA, Yao Y, Manolson MF, Wilkens S. Purification of active human vacuolar H +-ATPase in native lipid-containing nanodiscs. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100964. [PMID: 34270960 PMCID: PMC8353480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar H+-ATPases (V-ATPases) are large, multisubunit proton pumps that acidify the lumen of organelles in virtually every eukaryotic cell and in specialized acid-secreting animal cells, the enzyme pumps protons into the extracellular space. In higher organisms, most of the subunits are expressed as multiple isoforms, with some enriched in specific compartments or tissues and others expressed ubiquitously. In mammals, subunit a is expressed as four isoforms (a1-4) that target the enzyme to distinct biological membranes. Mutations in a isoforms are known to give rise to tissue-specific disease, and some a isoforms are upregulated and mislocalized to the plasma membrane in invasive cancers. However, isoform complexity and low abundance greatly complicate purification of active human V-ATPase, a prerequisite for developing isoform-specific therapeutics. Here, we report the purification of an active human V-ATPase in native lipid nanodiscs from a cell line stably expressing affinity-tagged a isoform 4 (a4). We find that exogenous expression of this single subunit in HEK293F cells permits assembly of a functional V-ATPase by incorporation of endogenous subunits. The ATPase activity of the preparation is >95% sensitive to concanamycin A, indicating that the lipid nanodisc-reconstituted enzyme is functionally coupled. Moreover, this strategy permits purification of the enzyme’s isolated membrane subcomplex together with biosynthetic assembly factors coiled-coil domain–containing protein 115, transmembrane protein 199, and vacuolar H+-ATPase assembly integral membrane protein 21. Our work thus lays the groundwork for biochemical characterization of active human V-ATPase in an a subunit isoform-specific manner and establishes a platform for the study of the assembly and regulation of the human holoenzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Oot
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA
| | - Yeqi Yao
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Morris F Manolson
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephan Wilkens
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York, USA.
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Chu A, Zirngibl RA, Manolson MF. The V-ATPase a3 Subunit: Structure, Function and Therapeutic Potential of an Essential Biomolecule in Osteoclastic Bone Resorption. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136934. [PMID: 34203247 PMCID: PMC8269383 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on one of the 16 proteins composing the V-ATPase complex responsible for resorbing bone: the a3 subunit. The rationale for focusing on this biomolecule is that mutations in this one protein account for over 50% of osteopetrosis cases, highlighting its critical role in bone physiology. Despite its essential role in bone remodeling and its involvement in bone diseases, little is known about the way in which this subunit is targeted and regulated within osteoclasts. To this end, this review is broadened to include the three other mammalian paralogues (a1, a2 and a4) and the two yeast orthologs (Vph1p and Stv1p). By examining the literature on all of the paralogues/orthologs of the V-ATPase a subunit, we hope to provide insight into the molecular mechanisms and future research directions specific to a3. This review starts with an overview on bone, highlighting the role of V-ATPases in osteoclastic bone resorption. We then cover V-ATPases in other location/functions, highlighting the roles which the four mammalian a subunit paralogues might play in differential targeting and/or regulation. We review the ways in which the energy of ATP hydrolysis is converted into proton translocation, and go in depth into the diverse role of the a subunit, not only in proton translocation but also in lipid binding, cell signaling and human diseases. Finally, the therapeutic implication of targeting a3 specifically for bone diseases and cancer is discussed, with concluding remarks on future directions.
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Baamonde A, Menéndez L, González-Rodríguez S, Lastra A, Seitz V, Stein C, Machelska H. A low pKa ligand inhibits cancer-associated pain in mice by activating peripheral mu-opioid receptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18599. [PMID: 33122720 PMCID: PMC7596718 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The newly designed fentanyl derivative [( ±)-N-(3-fluoro-1-phenethylpiperidine-4-yl)-N-phenyl propionamide] (NFEPP) was recently shown to produce analgesia selectively via peripheral mu-opioid receptors (MOR) at acidic pH in rat inflamed tissues. Here, we examined the pH-dependency of NFEPP binding to brain MOR and its effects on bone cancer-induced pain in mice. The IC50 of NFEPP to displace bound [3H]-DAMGO was significantly higher compared to fentanyl at pH 7.4, but no differences were observed at pH 5.5 or 6.5. Intravenous NFEPP (30-100 nmol/kg) or fentanyl (17-30 nmol/kg) inhibited heat hyperalgesia in mice inoculated with B16-F10 melanoma cells. The peripherally-restricted opioid receptor antagonist naloxone-methiodide reversed the effect of NFEPP (100 nmol/kg), but not of fentanyl (30 nmol/kg). The antihyperalgesic effect of NFEPP was abolished by a selective MOR- (cyprodime), but not delta- (naltrindole) or kappa- (nor-binaltorphimine) receptor antagonists. Ten-fold higher doses of NFEPP than fentanyl induced maximal antinociception in mice without tumors, which was reversed by the non-restricted antagonist naloxone, but not by naloxone-methiodide. NFEPP also reduced heat hyperalgesia produced by fibrosarcoma- (NCTC 2472) or prostate cancer-derived (RM1) cells. These data demonstrate the increased affinity of NFEPP for murine MOR at low pH, and its ability to inhibit bone cancer-induced hyperalgesia through peripheral MOR. In mice, central opioid receptors may be activated by ten-fold higher doses of NFEPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain.
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Sara González-Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Lastra
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias (ISPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 6, 33006, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
| | - Viola Seitz
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14474, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Christoph Stein
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
| | - Halina Machelska
- Department of Experimental Anesthesiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12203, Berlin, Germany
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10
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Zhang D, Lin L, Yang B, Meng Z, Zhang B. Knockdown of Tcirg1 inhibits large-osteoclast generation by down-regulating NFATc1 and IP3R2 expression. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237354. [PMID: 32790690 PMCID: PMC7425954 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The TCIRG1 gene encodes the a3 isoform of vacuolar H+-ATPase (V-ATPase), which forms a proton transport channel in osteoclasts. Defects in this gene lead to functional impairment of osteoclasts and increased bone mass; however, the molecular mechanisms of TCIRG1 loss have not been fully elucidated. In the current study, we transfected mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes with control or Tcirg1-knockdown lentiviruses to further investigate the mechanisms of TCIRG1. Our results demonstrate that knockdown of Tcirg1 inhibits large-osteoclast (>100 μm) generation by decreasing the expression of nuclear factor of activated T-cells 1 (NFATc1) and inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 2 (IP3R2). The decreased IP3R2 reduces intracellular calcium levels, which limits the nuclear translocation of NFATc1 in RANKL-induced mouse bone marrow-derived monocytes. These findings provide a mechanism to explain the effects of TCIRG1 impairment, with potential implications for the development of therapies for osteopetrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyan Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province & Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, PR China
| | - Liying Lin
- Department of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province & Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bingwu Yang
- Department of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province & Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, PR China
| | - Zhen Meng
- Department of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province & Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, PR China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Shandong University & Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration & Shandong Engineering Laboratory for Dental Materials and Oral Tissue Regeneration, Jinan, Shandong, PR China
- Department of Stomatology & Key Laboratory of Oral Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Medical Biology of Shandong Province & Precision Biomedical Key Laboratory, Liaocheng People’s Hospital, Liaocheng, Shandong, PR China
- * E-mail:
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Wu JY, Li X, Wang CL, Ye L, Yang J. [Research progress on the pathogenesis of inflammatory external root resorption]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2019; 37:656-659. [PMID: 31875446 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory external root resorption (IERR) refers to the pathological process of dissolving the hard tissue on the outer surface of the tooth root by the body's own immune system under the stimulation of various physical and chemical factors such as infection, stress, trauma and orthodontic treatment. Severe IERR can lead to endodontic and periodontal diseases, and even the loss of teeth. Therefore, understanding the etiology and the pathogenic mechanism of IERR are of importance in its prevention and treatment. This article will review the etiology and the regulation mechanisms of IERR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yi Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Cheng-Lin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Ling Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Khan YA, Maurya SK, Kulkarni C, Tiwari MC, Nagar GK, Chattopadhyay N. Fasciola
helminth defense molecule‐1 protects against experimental arthritis by inhibiting osteoclast formation and function without modulating the systemic immune response. FASEB J 2019; 34:1091-1106. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901480rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasir Akhtar Khan
- Division of Endocrinology CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Section of Parasitology Department of Zoology Aligarh Muslim University Aligarh India
| | | | - Chirag Kulkarni
- Division of Endocrinology CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | | | - Geet Kumar Nagar
- Division of Endocrinology CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
| | - Naibedya Chattopadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research CSIR‐Central Drug Research Institute Lucknow India
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13
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Proton pumping V-ATPase inhibitor bafilomycin A1 affects Rab7 lysosomal localization and abolishes anterograde trafficking of osteoclast secretory lysosomes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 510:421-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.01.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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14
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Lactate Transporter Monocarboxylate Transporter 4 Induces Bone Pain in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113317. [PMID: 30366393 PMCID: PMC6274991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) poses a significant challenge clinically, as it can invade facial bones and cause bone pain that is undertreated and poorly understood. Here we studied HNSCC bone pain (HNSCC-BP) in an intratibial mouse xenograft model that uses a human HNSCC cell line (SAS cells). These mice develop HNSCC-BP associated with an upregulation of phosphorylated ERK1/2 (pERK1/2), which is a molecular indicator of neuron excitation in the dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of sensory nerve cell bodies. Our experiments demonstrated that the inhibition of monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) by short hairpin (shRNA) transduction suppressed the HNSCC-BP, the lactate level in bone marrow, and the pERK1/2 expression in DRG. The sensory nerves also expressed increased levels of the acid-sensing receptor TRPV1. DRG neurons co-cultured with SAS cells showed increased neurite outgrowth, and were inhibited by MCT4 silencing with shRNA. Collectively, our results show that HNSCC induced an acidic bone microenvironment that evokes HNSCC-BP via MCT4 expression.
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15
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Matsumoto N, Sekiya M, Tohyama K, Ishiyama-Matsuura E, Sun-Wada GH, Wada Y, Futai M, Nakanishi-Matsui M. Essential Role of the a3 Isoform of V-ATPase in Secretory Lysosome Trafficking via Rab7 Recruitment. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6701. [PMID: 29712939 PMCID: PMC5928161 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-24918-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Secretory lysosomes are required for the specialised functions of various types of differentiated cells. In osteoclasts, the lysosomal proton pump V-ATPase (vacuolar-type ATPase) is targeted to the plasma membrane via secretory lysosomes and subsequently acidifies the extracellular compartment, providing optimal conditions for bone resorption. However, little is known about the mechanism underlying this trafficking of secretory lysosomes. Here, we demonstrate that the lysosome-specific a3 isoform of the V-ATPase a subunit plays an indispensable role in secretory lysosome trafficking, together with Rab7, a small GTPase involved in organelle trafficking. In osteoclasts lacking a3, lysosomes were not transported to the cell periphery, and Rab7 was not localised to lysosomes but diffused throughout the cytoplasm. Expression of dominant-negative (GDP-bound form) Rab7 inhibited lysosome trafficking in wild-type cells. Furthermore, a3 directly interacted with the GDP-bound forms of Rab7 and Rab27A. These findings reveal a novel role for the proton pump V-ATPase in secretory lysosome trafficking and an unexpected mechanistic link with Rab GTPases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Matsumoto
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mizuki Sekiya
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Koujiro Tohyama
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.,Department of Physiology, School of Dentistry, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Eri Ishiyama-Matsuura
- The Center for Electron Microscopy and Bio-Imaging Research, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Ge-Hong Sun-Wada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Doshisha Women's College, Kyotanabe, Kyoto, 610-0395, Japan
| | - Yoh Wada
- Division of Biological Sciences, Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research, Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka, 567-0047, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Futai
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan
| | - Mayumi Nakanishi-Matsui
- Division of Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate, 028-3694, Japan.
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16
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Natural uranium impairs the differentiation and the resorbing function of osteoclasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2017; 1861:715-726. [PMID: 28089586 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Uranium is a naturally occurring radionuclide ubiquitously present in the environment. The skeleton is the main site of uranium long-term accumulation. While it has been shown that natural uranium is able to perturb bone metabolism through its chemical toxicity, its impact on bone resorption by osteoclasts has been poorly explored. Here, we examined for the first time in vitro effects of natural uranium on osteoclasts. METHODS The effects of uranium on the RAW 264.7 monocyte/macrophage mouse cell line and primary murine osteoclastic cells were characterized by biochemical, molecular and functional analyses. RESULTS We observed a cytotoxicity effect of uranium on osteoclast precursors. Uranium concentrations in the μM range are able to inhibit osteoclast formation, mature osteoclast survival and mineral resorption but don't affect the expression of the osteoclast gene markers Nfatc1, Dc-stamp, Ctsk, Acp5, Atp6v0a3 or Atp6v0d2 in RAW 274.7 cells. Instead, we observed that uranium induces a dose-dependent accumulation of SQSTM1/p62 during osteoclastogenesis. CONCLUSIONS We show here that uranium impairs osteoclast formation and function in vitro. The decrease in available precursor cells, as well as the reduced viability of mature osteoclasts appears to account for these effects of uranium. The SQSTM1/p62 level increase observed in response to uranium exposure is of particular interest since this protein is a known regulator of osteoclast formation. A tempting hypothesis discussed herein is that SQSTM1/p62 dysregulation contributes to uranium effects on osteoclastogenesis. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE We describe cellular and molecular effects of uranium that potentially affect bone homeostasis.
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17
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Iglesias-Linares A, Hartsfield JK. Cellular and Molecular Pathways Leading to External Root Resorption. J Dent Res 2016; 96:145-152. [PMID: 27811065 DOI: 10.1177/0022034516677539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
External apical root resorption during orthodontic treatment implicates specific molecular pathways that orchestrate nonphysiologic cellular activation. To date, a substantial number of in vitro and in vivo molecular, genomic, and proteomic studies have supplied data that provide new insights into root resorption. Recent mechanisms and developments reviewed here include the role of the cellular component-specifically, the balance of CD68+, iNOS+ M1- and CD68+, CD163+ M2-like macrophages associated with root resorption and root surface repair processes linked to the expression of the M1-associated proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, the M1 activator interferon γ, the M2 activator interleukin 4, and M2-associated anti-inflammatory interleukin 10 and arginase I. Insights into the role of mesenchymal dental pulp cells in attenuating dentin resorption in homeostasis are also reviewed. Data on recently deciphered molecular pathways are reviewed at the level of (1) clastic cell adhesion in the external apical root resorption process and the specific role of α/β integrins, osteopontin, and related extracellular matrix proteins; (2) clastic cell fusion and activation by the RANKL/RANK/OPG and ATP-P2RX7-IL1 pathways; and (3) regulatory mechanisms of root resorption repair by cementum at the proteomic and transcriptomic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Iglesias-Linares
- 1 Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - J K Hartsfield
- 2 Oral Health Science, College of Dentistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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18
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Yoshimoto S, Morita H, Matsubara R, Mitsuyasu T, Imai Y, Kajioka S, Yoneda M, Ito Y, Hirofuji T, Nakamura S, Hirata M. Surface vacuolar ATPase in ameloblastoma contributes to tumor invasion of the jaw bone. Int J Oncol 2016; 48:1258-70. [PMID: 26794206 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Ameloblastoma is the most common benign odontogenic tumor in Japan. It is believed that it expands in the jaw bone through peritumoral activation of osteoclasts by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL) released from the ameloblastoma, as in bone metastases of cancer cells. However, the clinical features of ameloblastoma, including its growth rate and patterns of invasion, are quite different from those of bone metastasis of cancer cells, suggesting that different underlying mechanisms are involved. Therefore, in the present study, we examined the possible mechanisms underlying the invasive expansion of ameloblastoma in the jaw bone. Expression levels of RANKL assessed by western blotting were markedly lower in ameloblastoma (AM-1) cells than in highly metastatic oral squamous cell carcinoma (HSC-3) cells. Experiments coculturing mouse macrophages (RAW264.7) with AM-1 demonstrated low osteoclastogenic activity, as assessed by tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinuclear cell formation, probably because of low release of RANKL, whereas cocultures of RAW264.7 with HSC-3 cells exhibited very high osteoclastogenic activity. Thus, RANKL release from AM-1 appeared to be too low to generate osteoclasts. However, AM-1 cultured directly on calcium phosphate-coated plates formed resorption pits, and this was inhibited by application of bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, vacuolar-type H+-ATPase (V-ATPase) and H+/Cl- exchange transporter 7 (CLC-7) were detected on the surface of AM-1 cells by plasma membrane biotinylation and immunofluorescence analysis. Immunohistochemical analysis of clinical samples of ameloblastoma also showed plasma membrane-localized V-ATPase and CLC-7 in the epithelium of plexiform, follicular and basal cell types. The demineralization activity of AM-1 was only 1.7% of osteoclasts demineralization activity, and the growth rate was 20% of human normal skin keratinocytes and HSC-3 cells. These results suggest that the slow expansion of several typical types of ameloblastomas in jaw bone is attributable to its slow growth and low demineralization ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Yoshimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Morita
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Ryota Matsubara
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Mitsuyasu
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuko Imai
- Special Patient Oral Care Unit, Kyushu University Hospital, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shunichi Kajioka
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yoneda
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Yushi Ito
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume 830-0011, Japan
| | - Takao Hirofuji
- Department of General Dentistry, Fukuoka Dental College, Fukuoka 814-0193, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
| | - Masato Hirata
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812‑8582, Japan
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19
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Gilman-Sachs A, Tikoo A, Akman-Anderson L, Jaiswal M, Ntrivalas E, Beaman K. Expression and role of a2 vacuolar-ATPase (a2V) in trafficking of human neutrophil granules and exocytosis. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1121-31. [PMID: 25877929 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3a1214-620rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neutrophils kill microorganisms by inducing exocytosis of granules with antibacterial properties. Four isoforms of the "a" subunit of V-ATPase-a1V, a2V, a3V, and a4V-have been identified. a2V is expressed in white blood cells, that is, on the surface of monocytes or activated lymphocytes. Neutrophil associated-a2V was found on membranes of primary (azurophilic) granules and less often on secondary (specific) granules, tertiary (gelatinase granules), and secretory vesicles. However, it was not found on the surface of resting neutrophils. Following stimulation of neutrophils, primary granules containing a2V as well as CD63 translocated to the surface of the cell because of exocytosis. a2V was also found on the cell surface when the neutrophils were incubated in ammonium chloride buffer (pH 7.4) a weak base. The intracellular pH (cytosol) became alkaline within 5 min after stimulation, and the pH increased from 7.2 to 7.8; this pH change correlated with intragranular acidification of the neutrophil granules. Upon translocation and exocytosis, a2V on the membrane of primary granules remained on the cell surface, but myeloperoxidase was secreted. V-ATPase may have a role in the fusion of the granule membrane with the cell surface membrane before exocytosis. These findings suggest that the granule-associated a2V isoform has a role in maintaining a pH gradient within the cell between the cytosol and granules in neutrophils and also in fusion between the surface and the granules before exocytosis. Because a2V is not found on the surface of resting neutrophils, surface a2V may be useful as a biomarker for activated neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Gilman-Sachs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anjali Tikoo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Leyla Akman-Anderson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Mukesh Jaiswal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Evangelos Ntrivalas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Kenneth Beaman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, Illinois, USA
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