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Iketani A, Takano M, Kasakura K, Iwatsuki M, Tsuji A, Matsuda K, Minegishi R, Hosono A, Nakanishi Y, Takahashi K. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α-dependent regulation of granule formation in mast cells by intestinal bacteria. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2451094. [PMID: 38980255 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202451094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
The antiallergic effects of gut microbiota have been attracting attention in recent years, but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate these mechanisms specifically focusing on mast cells. Mast cells retain intracellular granules containing various inflammatory mediators such as histamine, which are released outside the cells upon IgE and allergen stimulation. We previously reported that increased expression of the transcription factor, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), suppresses granule formation in mast cells and that Lacticaseibacillus casei JCM1134T (LC) upregulates C/EBPα levels. Here, granule formation in mouse bone marrow-derived mast cells was suppressed in a MyD88-dependent manner after LC treatment due to C/EBPα-dependent downregulation of the genes encoding serglycin (SRGN) and mast cell protease 4 (Mcpt4). Furthermore, C/EBPα expression was regulated by DNA methylation in the 5' region far upstream of the transcription start site. LC suppressed DNA methylation of specific CpG motifs in the 5' region of the C/EBPα gene. These results conclude that specific gut microbial components, such as those from LC, suppress granule formation in mast cells by inhibiting SRGN and Mcpt4 expression via reduced C/EBPα gene methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Iketani
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Mai Takano
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazumi Kasakura
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Miono Iwatsuki
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ayu Tsuji
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kou Matsuda
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Remina Minegishi
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Hosono
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kyoko Takahashi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- Department of Bioresource Utilization Sciences, Nihon University Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
- College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Fujisawa, Kanagawa, Japan
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2
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Huang Y, Zhu Z, Li W, Ge Y, Li Y, Wang J, Peng X, Lin L, Li J, Liu CY, Li L. ELK4 exerts opposite roles in cytokine/chemokine production and degranulation in activated mast cells. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1171380. [PMID: 37529050 PMCID: PMC10389778 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1171380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The proliferative potential of mast cells after activation for 3-4h was found to be decreased, which suggests that mast cell degranulation and cell proliferation are differentially regulated. ELK4, a member of the ternary complex factor (TCF) subfamily of Ets transcription factors, is one of the downstream effectors of MAPK signaling that is critical for cell proliferation. And Elk4 has been identified to be vital for macrophage activation in response to zymosan and the transcriptional response to 12-O-tetrade canoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA) stimulation in fibroblast. However, the effect of ELK4 on the mast cell transcriptional response to FcϵRI and GPCR mediated activation and its potential functional significance in mast cells remain unclear. Here, we showed that ELK4 expression is downregulated in activated mast cells. Elk4 knockout suppresses cell proliferation and impedes the cell cycle in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMCs), which is associated with decreased transcription of cell cycle genes. Additionally, the transcriptional activation of cytokines and chemokines is diminished while mast cell degranulation is enhanced in Elk4 knockout BMMCs. Mechanistically, ELK4 might positively modulate Hdc, Ccl3 and Ccl4 transcription by interacting with MITF and negatively regulate the transcription of degranulation-related genes by complexing with SIRT6. Overall, our study identifies a new physiological role of the transcription factor ELK4 in mast cell proliferation and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Huang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhehui Zhu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Colorectal Cancer Minimally Invasive Technology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weize Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiqin Ge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanning Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xia Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihui Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chen-Ying Liu
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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3
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Srivastava M, Kaplan MH. Transcription Factors in the Development and Pro-Allergic Function of Mast Cells. FRONTIERS IN ALLERGY 2021; 2:679121. [PMID: 35387064 PMCID: PMC8974754 DOI: 10.3389/falgy.2021.679121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells (MCs) are innate immune cells of hematopoietic origin localized in the mucosal tissues of the body and are broadly implicated in the pathogenesis of allergic inflammation. Transcription factors have a pivotal role in the development and differentiation of mast cells in response to various microenvironmental signals encountered in the resident tissues. Understanding the regulation of mast cells by transcription factors is therefore vital for mechanistic insights into allergic diseases. In this review we summarize advances in defining the transcription factors that impact the development of mast cells throughout the body and in specific tissues, and factors that are involved in responding to the extracellular milieu. We will further describe the complex networks of transcription factors that impact mast cell physiology and expansion during allergic inflammation and functions from degranulation to cytokine secretion. As our understanding of the heterogeneity of mast cells becomes more detailed, the contribution of specific transcription factors in mast cell-dependent functions will potentially offer new pathways for therapeutic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mansi Srivastava
- Department of BioHealth Informatics, School of Informatics and Computing, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Mark H. Kaplan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark H. Kaplan
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4
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Guo Y, Proaño-Pérez E, Muñoz-Cano R, Martin M. Anaphylaxis: Focus on Transcription Factor Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094935. [PMID: 34066544 PMCID: PMC8124588 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anaphylaxis is a severe allergic reaction, rapid in onset, and can lead to fatal consequences if not promptly treated. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in past decades and continues to rise. Therefore, there is a general interest in understanding the molecular mechanism that leads to an exacerbated response. The main effector cells are mast cells, commonly triggered by stimuli that involve the IgE-dependent or IgE-independent pathway. These signaling pathways converge in the release of proinflammatory mediators, such as histamine, tryptases, prostaglandins, etc., in minutes. The action and cell targets of these proinflammatory mediators are linked to the pathophysiologic consequences observed in this severe allergic reaction. While many molecules are involved in cellular regulation, the expression and regulation of transcription factors involved in the synthesis of proinflammatory mediators and secretory granule homeostasis are of special interest, due to their ability to control gene expression and change phenotype, and they may be key in the severity of the entire reaction. In this review, we will describe our current understanding of the pathophysiology of human anaphylaxis, focusing on the transcription factors' contributions to this systemic hypersensitivity reaction. Host mutation in transcription factor expression, or deregulation of their activity in an anaphylaxis context, will be updated. So far, the risk of anaphylaxis is unpredictable thus, increasing our knowledge of the molecular mechanism that leads and regulates mast cell activity will enable us to improve our understanding of how anaphylaxis can be prevented or treated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Guo
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Elizabeth Proaño-Pérez
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- Allergy Section, Pneumology Department, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- ARADyAL (Asthma, Drug Adverse Reactions and Allergy) Research Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Margarita Martin
- Biochemistry Unit, Biomedicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; (Y.G.); (E.P.-P.)
- Clinical and Experimental Respiratory Immunoallergy (IRCE), Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), 08036 Barcelona, Spain;
- ARADyAL (Asthma, Drug Adverse Reactions and Allergy) Research Network, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-93-4024541; Fax: +34-93-4035882
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Mao F, Wong NK, Lin Y, Zhang X, Liu K, Huang M, Xu D, Xiang Z, Li J, Zhang Y, Yu Z. Transcriptomic Evidence Reveals the Molecular Basis for Functional Differentiation of Hemocytes in a Marine Invertebrate, Crassostrea gigas. Front Immunol 2020; 11:911. [PMID: 32536915 PMCID: PMC7269103 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemocytes play unequivocally central roles in host immune defense of bivalve mollusks, though the exact mechanisms underlying their functional differentiation are only partially understood. To this end, granulocytes and hyalinocytes were sorted via flow cytometry from hemocytes of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, and consequently quantitative transcriptomic analysis revealed a striking array of differentially expressed genes (DEGs), which were globally upregulated in granulocytes, dedicating to functional differentiation among oyster hemocytes. Our network of DEGs illustrated actively engaged signaling pathways, with Cdc42/Cdc42l being a core regulator of pathway network, which was validated by a dramatically reduced capacity for hemocyte phagocytosis in the presence of Cdc42 inhibitors. Additionally, a number of transcription factors were identified among DEGs, including ELK, HELT, and Fos, which were predominantly expressed in granulocytes. The AP-1 transcription factor Fos was confirmed to facilitate functional differentiation of hemocytes in an assay on binding to target genes by the AP-1 binding site, consistent with downstream phagocytosis and ROS production. Importantly, Cdc42/Cdc42l were also regulated by the expression of Fos, providing a possible regulatory mechanism-guided hemocyte functional differentiation. Findings in this study have bridged a knowledge gap on the mechanistic underpinnings of functional differentiation of hemocytes in a marine invertebrate C. gigas, which promise to facilitate research on the evolution of immune defense and functional differentiation of phagocyte in higher-order and more recent phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Mao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nai-Kei Wong
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, The Second Hospital Affiliated to Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yue Lin
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kunna Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minwei Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Duo Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiming Xiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziniu Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology, South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Science, Guangzhou, China
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- Innovation Academy of South China Sea Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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6
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Hu H, Miao YR, Jia LH, Yu QY, Zhang Q, Guo AY. AnimalTFDB 3.0: a comprehensive resource for annotation and prediction of animal transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 47:D33-D38. [PMID: 30204897 PMCID: PMC6323978 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 127.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Animal Transcription Factor DataBase (AnimalTFDB) is a resource aimed to provide the most comprehensive and accurate information for animal transcription factors (TFs) and cofactors. The AnimalTFDB has been maintained and updated for seven years and we will continue to improve it. Recently, we updated the AnimalTFDB to version 3.0 (http://bioinfo.life.hust.edu.cn/AnimalTFDB/) with more data and functions to improve it. AnimalTFDB contains 125,135 TF genes and 80,060 transcription cofactor genes from 97 animal genomes. Besides the expansion in data quantity, some new features and functions have been added. These new features are: (i) more accurate TF family assignment rules; (ii) classification of transcription cofactors; (iii) TF binding sites information; (iv) the GWAS phenotype related information of human TFs; (v) TF expressions in 22 animal species; (vi) a TF binding site prediction tool to identify potential binding TFs for nucleotide sequences; (vii) a separate human TF database web interface (HumanTFDB) was designed for better utilizing the human TFs. The new version of AnimalTFDB provides a comprehensive annotation and classification of TFs and cofactors, and will be a useful resource for studies of TF and transcription regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, Ezhou, Hubei 436044, PR China
| | - Ya-Ru Miao
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, Ezhou, Hubei 436044, PR China
| | - Long-Hao Jia
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Qing-Yang Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China
| | - An-Yuan Guo
- Department of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, Hubei Bioinformatics and Molecular Imaging Key Laboratory, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, PR China.,Huazhong University of Science and Technology Ezhou Industrial Technology Research Institute, Ezhou, Hubei 436044, PR China
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7
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Natsume C, Aoki N, Aoyama T, Senda K, Matsui M, Ikegami A, Tanaka K, Azuma YT, Fujita T. Fucoxanthin Ameliorates Atopic Dermatitis Symptoms by Regulating Keratinocytes and Regulatory Innate Lymphoid Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062180. [PMID: 32235696 PMCID: PMC7139773 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (FX) is a xanthophyll that is contained abundantly in marine plants. The biological action of FX includes its antioxidant and anti-lipogenic activities, while the precise action of its mechanisms on skin cells has not yet been clarified. The current study examined the effect of FX in comparison with tacrolimus (TAC) on NC/Nga mice, which are an atopic dermatitis (AD) model. FX topical treatment dramatically ameliorated itching behavior over the TAC treatment, which was insufficient for improvement of AD symptoms. In Nc/Nga mice, FX or TAC applied to the skin inhibited eosinophil infiltration with decreased expression of Il-33. FX also stimulated Il-2, Il-5, Il-13, Il-10, and TGF-β expression levels, and Sca1+Il-10+TGF-β+ regulatory innate lymphoid cells (ILCreg) were dominantly observed in FX treated skin epidermal keratinocytes and dermal layers. This combined evidence demonstrated that FX exerts anti-inflammatory effects on keratinocytes and ameliorates AD symptoms by regulating ILCreg to normalize immune responses in an atopic dermatitis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Natsume
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Nao Aoki
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Tomoko Aoyama
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Keisuke Senda
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Mio Matsui
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Airi Ikegami
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Kosuke Tanaka
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
| | - Yasu-Taka Azuma
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, Division of Veterinary Science, Osaka Prefecture University, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Science, Izumisano, Osaka 598-8531, Japan;
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Molecular Toxicology Lab., Ritsumeikan University, Shiga 525-8577, Japan; (C.N.); (N.A.); (T.A.); (K.S.); (M.M.); (A.I.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-77-561-2848
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8
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Spadafore M, Najarian K, Boyle AP. A proximity-based graph clustering method for the identification and application of transcription factor clusters. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:530. [PMID: 29187152 PMCID: PMC5706350 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1935-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcription factors (TFs) form a complex regulatory network within the cell that is crucial to cell functioning and human health. While methods to establish where a TF binds to DNA are well established, these methods provide no information describing how TFs interact with one another when they do bind. TFs tend to bind the genome in clusters, and current methods to identify these clusters are either limited in scope, unable to detect relationships beyond motif similarity, or not applied to TF-TF interactions. METHODS Here, we present a proximity-based graph clustering approach to identify TF clusters using either ChIP-seq or motif search data. We use TF co-occurrence to construct a filtered, normalized adjacency matrix and use the Markov Clustering Algorithm to partition the graph while maintaining TF-cluster and cluster-cluster interactions. We then apply our graph structure beyond clustering, using it to increase the accuracy of motif-based TFBS searching for an example TF. RESULTS We show that our method produces small, manageable clusters that encapsulate many known, experimentally validated transcription factor interactions and that our method is capable of capturing interactions that motif similarity methods might miss. Our graph structure is able to significantly increase the accuracy of motif TFBS searching, demonstrating that the TF-TF connections within the graph correlate with biological TF-TF interactions. CONCLUSION The interactions identified by our method correspond to biological reality and allow for fast exploration of TF clustering and regulatory dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell Spadafore
- University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 Catherine, Ann Arbor, 48109-5624 USA
| | - Kayvan Najarian
- University of Michigan Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, 48109 USA
- University of Michigan Medical School Department of Emergency Medicine, 1500 E Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, 48109 USA
| | - Alan P. Boyle
- University of Michigan Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, 100 Washtenaw Avenue, Ann Arbor, 48109 USA
- University of Michigan Department of Genetics, 1241 E Catherine, Ann Arbor, 48109 USA
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9
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Cildir G, Pant H, Lopez AF, Tergaonkar V. The transcriptional program, functional heterogeneity, and clinical targeting of mast cells. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2491-2506. [PMID: 28811324 PMCID: PMC5584128 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cildir et al. discuss the recent findings in transcriptional regulation of mast cell development and activation and provide insights into the plasticity and clinical targeting of mast cell functions. Mast cells are unique tissue-resident immune cells that express an array of receptors that can be activated by several extracellular cues, including antigen–immunoglobulin E (IgE) complexes, bacteria, viruses, cytokines, hormones, peptides, and drugs. Mast cells constitute a small population in tissues, but their extraordinary ability to respond rapidly by releasing granule-stored and newly made mediators underpins their importance in health and disease. In this review, we document the biology of mast cells and introduce new concepts and opinions regarding their role in human diseases beyond IgE-mediated allergic responses and antiparasitic functions. We bring to light recent discoveries and developments in mast cell research, including regulation of mast cell functions, differentiation, survival, and novel mouse models. Finally, we highlight the current and future opportunities for therapeutic intervention of mast cell functions in inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gökhan Cildir
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Harshita Pant
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Angel F Lopez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,Laboratory of NF-κB Signalling, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
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Mizukami Y, Sugawara K, Kira Y, Tsuruta D. Sorafenib stimulates human skin type mast cell degranulation and maturation. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 88:308-319. [PMID: 28843624 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sorafenib is a multi-kinase inhibitor for treating advanced hepatocellular and renal cell carcinomas by targeting various types of receptors and signaling molecules, including vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, platelet-derived growth factor receptor, and Raf-1. Sorafenib may cause diverse cutaneous adverse reactions, including hand-foot reaction, facial and scalp eruptions, alopecia and pruritus. However, the mechanism of these adverse effects has not been well-investigated. OBJECTIVE Mast cells (MCs) are reported to be associated with various types of skin diseases. To investigate the mechanism of sorafenib-induced cutaneous adverse effects, we focused on MCs in situ. METHODS We evaluated skin samples of organ cultured normal human skin treated with sorafenib using c-Kit, tryptase, and stem cell factor (SCF), Ki-67, and TUNEL immunohistochemistry as well as quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction to evaluate MC number, degranulation, proliferation, and apoptosis in situ. RESULTS Sorafenib significantly increased the number and degranulation of skin-type MCs compared with the vehicle-treated control group in situ. However, sorafenib did not affect MC proliferation and apoptosis, suggesting that it stimulated MC maturation from resident precursors. Furthermore, sorafenib increased SCF expression in situ. The increase in MC number by sorafenib was abrogated by co-administration of SCF neutralizing antibody or the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, wortmannin, but not the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase (MEK) inhibitor, PD98059. This suggests that SCF is involved in sorafenib-induced MC maturation. In addition, the compensatory upregulation of PI3K-signaling from inhibition of MAPK signaling by sorafenib might stimulate MC maturation in situ. We also evaluated MCs within the skin samples from patients with drug eruptions by sorafenib administration. The total and degranuated MCs number as well as SCF expression was significantly increased compared to healthy individuals. CONCLUSION Our results contribute to a better understanding of the mechanism by which sorafenib induces adverse cutaneous reactions via activation of skin-type MC degranulation and maturation. This activation appears to be related to PI3K signaling and SCF production, which could be a new targets for treating sorafenib-induced adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Mizukami
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koji Sugawara
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Yukimi Kira
- Department of Central Laboratory, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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GATA2 is critical for the maintenance of cellular identity in differentiated mast cells derived from mouse bone marrow. Blood 2015; 125:3306-15. [PMID: 25855601 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GATA2 plays a crucial role for the mast cell fate decision. We herein demonstrate that GATA2 is also required for the maintenance of the cellular identity in committed mast cells derived from mouse bone marrow (BMMCs). The deletion of the GATA2 DNA binding domain (GATA2ΔCF) in BMMCs resulted in a loss of the mast cell phenotype and an increase in the number of CD11b- and/or Ly6G/C-positive cells. These cells showed the ability to differentiate into macrophage- and neutrophil-like cells but not into eosinophils. Although the mRNA levels of basophil-specific genes were elevated, CD49b, a representative basophil marker, never appeared on these cells. GATA2 ablation led to a significant upregulation of C/EBPα, and forced expression of C/EBPα in wild-type BMMCs phenocopied the GATA2ΔCF cells. Interestingly, simultaneous deletion of the Gata2 and Cebpa genes in BMMCs restored the aberrant increases of CD11b and Ly6G/C while retaining the reduced c-Kit expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicated that GATA2 directly binds to the +37-kb region of the Cebpa gene and thereby inhibits the RUNX1 and PU.1 binding to the neighboring region. Upregulation of C/EBPα following the loss of GATA2 was not observed in cultured mast cells derived from peritoneal fluid, whereas the repression of c-Kit and other mast cell-specific genes were observed in these cells. Collectively, these results indicate that GATA2 maintains cellular identity by preventing Cebpa gene activation in a subpopulation of mast cells, whereas it plays a fundamental role as a positive regulator of mast cell-specific genes throughout development of this cell lineage.
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12
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Prykhozhij SV, Berman JN. The progress and promise of zebrafish as a model to study mast cells. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 46:74-83. [PMID: 24508982 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunological and hematological research using the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has significantly advanced our understanding of blood lineage ontology, cellular functions and mechanisms, and provided opportunities for disease modeling. Mast cells are an immunological cell type involved in innate and adaptive immune systems, hypersensitivity reactions and cancer progression. The application of zebrafish to study mast cell biology exploits the developmental and imaging opportunities inherent in this model system to enable detailed genetic and molecular studies of this lineage outside of traditional mammalian models. In this review, we first place the importance of mast cell research in zebrafish into the context of comparative studies of mast cells in other fish species and highlight its advantages due to superior experimental tractability and direct visualization in transparent embryos. We discuss current and future tools for mast cell research in zebrafish and the notable results of using zebrafish for understanding mast cell fate determination and our development of a systemic mastocytosis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V Prykhozhij
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada
| | - Jason N Berman
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS B3K 6R8, Canada.
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13
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Karpurapu M, Ranjan R, Deng J, Chung S, Lee YG, Xiao L, Nirujogi TS, Jacobson JR, Park GY, Christman JW. Krüppel like factor 4 promoter undergoes active demethylation during monocyte/macrophage differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e93362. [PMID: 24695324 PMCID: PMC3973678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0093362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of different lineage specific transcription factors in directing hematopoietic cell fate towards myeloid lineage is well established but the status of epigenetic modifications has not been defined during this important developmental process. We used non proliferating, PU.1 inducible myeloid progenitor cells and differentiating bone marrow derived macrophages to study the PU.1 dependent KLF4 transcriptional regulation and its promoter demethylation during monocyte/macrophage differentiation. Expression of KLF4 was regulated by active demethylation of its promoter and PU.1 specifically bound to KLF4 promoter oligo harboring the PU.1 consensus sequence. Methylation specific quantitative PCR and Bisulfite sequencing indicated demethylation of CpG residues most proximal to the transcription start site of KLF4 promoter. Cloned KLF4 promoter in pGL3 Luciferase and CpG free pcpgf-bas vectors showed accentuated reporter activity when co-transfected with the PU.1 expression vector. In vitro methylation of both KLF4 promoter oligo and cloned KLF4 promoter vectors showed attenuated in vitro DNA binding activity and Luciferase/mouse Alkaline phosphotase reporter activity indicating the negative influence of KLF4 promoter methylation on PU.1 binding. The Cytosine deaminase, Activation Induced Cytidine Deaminase (AICDA) was found to be critical for KLF4 promoter demethylation. More importantly, knock down of AICDA resulted in blockade of KLF4 promoter demethylation, decreased F4/80 expression and other phenotypic characters of macrophage differentiation. Our data proves that AICDA mediated active demethylation of the KLF4 promoter is necessary for transcriptional regulation of KLF4 by PU.1 during monocyte/macrophage differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Karpurapu
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ravi Ranjan
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Jing Deng
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Sangwoon Chung
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Yong Gyu Lee
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Lei Xiao
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Teja Srinivas Nirujogi
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey R. Jacobson
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Gye Young Park
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Sleep and Allergy, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - John W Christman
- Section of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Columbus, Ohio, United States of America
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Oppong E, Flink N, Cato ACB. Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action in mast cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2013; 380:119-26. [PMID: 23707629 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are compounds that have successfully been used over the years in the treatment of inflammatory disorders. They are known to exhibit their effects through the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) that acts to downregulate the action of proinflammatory transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-κB. The GR also exerts anti-inflammatory effects through activation of distinct genes. In addition to their anti-inflammatory actions, glucocorticoids are also potent antiallergic compounds that are widely used in conditions such as asthma and anaphylaxis. Nevertheless the mechanism of action of this hormone in these disorders is not known. In this article, we have reviewed reports on the effects of glucocorticoids in mast cells, one of the important immune cells in allergy. Building on the knowledge of the molecular action of glucocorticoids and the GR in the treatment of inflammation in other cell types, we have made suggestions as to the likely mechanisms of action of glucocorticoids in mast cells. We have further identified some important questions and research directions that need to be addressed in future studies to improve the treatment of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Oppong
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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Abramova A, Sakaguchi S, Schebesta A, Hassan H, Boucheron N, Valent P, Roers A, Ellmeier W. The transcription factor MAZR preferentially acts as a transcriptional repressor in mast cells and plays a minor role in the regulation of effector functions in response to FcεRI stimulation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77677. [PMID: 24204913 PMCID: PMC3804165 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are key players in type I hypersensitivity reactions in humans and mice and their activity has to be tightly controlled. Previous studies implicated the transcription factor MAZR in the regulation of mast cell function. To study the role of MAZR in mast cells, we generated a conditional Mazr allele and crossed Mazr (F/F) mice with the Vav-iCre deleter strain, which is active in all hematopoietic cells. MAZR-null BM-derived mast cells (BMMC) were phenotypically indistinguishable from wild-type BMMCs, although the numbers of IL-3 generated Mazr (F/F) Vav-iCre BMMCs were reduced in comparison to Mazr (F/F) BMMCs, showing that MAZR is required for the efficient generation of BMMC in vitro. A gene expression analysis revealed that MAZR-deficiency resulted in the dysregulation of 128 genes, with more genes up- than down-regulated in the absence of MAZR, indicating that MAZR acts as a transcriptional repressor in mast cells. Among the up-regulated genes were the chemokines Ccl5, Cxcl10, Cxcl12, the chemokine receptor Ccr5 and the cytokine IL18, suggesting an immunoregulatory role for MAZR in mast cells. Enforced expression of MAZR in mature Mazr-deficient BMMCs rescued the altered expression pattern of some genes tested, suggesting direct regulation of these genes by MAZR. Upon FcεRI stimulation, Mazr expression was transiently down-regulated in BMMCs. However, early and late effector functions in response to FcεRI-mediated stimulation were not impaired in the absence of MAZR, with the exception of IL-6, which was slightly decreased. Taken together, out data indicate that MAZR preferentially acts as a transcriptional repressor in mast cells, however MAZR plays only a minor role in the transcriptional networks that regulate early and late effector functions in mast cells in response to FcεRI stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Abramova
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Shinya Sakaguchi
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandra Schebesta
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hammad Hassan
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Boucheron
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Peter Valent
- Division of Hematology and Hemostaseology, Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Axel Roers
- Institute for Immunology, University of Technology Dresden, Medical Faculty Carl-Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wilfried Ellmeier
- Division of Immunobiology, Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The Ikaros gene (Ikzf1) encodes a family of zinc-finger transcription factors implicated in hematopoietic cell differentiation. Here we show that Ikaros suppresses the development of basophils, which are proinflammatory cells of the myeloid lineage. In the absence of extrinsic basophil-inducing signals, Ikaros(-/-) (Ik(-/-)) mice exhibit increases in basophil numbers in blood and bone marrow and in their direct precursors in bone marrow and the spleen, as well as decreased numbers of intestinal mast cells. In vitro culture of Ik(-/-) bone marrow under mast cell differentiation conditions also results in predominance of basophils. Basophil expansion is associated with an increase in basophil progenitors, increased expression of Cebpa and decreased expression of mast cell-specifying genes Hes1 and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (Mitf). Ikaros directly associates with regulatory sites within Cebpa and Hes1 and regulates the acquisition of permissive H3K4 tri-methylation marks at the Cebpa locus and reduces H3K4 tri-methylation at the Hes1 promoter. Ikaros blockade in cultured cells or transfer of Ik(-/-) bone marrow into irradiated Ik(+/+) recipients also results in increased basophils confirming a cell-intrinsic effect of Ikaros on basophil development. We conclude that Ikaros is a suppressor of basophil differentiation under steady-state conditions and that it acts by regulating permissive chromatin modifications of Cebpa.
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Abstract
Mast cells and basophils are potent effector cells of the innate immune system, and they have both beneficial and detrimental functions for the host. They are mainly implicated in pro-inflammatory responses to allergens but can also contribute to protection against pathogens. Although both cell types were identified more than 130 years ago by Paul Ehrlich, their in vivo functions remain poorly understood. The precursor cell populations that give rise to mast cells and basophils have recently been characterized and isolated. Furthermore, new genetically modified mouse strains have been developed, which enable more specific targeting of mast cells and basophils. Such advances offer new opportunities to uncover the true in vivo activities of these cells and to revisit their previously proposed effector functions.
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