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Rabaglino MB, Sánchez JM, McDonald M, O’Callaghan E, Lonergan P. Maternal blood transcriptome as a sensor of fetal organ maturation at the end of organogenesis in cattle†. Biol Reprod 2023; 109:749-758. [PMID: 37658765 PMCID: PMC10651065 DOI: 10.1093/biolre/ioad103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Harnessing information from the maternal blood to predict fetal growth is attractive yet scarcely explored in livestock. The objectives were to determine the transcriptomic modifications in maternal blood and fetal liver, gonads, and heart according to fetal weight and to model a molecular signature based on the fetal organs allowing the prediction of fetal weight from the maternal blood transcriptome in cattle. In addition to a contemporaneous maternal blood sample, organ samples were collected from 10 male fetuses at 42 days of gestation for RNA-sequencing. Fetal weight ranged from 1.25 to 1.69 g (mean = 1.44 ± 0.15 g). Clustering data analysis revealed clusters of co-expressed genes positively correlated with fetal weight and enriching ontological terms biologically relevant for the organ. For the heart, the 1346 co-expressed genes were involved in energy generation and protein synthesis. For the gonads, the 1042 co-expressed genes enriched seminiferous tubule development. The 459 co-expressed genes identified in the liver were associated with lipid synthesis and metabolism. Finally, the cluster of 571 co-expressed genes determined in maternal blood enriched oxidative phosphorylation and thermogenesis. Next, data from the fetal organs were used to train a regression model of fetal weight, which was predicted with the maternal blood data. The best prediction was achieved when the model was trained with 35 co-expressed genes overlapping between heart and maternal blood (root-mean-square error = 0.04, R2 = 0.93). In conclusion, linking transcriptomic information from maternal blood with that from the fetal heart unveiled maternal blood as a predictor of fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Belen Rabaglino
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - José María Sánchez
- Departamento de Reproducción Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, Madrid, Spain
| | - Michael McDonald
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Elena O’Callaghan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Pat Lonergan
- School of Agriculture and Food Science, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Jin H, Zhang Y, Fan Z, Wang X, Rui C, Xing S, Dong H, Wang Q, Tao F, Zhu Y. Identification of novel cell-free RNAs in maternal plasma as preterm biomarkers in combination with placental RNA profiles. J Transl Med 2023; 21:256. [PMID: 37046301 PMCID: PMC10100253 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04083-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm birth (PTB) is the main driver of newborn deaths. The identification of pregnancies at risk of PTB remains challenging, as the incomplete understanding of molecular mechanisms associated with PTB. Although several transcriptome studies have been done on the placenta and plasma from PTB women, a comprehensive description of the RNA profiles from plasma and placenta associated with PTB remains lacking. METHODS Candidate markers with consistent trends in the placenta and plasma were identified by implementing differential expression analysis using placental tissue and maternal plasma RNA-seq datasets, and then validated by RT-qPCR in an independent cohort. In combination with bioinformatics analysis tools, we set up two protein-protein interaction networks of the significant PTB-related modules. The support vector machine (SVM) model was used to verify the prediction potential of cell free RNAs (cfRNAs) in plasma for PTB and late PTB. RESULTS We identified 15 genes with consistent regulatory trends in placenta and plasma of PTB while the full term birth (FTB) acts as a control. Subsequently, we verified seven cfRNAs in an independent cohort by RT-qPCR in maternal plasma. The cfRNA ARHGEF28 showed consistence in the experimental validation and performed excellently in prediction of PTB in the model. The AUC achieved 0.990 for whole PTB and 0.986 for late PTB. CONCLUSIONS In a comparison of PTB versus FTB, the combined investigation of placental and plasma RNA profiles has shown a further understanding of the mechanism of PTB. Then, the cfRNA identified has the capacity of predicting whole PTB and late PTB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyue Jin
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zhigang Fan
- Department of Neonatology, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ma'anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Xianyan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chen Rui
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shaozhen Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Hongmei Dong
- Department of Obstetrics, Ma'anshan Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Ma'anshan, Anhui, China
| | - Qunan Wang
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
| | - Yumin Zhu
- Department of Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health and Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, No 81 Meishan Road, Hefei, Anhui, China.
- NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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The amniotic fluid proteome changes with term labor and informs biomarker discovery in maternal plasma. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3136. [PMID: 36823217 PMCID: PMC9950459 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-28157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra-uterine components of labor, namely, myometrial contractility, cervical ripening, and decidua/membrane activation, have been extensively characterized and involve a local pro-inflammatory milieu of cellular and soluble immune mediators. Targeted profiling has demonstrated that such processes extend to the intra-amniotic space, yet unbiased analyses of the proteome of human amniotic fluid during labor are lacking. Herein, we utilized an aptamer-based platform to characterize 1,310 amniotic fluid proteins and found that the proteome undergoes substantial changes with term labor (251 proteins with differential abundance, q < 0.1, and fold change > 1.25). Proteins with increased abundance in labor are enriched for immune and inflammatory processes, consistent with prior reports of labor-associated changes in the intra-uterine space. By integrating the amniotic fluid proteome with previously generated placental-derived single-cell RNA-seq data, we demonstrated the labor-driven upregulation of signatures corresponding to stromal-3 and decidual cells. We also determined that changes in amniotic fluid protein abundance are reflected in the maternal plasma proteome. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the amniotic fluid proteome in term labor and support its potential use as a source of biomarkers to distinguish between true and false labor by using maternal blood samples.
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Pique-Regi R, Romero R, Garcia-Flores V, Peyvandipour A, Tarca AL, Pusod E, Galaz J, Miller D, Bhatti G, Para R, Kanninen T, Hadaya O, Paredes C, Motomura K, Johnson JR, Jung E, Hsu CD, Berry SM, Gomez-Lopez N. A single-cell atlas of the myometrium in human parturition. JCI Insight 2022; 7:153921. [PMID: 35260533 PMCID: PMC8983148 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.153921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Parturition is a well-orchestrated process characterized by increased uterine contractility, cervical ripening, and activation of the chorioamniotic membranes; yet, the transition from a quiescent to a contractile myometrium heralds the onset of labor. However, the cellular underpinnings of human parturition in the uterine tissues are still poorly understood. Herein, we performed a comprehensive study of the human myometrium during spontaneous term labor using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq). First, we established a single-cell atlas of the human myometrium and unraveled the cell type–specific transcriptomic activity modulated during labor. Major cell types included distinct subsets of smooth muscle cells, monocytes/macrophages, stromal cells, and endothelial cells, all of which communicated and participated in immune (e.g., inflammation) and nonimmune (e.g., contraction) processes associated with labor. Furthermore, integrating scRNA-Seq and microarray data with deconvolution of bulk gene expression highlighted the contribution of smooth muscle cells to labor-associated contractility and inflammatory processes. Last, myometrium-derived single-cell signatures can be quantified in the maternal whole-blood transcriptome throughout pregnancy and are enriched in women in labor, providing a potential means of noninvasively monitoring pregnancy and its complications. Together, our findings provide insights into the contributions of specific myometrial cell types to the biological processes that take place during term parturition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Pique-Regi
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Roberto Romero
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA.,Detroit Medical Center, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Valeria Garcia-Flores
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Azam Peyvandipour
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Center for Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Adi L Tarca
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University College of Engineering, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Errile Pusod
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Jose Galaz
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Derek Miller
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Gaurav Bhatti
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Robert Para
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Tomi Kanninen
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Ola Hadaya
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Carmen Paredes
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Kenichiro Motomura
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | | | - Eunjung Jung
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Chaur-Dong Hsu
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Physiology and
| | - Stanley M Berry
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and
| | - Nardhy Gomez-Lopez
- Perinatology Research Branch, Division of Obstetrics and Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Division of Intramural Research, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services (NICHD/NIH/DHHS), Bethesda, Maryland, and Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and.,Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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6
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Huang W, Gu H, Yuan Z. Identifying biomarkers for prenatal diagnosis of neural tube defects based on "omics". Clin Genet 2021; 101:381-389. [PMID: 34761376 DOI: 10.1111/cge.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are the most severe birth defects and the main cause of newborn death; posing a great challenge to the affected children, families, and societies. Presently, the clinical diagnosis of NTDs mainly relies on ultrasound images combined with certain indices, such as alpha-fetoprotein levels in the maternal serum and amniotic fluid. Recently, the discovery of additional biomarkers in maternal tissue has presented new possibilities for prenatal diagnosis. Over the past 20 years, "omics" techniques have provided the premise for the study of biomarkers. This review summarizes recent advances in candidate biomarkers for the prenatal diagnosis of fetal NTDs based on omics techniques using maternal biological specimens of different origins, including amniotic fluid, blood, and urine, which may provide a foundation for the early prenatal diagnosis of NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqi Huang
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Hui Gu
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhengwei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Health Ministry for Congenital Malformation, Shengjing Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Wang H, Dong Z, Zhang R, Chau MHK, Yang Z, Tsang KYC, Wong HK, Gui B, Meng Z, Xiao K, Zhu X, Wang Y, Chen S, Leung TY, Cheung SW, Kwok YK, Morton CC, Zhu Y, Choy KW. Low-pass genome sequencing versus chromosomal microarray analysis: implementation in prenatal diagnosis. Genet Med 2020; 22:500-510. [PMID: 31447483 PMCID: PMC7042067 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-019-0634-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Emerging studies suggest that low-pass genome sequencing (GS) provides additional diagnostic yield of clinically significant copy-number variants (CNVs) compared with chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). However, a prospective back-to-back comparison evaluating accuracy, efficacy, and incremental yield of low-pass GS compared with CMA is warranted. METHODS A total of 1023 women undergoing prenatal diagnosis were enrolled. Each sample was subjected to low-pass GS and CMA for CNV analysis in parallel. CNVs were classified according to guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. RESULTS Low-pass GS not only identified all 124 numerical disorders or pathogenic or likely pathogenic (P/LP) CNVs detected by CMA in 121 cases (11.8%, 121/1023), but also defined 17 additional and clinically relevant P/LP CNVs in 17 cases (1.7%, 17/1023). In addition, low-pass GS significantly reduced the technical repeat rate from 4.6% (47/1023) for CMA to 0.5% (5/1023) and required less DNA (50 ng) as input. CONCLUSION In the context of prenatal diagnosis, low-pass GS identified additional and clinically significant information with enhanced resolution and increased sensitivity of detecting mosaicism as compared with the CMA platform used. This study provides strong evidence for applying low-pass GS as an alternative prenatal diagnostic test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilin Wang
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zirui Dong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Matthew Hoi Kin Chau
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhenjun Yang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kathy Yin Ching Tsang
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hoi Kin Wong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Baoheng Gui
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhuo Meng
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kelin Xiao
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yanfang Wang
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shaoyun Chen
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tak Yeung Leung
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center For Medical Genetics, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sau Wai Cheung
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center For Medical Genetics, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yvonne K Kwok
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Cynthia C Morton
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Manchester Center for Audiology and Deafness, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Center, Manchester, UK.
| | - Yuanfang Zhu
- Maternal-Fetal Medicine Institute, Bao'an Maternity and Child Health Hospital Affiliated to Jinan University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Birth Defects Research, Birth Defects Prevention Research and Transformation Team, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Kwong Wai Choy
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, China.
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong-Baylor College of Medicine Joint Center For Medical Genetics, Hong Kong, China.
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Mhatre M, Adeli S, Norwitz E, Craigo S, Phillippe M, Edlow A. The Effect of Maternal Obesity on Placental Cell-Free DNA Release in a Mouse Model. Reprod Sci 2018; 26:1218-1224. [PMID: 30453834 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118811647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fetal fraction of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in maternal plasma is decreased in obese women. The underlying mechanism is not well understood. The amount of cfDNA released from the placenta has not been directly examined in maternal obesity. OBJECTIVE We sought to quantify release of cfDNA from the placenta and fetal membranes in maternal diet-induced obesity using explant cultures in an established mouse model. STUDY DESIGN C57BL6/J females were fed either 60% high-fat diet or 10% fat-matched control diet for 14 weeks prepregnancy and throughout gestation. Placentas and fetal membranes were collected on e18 and randomly allocated to time 0-, 1-, or 6-hour culture times. The CfDNA was isolated from culture media, quantified, and normalized to tissue weight. RESULTS Placentas from obese dams released significantly less cfDNA compared to those of lean dams at time 0 (45.8 ± 4.3 ng/mg vs 65.6 ± 7.9 ng/mg, P = .02). Absolute cfDNA levels increased with longer placental culture, with no significant differences between obese and lean dams at 1 and 6 hours. Membranes released significantly less cfDNA than did placentas at every time point. CONCLUSIONS Maternal obesity is associated with decreased release of cfDNA from the placenta compared to lean controls immediately after tissue harvest. This may provide an alternative explanation for the lower fetal fraction of cfDNA noted in maternal obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohak Mhatre
- 1 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sharareh Adeli
- 2 Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Errol Norwitz
- 1 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sabrina Craigo
- 1 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Phillippe
- 2 Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,4 Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. Edlow is now with Vincent Center for Reproductive Biology and Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA, and Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrea Edlow
- 1 Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,3 Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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9
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D'Aversa E, Breveglieri G, Pellegatti P, Guerra G, Gambari R, Borgatti M. Non-invasive fetal sex diagnosis in plasma of early weeks pregnants using droplet digital PCR. Mol Med 2018; 24:14. [PMID: 30134789 PMCID: PMC6016869 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fetal sex determination is useful for families at risk of X-linked disorders, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, adrenal hypoplasia, hemophilia. At first, this could be obtained through invasive procedures such as amniocentesis and chorionic villus sampling, having a 1% risk of miscarriage. Since the discovery of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma, noninvasive prenatal testing permits the early diagnosis of fetal sex through analysis of cffDNA. However, the low amount of cffDNA relative to circulating maternal DNA requires highly sensitive molecular techniques in order to perform noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. In this context we employed droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in order to evaluate the earliest possible fetal sex determination from circulating DNA extracted from plasma of pregnant women at different gestational ages. Methods We identified the fetal sex on cffDNA extracted from 29 maternal plasma samples at early gestational ages, several of them not suitable for qPCR determination, using ddPCR designed for SRY gene target. Results All maternal plasma samples were determined correctly for SRY gene target using ddPCR even at very early gestational age (prior to 7 weeks). Conclusions The ddPCR is a robust, efficient and reliable technology for the earliest possible fetal sex determination from maternal plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta D'Aversa
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giulia Breveglieri
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Patrizia Pellegatti
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Analysis, University Hospital S. Anna, Via A. Moro, 8, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanni Guerra
- Operative Unit of Laboratory Analysis, University Hospital S. Anna, Via A. Moro, 8, 44100, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Gambari
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.,Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Monica Borgatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Section, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 74, 44121, Ferrara, Italy. .,Biotechnology Center, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 64, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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10
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Kim B, Oh S, You D, Choi S. Microfluidic Pipette Tip for High-Purity and High-Throughput Blood Plasma Separation from Whole Blood. Anal Chem 2017; 89:1439-1444. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Byeongyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sein Oh
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwon You
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungyoung Choi
- Department of Biomedical
Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do 17104, Republic of Korea
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11
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Neri C, Edlow AG. Effects of Maternal Obesity on Fetal Programming: Molecular Approaches. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 6:a026591. [PMID: 26337113 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a026591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Maternal obesity has become a worldwide epidemic. Obesity and a high-fat diet have been shown to have deleterious effects on fetal programming, predisposing offspring to adverse cardiometabolic and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Although large epidemiological studies have shown an association between maternal obesity and adverse outcomes for offspring, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Molecular approaches have played a key role in elucidating the mechanistic underpinnings of fetal malprogramming in the setting of maternal obesity. These approaches include, among others, characterization of epigenetic modifications, microRNA expression, the gut microbiome, the transcriptome, and evaluation of specific mRNA expression via quantitative reverse transcription polmerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in fetuses and offspring of obese females. This work will review the data from animal models and human fluids/cells regarding the effects of maternal obesity on fetal and offspring neurodevelopment and cardiometabolic outcomes, with a particular focus on molecular approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Neri
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome 00100, Italy
| | - Andrea G Edlow
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111 Mother Infant Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111
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12
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Li X, Zhao Z. MicroRNA biomarkers for early detection of embryonic malformations in pregnancy. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR RESEARCH & THERAPEUTICS 2015; 3. [PMID: 25859419 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7956.1000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Congenital birth defects, manifested in newborn infants, are formed during early embryogenesis. Targeted and individualized interventions to prevent birth defects require early detection of risk and signs of developmental abnormalities. Current diagnosis of structural anomalies largely relies on ultrasonography, which can only detect abnormities after their formation in fetuses. Biomolecules, mainly proteins, in maternal blood have been used as indicators of fetal anomalies; however, they lack adequate sensitivity for detecting embryonic malformations. Recently, cell-free microRNAs (miRNAs) have been found in blood and evaluated as biomarkers for diseases. Expression of certain miRNAs in maternal plasma has been shown to be correlated with birth defects in infants. Although their reliability and sensitivity remain to be validated, miRNAs, which can be amplified and sequenced, are potentially sensitive and specific biomarkers for early embryonic dysmorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin, China
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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13
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Keshavarz Z, Moezzi L, Ranjbaran R, Aboualizadeh F, Behzad-Behbahani A, Abdullahi M, Sharifzadeh S. Evaluation of a Modified DNA Extraction Method for Isolation of Cell-Free Fetal DNA from Maternal Serum. Avicenna J Med Biotechnol 2015; 7:85-8. [PMID: 26140187 PMCID: PMC4483320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Discovery of short cell free fetal DNA (cffDNA) fragments in maternal plasma has created major changes in the field of prenatal diagnosis. The use of cffDNA to set up noninvasive prenatal test is limited due to the low concentration of fetal DNA in maternal plasma therefore, employing a high efficiency extraction method leads to more accurate results. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of Triton/Heat/Phenol (THP) protocol in comparison with the QIAamp DNA Blood mini Kit for cffDNA purification. METHODS In order to evaluate the efficiency of THP protocol, DNA of Rhesus D (RhD) negative pregnant women's plasma was collected, then real-time PCR for RHD exon 7 was performed. The Ct value data of real time PCR obtained by two different methods were compared and after delivery serology test on cord blood was done to validate the real time PCR results. RESULTS The results indicated significant differences between two extraction methods (p=0.001). The mean±SD of Ct-value using THP protocol was 33.8±1.6 and 36.1±2.47 using QIAamp DNA Blood mini Kit. CONCLUSION Our finding demonstrated that THP protocol was more effective than the QIAamp DNA Blood mini Kits for cffDNA extraction and lead to decrease the false negative results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Keshavarz
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Leili Moezzi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Ranjbaran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Aboualizadeh
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Abbas Behzad-Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Masooma Abdullahi
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sedigheh Sharifzadeh
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran,Corresponding author: Sedigheh Sharifzadeh, Ph.D., Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran, Tel: +98 71 32289113, E-mail:
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Günel T, Hosseini MK, Gümüşoğlu E, Zeybek G, Dölekçap İ, Kalelioğlu İ, Benian A, Ermiş H, Aydınlı K. Current approaches on non-invasive prenatal diagnosis: Prenatal genomics, transcriptomics, personalized fetal diagnosis. Turk J Obstet Gynecol 2014; 11:233-241. [PMID: 28913027 PMCID: PMC5558368 DOI: 10.4274/tjod.26817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent developments in molecular genetics improved our knowledge on fetal genome and physiology. Novel scientific innovations in prenatal diagnosis have accelerated in the last decade changing our vision immensely. Data obtained from fetal genomic studies brought new insights to fetal medicine and by the advances in fetal DNA and RNA sequencing technology novel treatment strategies has evolved. Non-invasive prenatal diagnosis found ground in genetics and the results are widely studied in scientific arena. When Lo and colleges proved fetal genetic material can be extracted from maternal plasma and fetal DNA can be isolated from maternal serum, the gate to many exciting discoveries was open. Microarray technology and advances in sequencing helped fetal diagnosis as well as other areas of medicine. Today it is a very crucial prerequisite for physicians practicing prenatal diagnosis to have a profound knowledge in genetics. Prevailing practical use and application of fetal genomic tests in maternal and fetal medicine mandates obstetricians to update their knowledge in genetics. The purpose of this review is to assist physicians to understand and update their knowledge in fetal genetic testing from maternal blood, individualized prenatal counseling and advancements on the subject by sharing our experiences as İstanbul University Fetal Nucleic Acid Research Group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuba Günel
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Mohammad Kazem Hosseini
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ece Gümüşoğlu
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Görkem Zeybek
- Çanakkale Provincial State Hospital, Clinic of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - İsmail Dölekçap
- İstanbul University, Faculty of Science, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Kalelioğlu
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Ali Benian
- İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Hayri Ermiş
- İstanbul University İstanbul Faculty of Medicine, Department of Gynecology, İstanbul, Turkey
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Maternal obesity affects fetal neurodevelopmental and metabolic gene expression: a pilot study. PLoS One 2014; 9:e88661. [PMID: 24558408 PMCID: PMC3928248 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective One in three pregnant women in the United States is obese. Their offspring are at increased risk for neurodevelopmental and metabolic morbidity. Underlying molecular mechanisms are poorly understood. We performed a global gene expression analysis of mid-trimester amniotic fluid cell-free fetal RNA in obese versus lean pregnant women. Methods This prospective pilot study included eight obese (BMI≥30) and eight lean (BMI<25) women undergoing clinically indicated mid-trimester genetic amniocentesis. Subjects were matched for gestational age and fetal sex. Fetuses with abnormal karyotype or structural anomalies were excluded. Cell-free fetal RNA was extracted from amniotic fluid and hybridized to whole genome expression arrays. Genes significantly differentially regulated in 8/8 obese-lean pairs were identified using paired t-tests with the Benjamini-Hochberg correction (false discovery rate of <0.05). Biological interpretation was performed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and the BioGPS gene expression atlas. Results In fetuses of obese pregnant women, 205 genes were significantly differentially regulated. Apolipoprotein D, a gene highly expressed in the central nervous system and integral to lipid regulation, was the most up-regulated gene (9-fold). Apoptotic cell death was significantly down-regulated, particularly within nervous system pathways involving the cerebral cortex. Activation of the transcriptional regulators estrogen receptor, FOS, and STAT3 was predicted in fetuses of obese women, suggesting a pro-estrogenic, pro-inflammatory milieu. Conclusion Maternal obesity affects fetal neurodevelopmental and metabolic gene expression as early as the second trimester. These findings may have implications for postnatal neurodevelopmental and metabolic abnormalities described in the offspring of obese women.
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Swanson A, Sehnert AJ, Bhatt S. Non-invasive Prenatal Testing: Technologies, Clinical Assays and Implementation Strategies for Women's Healthcare Practitioners. CURRENT GENETIC MEDICINE REPORTS 2013; 1:113-121. [PMID: 23687624 PMCID: PMC3655220 DOI: 10.1007/s40142-013-0010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The field of prenatal genetic testing has exploded with new non-invasive technologies and test options in the past several years. It is challenging for women's healthcare providers to keep up with the multitude of publications and provide patients with the most accurate and up-to-date information possible regarding prenatal testing. In this article, we examine the sequencing technologies that provide the framework for non-invasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and review the major North American NIPT clinical validation studies published in 2011 and 2012. This paper also compares and contrasts the commercially available non-invasive prenatal tests in the United States, discusses clinical implementation recommendations from professional societies and highlights considerations for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Swanson
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Verinata Health, an Illumina Company, 800 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA
| | - Amy J. Sehnert
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Verinata Health, an Illumina Company, 800 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA
| | - Sucheta Bhatt
- Department of Clinical Affairs, Verinata Health, an Illumina Company, 800 Saginaw Drive, Redwood City, CA 94063 USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas D.E. Greene
- Neural Development Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL
Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Andrew J. Copp
- Neural Development Unit and Birth Defects Research Centre, UCL
Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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