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Siow KM, Güngör M, Wrona D, Raimondi F, Pastukhov O, Tsapogas P, Menzi T, Schmitz M, Kulcsár PI, Schwank G, Schulz A, Jinek M, Modlich U, Siler U, Reichenbach J. Targeted knock-in of NCF1 cDNA into the NCF2 locus leads to myeloid phenotypic correction of p47 phox -deficient chronic granulomatous disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2024; 35:102229. [PMID: 38952440 PMCID: PMC11215332 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2024.102229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
p47 phox -deficient chronic granulomatous disease (p47-CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene, resulting in defective NADPH oxidase function in phagocytes. Due to its complex genomic context, the NCF1 locus is not suited for safe gene editing with current genome editing technologies. Therefore, we developed a targeted NCF1 coding sequence knock-in by CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein and viral vector template delivery, to restore p47 phox expression under the control of the endogenous NCF2 locus. NCF2 encodes for p67 phox , an NADPH oxidase subunit that closely interacts with p47 phox and is predominantly expressed in myeloid cells. This approach restored p47 phox expression and NADPH oxidase function in p47-CGD patient hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) and in p47 phox -deficient mouse HSPCs, with the transgene expression following a myeloid differentiation pattern. Adeno-associated viral vectors performed favorably over integration-deficient lentiviral vectors for template delivery, with fewer off-target integrations and higher correction efficacy in HSPCs. Such myeloid-directed gene editing is promising for clinical CGD gene therapy, as it leads to the co-expression of p47 phox and p67 phox , ensuring spatiotemporal and near-physiological transgene expression in myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kah Mun Siow
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merve Güngör
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik Wrona
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Federica Raimondi
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Oleksandr Pastukhov
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Tsapogas
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Timon Menzi
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Schmitz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Péter István Kulcsár
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerald Schwank
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ansgar Schulz
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
| | - Martin Jinek
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ute Modlich
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
- School of Life Sciences, Institute for Pharma Technology, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Gene and Cell Therapy, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, Schlieren, 8952 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Somatic Gene Therapy, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine (CABMM), University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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2
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Pérez EM, Torbay AG, López MS, de la Cámara RCM, Jiménez CR, Álvarez MÁM, Blanco JN, Gianelli C, Hijón CC, Granados EL, Pena RR, Del Pozo Mate Á, García-Morato MB. Genetics of inborn errors of immunity: Diagnostic strategies and new approaches to CNV detection. Eur J Clin Invest 2024; 54:e14191. [PMID: 38440843 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic diagnosis of inborn errors of immunity (IEI) is complex due to the large number of genes involved and their molecular features. Missense variants have been reported as the most common cause of IEI. However, the frequency of copy number variants (CNVs) may be underestimated since their detection requires specific quantitative techniques. At this point, the use of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) is acquiring relevance. METHODS In this article, we present our experience in the genetic diagnosis of IEI based on three diagnostic algorithms that allowed the detection of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and CNVs. Following this approximation, 703 index cases were evaluated between 2014 and 2021. Sanger sequencing, MLPA, CGH array, breakpoint spanning PCR or a customized NGS-based multigene-targeted panel were performed. RESULTS A genetic diagnosis was reached in 142 of the 703 index cases (20%), 19 of them presented deletions as causal variants. Deletions were also detected in 5 affected relatives and 16 healthy carriers during the family studies. Additionally, we compile, characterize and present all the CNVs detected by our diagnostic algorithms, representing the largest cohort of deletions related to IEI to date. Furthermore, three bioinformatic tools (LACONv, XHMM, VarSeq™) based on NGS data were evaluated. VarSeq™ was the most sensitive and specific bioinformatic tool; detecting 21/23 (91%) deletions located in captured regions. CONCLUSION Based on our results, we propose a strategy to guide the molecular diagnosis that can be followed by expert and non-expert centres in the field of IEI.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Solis López
- Bioinformatics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Carmen Rodríguez Jiménez
- Metabolic Disease Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Group of Dislipemias of genetic origin and metabolic diseases, IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mari Ángeles Mori Álvarez
- Functional and Structural Genomics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julián Nevado Blanco
- Functional and Structural Genomics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carla Gianelli
- Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eduardo López Granados
- Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rebeca Rodríguez Pena
- Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Del Pozo Mate
- Bioinformatics Section, Institute of Medical and Molecular Genetics (INGEMM)-IdiPAZ, La Paz University Hospital, UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- ERN-ITHACA, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Bravo García-Morato
- Immunology Department, La Paz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
- Center for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER U767), Madrid, Spain
- La Paz Institute of Biomedical Research, Madrid, Spain
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3
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Zerbe CS, Holland SM. Functional neutrophil disorders: Chronic granulomatous disease and beyond. Immunol Rev 2024; 322:71-80. [PMID: 38429865 PMCID: PMC10950525 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Since their description by Metchnikoff in 1905, phagocytes have been increasingly recognized to be the entities that traffic to sites of infection and inflammation, engulf and kill infecting organisms, and clear out apoptotic debris all the while making antigens available and accessible to the lymphoid organs for future use. Therefore, phagocytes provide the gateway and the first check in host protection and immune response. Disorders in killing and chemotaxis lead not only to infection susceptibility, but also to autoimmunity. We aim to describe chronic granulomatous disease and the leukocyte adhesion deficiencies as well as myeloperoxidase deficiency and G6PD deficiency as paradigms of critical pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Disease, The National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Holland
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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4
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Wu YC, Chen CI, Chen PY, Kuo CH, Hung YH, Peng KY, Wu VC, Tsai-Wu JJ, Hsu CL. GRAde: a long-read sequencing approach to efficiently identifying the CYP11B1/CYP11B2 chimeric form in patients with glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism. BMC Bioinformatics 2022; 22:613. [PMID: 35012455 PMCID: PMC8750845 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-022-04561-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucocorticoid-remediable aldosteronism (GRA) is a form of heritable hypertension caused by a chimeric fusion resulting from unequal crossing over between 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), which are two genes with similar sequences. Different crossover patterns of the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 chimeric genes may be associated with a variety of clinical presentations. It is therefore necessary to develop an efficient approach for identifying the differences between the hybrid genes of a patient with GRA. RESULTS We developed a long-read analysis pipeline named GRAde (GRA deciphering), which utilizes the nonidentical bases in the CYP11B1 and CYP11B2 genomic sequences to identify and visualize the chimeric form. We sequenced the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the CYP11B1/CYP11B2 chimeric gene from 36 patients with GRA using the Nanopore MinION device and analyzed the sequences using GRAde. Crossover events were identified for 30 out of the 36 samples. The crossover sites appeared in the region exhibiting high sequence similarity between CYP11B1 and CYP11B2, and 53.3% of the cases were identified as having a gene conversion in intron 2. More importantly, there were six cases for whom the PCR products indicated a chimeric gene, but the GRAde results revealed no crossover pattern. The crossover regions were further verified by Sanger sequencing analysis. CONCLUSIONS PCR-based target enrichment followed by long-read sequencing is an efficient and precise approach to dissecting complex genomic regions, such as those involved in GRA mutations, which could be directly applied to clinical diagnosis. The scripts of GRAde are available at https://github.com/hsu-binfo/GRAde .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ching Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-I Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Peng-Ying Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Kuo
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hung
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Yung Peng
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Vin-Cent Wu
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jyy-Jih Tsai-Wu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - TAIPAI group
- TAIPAI, Taiwan Primary Aldosteronism Investigator Group and TSA, Taiwan Society of Aldosteronism, Taipei, Taiwan
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5
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Klatt D, Cheng E, Hoffmann D, Santilli G, Thrasher AJ, Brendel C, Schambach A. Differential Transgene Silencing of Myeloid-Specific Promoters in the AAVS1 Safe Harbor Locus of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Myeloid Cells. Hum Gene Ther 2020; 31:199-210. [PMID: 31773990 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2019.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted integration into a genomic safe harbor, such as the AAVS1 locus on chromosome 19, promises predictable transgene expression and reduces the risk of insertional mutagenesis in the host genome. The application of gamma-retroviral long terminal repeat (LTR)-driven vectors, which semirandomly integrate into the genome, has previously caused severe adverse events in some clinical studies due to transactivation of neighboring proto-oncogenes. Consequently, the site-specific integration of a therapeutic transgene into a genomic safe harbor locus would allow stable genetic correction with a reduced risk of insertional mutagenesis. However, recent studies revealed that transgene silencing, especially in case of weaker cell type-specific promoters, can occur in the AAVS1 locus of human pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) and can impede transgene expression during differentiation. In this study, we aimed to correct p47phox deficiency, which is the second most common cause of chronic granulomatous disease, by insertion of a therapeutic p47phox transgene into the AAVS1 locus of human induced PSCs (iPSCs) using CRISPR-Cas9. We analyzed transgene expression and functional correction from three different myeloid-specific promoters (miR223, CatG/cFes, and myeloid-related protein 8 [MRP8]). Upon myeloid differentiation of corrected iPSC clones, we observed that the miR223 and CatG/cFes promoters achieved therapeutically relevant levels of p47phox expression and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity, whereas the MRP8 promoter was less efficient. Analysis of the different promoters revealed high CpG methylation of the MRP8 promoter in differentiated cells, which correlated with the transgene expression data. In summary, we identified the miR223 and CatG/cFes promoters as cell type-specific promoters that allow stable transgene expression in the AAVS1 locus of iPSC-derived myeloid cells. Our findings further indicate that promoter silencing can occur in the AAVS1 safe harbor locus in differentiated hematopoietic cells and that a comparison of different promoters is necessary to achieve optimal transgene expression for therapeutic application of iPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise Klatt
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Erica Cheng
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dirk Hoffmann
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Giorgia Santilli
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian J Thrasher
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Program, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christian Brendel
- Dana-Farber/Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Axel Schambach
- Institute of Experimental Hematology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,REBIRTH Cluster of Excellence, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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6
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Tajik S, Badalzadeh M, Fazlollahi MR, Houshmand M, Bazargan N, Movahedi M, Mahlouji Rad M, Mahdaviani SA, Mamishi S, Khotaei GT, Mansouri D, Zandieh F, Pourpak Z. Genetic and molecular findings of 38 Iranian patients with chronic granulomatous disease caused by p47-phox defect. Scand J Immunol 2019; 90:e12767. [PMID: 30963593 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the components of NADPH oxidase is p47-phox, encoded by NCF1 gene. This study aims to find new genetic changes and clinical features in 38 Iranian patients with autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease (AR-CGD) caused by NCF1 gene defect. Patients who had abnormal NBT and DHR-1,2,3 assay with loss of p47-phox in Western blotting were included in this study. After recording demographic and clinical data, PCR amplification was performed followed by direct sequencing for all exons and exon-intron boundaries. The most common form of CGD in Iran was AR-CGD due to consanguinity marriages. Among patients with AR-CGD, NCF1 deficiency was found to be more common than other forms. Cutaneous involvements (53%), pulmonary infections (50%) and lymphadenopathy (29%) were more prevalent than other clinical manifestations of CGD. Mutation analysis of NCF1 gene identified five different mutations. Homozygous delta GT deletion (c.75_76delGT) was the most frequent mutation and was detected in more than 63% of families. Six families had a nonsense mutation in exon 7 (c.579G > A). Two novel mutations were found in exon 4 in two families, including a missense mutation (c.328C > T) and a nine-nucleotide deletion (c.331_339delTGTCCCCAC). Genetic detection of these mutations may result in early diagnosis and prevention of possible complications of the disease. This could be useful for timely decision-making for haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and for carrier detection as well as prenatal diagnosis of next children in the affected families. Our findings might help to predict outcomes, raise awareness and help effective treatment in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Tajik
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Badalzadeh
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Fazlollahi
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Houshmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Bazargan
- Department of Pediatrics, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Masoud Movahedi
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahlouji Rad
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Alireza Mahdaviani
- Pediatric Respiratory Diseases Research Center, National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (NRITLD), Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Setareh Mamishi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ghamar Taj Khotaei
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Mansouri
- National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Masih Daneshvari University Hospital, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariborz Zandieh
- Department of Asthma, Allergy and Immunology, Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Pourpak
- Immunology, Asthma and Allergy Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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7
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Wrona D, Siler U, Reichenbach J. Novel Diagnostic Tool for p47 phox -Deficient Chronic Granulomatous Disease Patient and Carrier Detection. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2019; 13:274-278. [PMID: 30859112 PMCID: PMC6395829 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a primary immunodeficiency caused by mutations of the phagocytic nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Autosomal recessive p47phox-deficient CGD (p47phox CGD) is the second most frequent form of the disease in western countries, and more than 94% of patients have a disease-causing dinucleotide deletion (ΔGT) in the neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1) gene. The ΔGT mutation is most likely transferred onto the NCF1 from one of its two pseudogenes co-localized on the same chromosome. The presence of NCF1 pseudogenes in healthy individuals makes the genetic diagnostics of ΔGT p47phox CGD challenging, as it requires the distinction between ΔGT in NCF1 and in the two pseudogenes. We have developed a diagnostic tool for the identification of p47phox CGD based on PCR co-amplification of NCF1 and its pseudogenes, followed by band intensity quantification of restriction fragment length polymorphism products. The single-day, reliable p47phox CGD diagnostics allow for robust discrimination of homozygous ΔGT p47phox CGD patients from heterozygous carriers and healthy individuals, as well as for monitoring gene therapy efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Wrona
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ulrich Siler
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Janine Reichenbach
- Division of Immunology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.,Associated Group Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren-Zurich, Switzerland
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8
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Kuhns DB, Hsu AP, Sun D, Lau K, Fink D, Griffith P, Huang DW, Priel DAL, Mendez L, Kreuzburg S, Zerbe CS, De Ravin SS, Malech HL, Holland SM, Wu X, Gallin JI. NCF1 (p47 phox)-deficient chronic granulomatous disease: comprehensive genetic and flow cytometric analysis. Blood Adv 2019; 3:136-147. [PMID: 30651282 PMCID: PMC6341190 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2018023184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in NCF1 (p47phox) cause autosomal recessive chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) with abnormal dihydrorhodamine (DHR) assay and absent p47phox protein. Genetic identification of NCF1 mutations is complicated by adjacent highly conserved (>98%) pseudogenes (NCF1B and NCF1C). NCF1 has GTGT at the start of exon 2, whereas the pseudogenes each delete 1 GT (ΔGT). In p47phox CGD, the most common mutation is ΔGT in NCF1 (c.75_76delGT; p.Tyr26fsX26). Sequence homology between NCF1 and its pseudogenes precludes reliable use of standard Sanger sequencing for NCF1 mutations and for confirming carrier status. We first established by flow cytometry that neutrophils from p47phox CGD patients had negligible p47phox expression, whereas those from p47phox CGD carriers had ∼60% of normal p47phox expression, independent of the specific mutation in NCF1 We developed a droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) with 2 distinct probes, recognizing either the wild-type GTGT sequence or the ΔGT sequence. A second ddPCR established copy number by comparison with the single-copy telomerase reverse transcriptase gene, TERT We showed that 84% of p47phox CGD patients were homozygous for ΔGT NCF1 The ddPCR assay also enabled determination of carrier status of relatives. Furthermore, only 79.2% of normal volunteers had 2 copies of GTGT per 6 total (NCF1/NCF1B/NCF1C) copies, designated 2/6; 14.7% had 3/6, and 1.6% had 4/6 GTGT copies. In summary, flow cytometry for p47phox expression quickly identifies patients and carriers of p47phox CGD, and genomic ddPCR identifies patients and carriers of ΔGT NCF1, the most common mutation in p47phox CGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Amy P Hsu
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - David Sun
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD; and
| | - Karen Lau
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Danielle Fink
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Paul Griffith
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD; and
| | - Da Wei Huang
- Lymphoid Malignances Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Debra A Long Priel
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Laura Mendez
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Samantha Kreuzburg
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Steven M Holland
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD; and
| | - John I Gallin
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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9
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Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease is a clinical condition that stems from inactivating mutations in NOX2 and its auxiliary proteins. Together, these proteins form the phagocyte NADPH oxidase enzyme that generates superoxide. Superoxide (O2ċ-) and its reduced product hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) give rise to several additional reactive oxygen species (ROS), which together are necessary for adequate killing of pathogens. Thus, CGD patients, with a phagocyte NADPH oxidase that is not properly functioning, suffer from recurrent, life-threatening infections with certain bacteria, fungi, and yeasts. Here, I give a short survey of the genetic mutations that underlie CGD, the effect of these mutations on the activity of the leukocyte NADPH oxidase, the clinical symptoms of CGD patients, and the treatment options for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Research, and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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10
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Fernando SJA, Faiz NM, Handunnetti SM, De Silva AD, Dasanayake WMDK, Wickramasinghe GD, Karunatilake RMCH, de Silva NR. Preliminary study on chronic granulomatous disease in Sri Lanka. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 2018; 14:37. [PMID: 30237823 PMCID: PMC6139906 DOI: 10.1186/s13223-018-0264-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare primary immunodeficiency of the phagocytic cells, which results in absent or diminished levels of microbicidal reactive oxygen species. The disease occurs due to germline mutations in the genes encoding the five subunits of NADPH oxidase complex. The present study is a pilot study to understand the clinical and genetic aspects of CGD in Sri Lanka. Methods Clinical records of thirteen CGD patients were analysed and compared with similar studies performed in different countries and regions to identify patterns in demographics, clinical manifestations and infectious agents. Genomic DNA and cDNA were analysed in eight patients to identify mutations in CYBB and NCF1 genes, thereby to ascertain the potential X-linked and autosomal recessive (AR) CGD patients. Results The onset of symptoms in the patient cohort was very early (mean 4.6 months) compared to 20 months in India and 23.9 months in Latin America. Similarly, the age at diagnosis was lower (mean 1.6 years after birth) compared to other studies; 4.5 years in India and 6.1 years in Europe. Pulmonary manifestations were the most common (85%), followed by skin/subcutaneous infections (77%) and lymphadenopathy (62%). The death rate of local patients (38%) was higher than other countries (India 35%, Europe 20%). Majority (77%) were treated for tuberculosis at some point in life. Genetic analysis confirmed six out of eight patients as X-linked CGD cases with mutations in CYBB gene. A novel splice site mutation was identified in P-07 at position c.141+6 which resulted in the deletion of entire exon 2. Two siblings (P-05 and P-06) from consanguineous parents, were identified with AR-CGD based on the homozygous GT deletion mutation in NCF1 gene. Conclusions The clinical presentation, manifestations and genetic subtypes in the local cohort, appear to be comparable with global trends. Mycobacterial infections should be investigated and treated with more prominence. Effective treatment options are required to control the high mortality rate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Noorul Mifra Faiz
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IBMBB), University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
| | - Shiroma Mangaika Handunnetti
- 1Institute of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology & Biotechnology (IBMBB), University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka
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11
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Schwenkenbecher P, Neyazi A, Donnerstag F, Ringshausen FC, Jacobs R, Stoll M, Kirschner P, Länger FP, Valizada E, Gingele S, Wegner F, Sühs KW, Stangel M, Skripuletz T. Chronic Granulomatous Disease First Diagnosed in Adulthood Presenting With Spinal Cord Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1258. [PMID: 29915596 PMCID: PMC5994559 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is a rare genetic immunodeficiency, which is characterized by recurrent severe bacterial and fungal infections caused by a defect in phagocytic cells due to loss of superoxide production. The disease usually manifests within the first years of life. Early diagnosis allows therapeutic intervention to improve the limited life expectancy. Nevertheless, only half of the patients exceed the age of 25. Here, we present the case of a 41-year old female patient who presented with an extensive spinal cord infection and atypical pneumonia mimicking tuberculosis. The medical history with recurrent granulomatous infections and microbiological findings with multiple unusual opportunistic pathogens was the key to the diagnosis of CGD, which is exceptionally rare first diagnosed in patients in the fifth decade of life. The late diagnosis in this case was likely due to the lack of knowledge of the disease by the treating teams before but not because the patient did not have typical CGD infections along her life. The extensive progressive developing granulomas in our patient with fatal outcome raise the question of early immunosuppressive therapy in addition to anti-infectious treatment. We recommend appropriate CGD diagnostics in adult patients with unclear granulomatous diseases of the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandra Neyazi
- Department of Psychiatry, Social Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Frank Donnerstag
- Institute for Neuroradiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Felix C Ringshausen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Hannover Medical School, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
| | - Roland Jacobs
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Matthias Stoll
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Philip Kirschner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Emil Valizada
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Florian Wegner
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Richardson AM, Moyer AM, Hasadsri L, Abraham RS. Diagnostic Tools for Inborn Errors of Human Immunity (Primary Immunodeficiencies and Immune Dysregulatory Diseases). Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:19. [PMID: 29470720 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-018-0770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of diagnostic testing in primary immunodeficiency and immune dysregulatory disorders (PIDDs), particularly focusing on flow cytometry and genetic techniques, utilizing specific examples of PIDDs. RECENT FINDINGS Flow cytometry remains a vital tool in the diagnosis and monitoring of immunological diseases. Its utility ranges from cellular analysis and specific protein quantitation to functional assays and signaling pathway analysis. Mass cytometry combines flow cytometry and mass spectrometry to dramatically increase the throughput of multivariate single-cell analysis. Next-generation sequencing in combination with other molecular techniques and processing algorithms has become more widely available and identified the diverse and heterogeneous genetic underpinnings of these disorders. As the spectrum of disease is further clarified by increasing immunological, genetic, and epigenetic knowledge, the careful application of these diagnostic tools and bioinformatics will assist not only in our understanding of these complex disorders, but also enable the implementation of personalized therapeutic approaches for disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annely M Richardson
- Division of Allergic Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann M Moyer
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Linda Hasadsri
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Roshini S Abraham
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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13
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De Boer M, Gavrieli R, van Leeuwen K, Wolf HR, Dushnitzki M, Bar-Yosef Y, Bar-Ziv A, Behar D, Lipitz S, Miller TE, Tool ATJ, Kuijpers TW, van den Berg TK, Wolach B, Roos D, Pras E. A false-carrier state for the c.579G>A mutation in the NCF1 gene in Ashkenazi Jews. J Med Genet 2018; 55:166-172. [PMID: 29331982 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-105022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in the NCF1 gene that encodes p47phox, a subunit of the NADPH oxidase complex, cause chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). In Kavkazi Jews, a c.579G>A (p.Trp193Ter) mutation in NCF1 is frequently found, leading to CGD. The same mutation is found in about 1% of Ashkenazi Jews, although Ashkenazi CGD patients with this mutation have never been described. METHODS We used Sanger sequencing, multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA), gene scan analysis and Ion Torrent Next Generation Sequencing for genetic analysis, and measured NADPH oxidase activity and p47phox expression. RESULTS In an Ashkenazi couple expecting a baby, both parents were found to be heterozygotes for this mutation, as was the fetus. However, segregation analysis in the extended family was consistent with the fetus inheriting both carrier alleles from the parents. MLPA indicated four complete NCF1 genes in the fetus and three in each parent. Gene sequencing confirmed these results. Analysis of fetal leucocytes obtained by cordocentesis revealed substantial oxidase activity with three different assays, which was confirmed after birth. In six additional Ashkenazi carriers of the NCF1 c.579G>A mutation, we found five individuals with three complete NCF1 genes of which one was mutated (like the parents), and one individual with in addition a fusion gene of NCF1 with a pseudogene. CONCLUSION These results point to the existence of a 'false-carrier' state in Ashkenazi Jews and have wide implications regarding pre-pregnancy screening in this and other population groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin De Boer
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronit Gavrieli
- Pediatric Hematology Clinic and the Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karin van Leeuwen
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Haike Reznik Wolf
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Maya Dushnitzki
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yifaat Bar-Yosef
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anat Bar-Ziv
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Doron Behar
- Genomic Research Center, Gene by Gene, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shlomo Lipitz
- Department of Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tal Elkan Miller
- Department of Gynecology, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Anton T J Tool
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Taco W Kuijpers
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatric Hematology, Emma Children's Hospital Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timo K van den Berg
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Baruch Wolach
- Pediatric Hematology Clinic and the Laboratory for Leukocyte Function, Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Dirk Roos
- Sanquin Blood Cell Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elon Pras
- The Danek Gertner Institute of Human Genetics, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel and Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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14
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Merling RK, Kuhns DB, Sweeney CL, Wu X, Burkett S, Chu J, Lee J, Koontz S, Di Pasquale G, Afione SA, Chiorini JA, Kang EM, Choi U, De Ravin SS, Malech HL. Gene-edited pseudogene resurrection corrects p47 phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease. Blood Adv 2017; 1:270-278. [PMID: 29296942 PMCID: PMC5727772 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2016001214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudogenes are duplicated genes with mutations rendering them nonfunctional. For single-gene disorders with homologous pseudogenes, the pseudogene might be a target for genetic correction. Autosomal-recessive p47phox-deficient chronic granulomatous disease (p47-CGD) is a life-threatening immune deficiency caused by mutations in NCF1, a gene with 2 pseudogenes, NCF1B and NCF1C. The most common NCF1 mutation, a GT deletion (ΔGT) at the start of exon 2 (>90% of alleles), is constitutive to NCF1B and NCF1C. NCF1 ΔGT results in premature termination, undetectable protein expression, and defective production of antimicrobial superoxide in neutrophils. We examined strategies for p47-CGD gene correction using engineered zinc-finger nucleases targeting the exon 2 ΔGT in induced pluripotent stem cells or CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells derived from p47-CGD patients. Correction of ΔGT in NCF1 pseudogenes restores oxidase function in p47-CGD, providing the first demonstration that targeted restoration of pseudogene function can correct a monogenic disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randall K Merling
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Neutrophil Monitoring Laboratory, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, and
| | - Colin L Sweeney
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Xiaolin Wu
- Genomics Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD
| | - Sandra Burkett
- Molecular Cytogenetics Section, Mouse Cancer Genetics Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD; and
| | - Jessica Chu
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Janet Lee
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sherry Koontz
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Giovanni Di Pasquale
- Adeno-Associated Virus Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sandra A Afione
- Adeno-Associated Virus Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - John A Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Elizabeth M Kang
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Uimook Choi
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Suk See De Ravin
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Harry L Malech
- Laboratory of Host Defenses, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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15
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Stray-Pedersen A, Sorte HS, Samarakoon P, Gambin T, Chinn IK, Coban Akdemir ZH, Erichsen HC, Forbes LR, Gu S, Yuan B, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Rødningen OK, Sheng Y, Nicholas SK, Noroski LM, Seeborg FO, Davis CM, Canter DL, Mace EM, Vece TJ, Allen CE, Abhyankar HA, Boone PM, Beck CR, Wiszniewski W, Fevang B, Aukrust P, Tjønnfjord GE, Gedde-Dahl T, Hjorth-Hansen H, Dybedal I, Nordøy I, Jørgensen SF, Abrahamsen TG, Øverland T, Bechensteen AG, Skogen V, Osnes LTN, Kulseth MA, Prescott TE, Rustad CF, Heimdal KR, Belmont JW, Rider NL, Chinen J, Cao TN, Smith EA, Caldirola MS, Bezrodnik L, Lugo Reyes SO, Espinosa Rosales FJ, Guerrero-Cursaru ND, Pedroza LA, Poli CM, Franco JL, Trujillo Vargas CM, Aldave Becerra JC, Wright N, Issekutz TB, Issekutz AC, Abbott J, Caldwell JW, Bayer DK, Chan AY, Aiuti A, Cancrini C, Holmberg E, West C, Burstedt M, Karaca E, Yesil G, Artac H, Bayram Y, Atik MM, Eldomery MK, Ehlayel MS, Jolles S, Flatø B, Bertuch AA, Hanson IC, Zhang VW, Wong LJ, Hu J, Walkiewicz M, Yang Y, Eng CM, Boerwinkle E, Gibbs RA, Shearer WT, Lyle R, Orange JS, Lupski JR. Primary immunodeficiency diseases: Genomic approaches delineate heterogeneous Mendelian disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 139:232-245. [PMID: 27577878 PMCID: PMC5222743 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Primary immunodeficiency diseases (PIDDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous disorders thus far associated with mutations in more than 300 genes. The clinical phenotypes derived from distinct genotypes can overlap. Genetic etiology can be a prognostic indicator of disease severity and can influence treatment decisions. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the ability of whole-exome screening methods to detect disease-causing variants in patients with PIDDs. METHODS Patients with PIDDs from 278 families from 22 countries were investigated by using whole-exome sequencing. Computational copy number variant (CNV) prediction pipelines and an exome-tiling chromosomal microarray were also applied to identify intragenic CNVs. Analytic approaches initially focused on 475 known or candidate PIDD genes but were nonexclusive and further tailored based on clinical data, family history, and immunophenotyping. RESULTS A likely molecular diagnosis was achieved in 110 (40%) unrelated probands. Clinical diagnosis was revised in about half (60/110) and management was directly altered in nearly a quarter (26/110) of families based on molecular findings. Twelve PIDD-causing CNVs were detected, including 7 smaller than 30 Kb that would not have been detected with conventional diagnostic CNV arrays. CONCLUSION This high-throughput genomic approach enabled detection of disease-related variants in unexpected genes; permitted detection of low-grade constitutional, somatic, and revertant mosaicism; and provided evidence of a mutational burden in mixed PIDD immunophenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne Sørmo Sorte
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pubudu Samarakoon
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tomasz Gambin
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Institute of Computer Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Zeynep H Coban Akdemir
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Lisa R Forbes
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Shen Gu
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Bo Yuan
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Shalini N Jhangiani
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Donna M Muzny
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | | | - Ying Sheng
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah K Nicholas
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Lenora M Noroski
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Filiz O Seeborg
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Carla M Davis
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Debra L Canter
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Timothy J Vece
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Carl E Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Harshal A Abhyankar
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Cancer and Hematology Center, Department of Pediatrics, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Philip M Boone
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Christine R Beck
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Wojciech Wiszniewski
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Børre Fevang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir E Tjønnfjord
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Henrik Hjorth-Hansen
- Department of Hematology, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim, Norway; Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ingunn Dybedal
- Department of Hematology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingvild Nordøy
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Silje F Jørgensen
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tore G Abrahamsen
- Department of Pediatrics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Vegard Skogen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Medical Clinic, University Hospital of North-Norway, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Liv T N Osnes
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari Ann Kulseth
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Trine E Prescott
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Cecilie F Rustad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ketil R Heimdal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - John W Belmont
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Javier Chinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Tram N Cao
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Eric A Smith
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Maria Soledad Caldirola
- Immunology Service, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Liliana Bezrodnik
- Immunology Service, Ricardo Gutierrez Children's Hospital, Ciudad Autonoma de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Saul Oswaldo Lugo Reyes
- Immunodeficiencies Research Unit, National Institute of Pediatrics, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | | - Cecilia M Poli
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Hospital Roberto del Rio, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose L Franco
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Claudia M Trujillo Vargas
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Nicola Wright
- Alberta Children's Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Thomas B Issekutz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Andrew C Issekutz
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Izaak Walton Killam Health Centre, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jordan Abbott
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colo
| | - Jason W Caldwell
- Section of Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergic and Immunological Diseases, Wake Forest Baptist Medical Center, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Diana K Bayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Allergy/Immunology and Pulmonology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Alice Y Chan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, Calif
| | - Alessandro Aiuti
- San Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy (SR-TIGET), and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Caterina Cancrini
- University Department of Pediatrics, DPUO, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, and Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Holmberg
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Christina West
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Pediatrics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Burstedt
- Department of Clinical Genetics, University Hospital of Umeå, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Ender Karaca
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Gözde Yesil
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Medical Genetics, Bezmi Alem Vakif University Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Artac
- Department of Pediatric Immunology and Allergy, Selcuk University Medical Faculty, Alaeddin Keykubat Kampusu, Konya, Turkey
| | - Yavuz Bayram
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Mehmed Musa Atik
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Mohammad K Eldomery
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Mohammad S Ehlayel
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Department of Paediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, Ar-Rayyan, Qatar
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Berit Flatø
- Department of Rheumatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alison A Bertuch
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Section of Hematology-Oncology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - I Celine Hanson
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Victor W Zhang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Lee-Jun Wong
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Jianhong Hu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Magdalena Walkiewicz
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Christine M Eng
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Eric Boerwinkle
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genetics Center, University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, Tex
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - William T Shearer
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex
| | - Robert Lyle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Center for Human Immunobiology of Texas Children's Hospital/Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Division of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex.
| | - James R Lupski
- Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, and Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Tex; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.
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16
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Kulkarni M, Desai M, Gupta M, Dalvi A, Taur P, Terrance A, Bhat S, Manglani M, Raj R, Shah I, Madkaikar M. Clinical, Immunological, and Molecular Findings of Patients with p47phox Defect Chronic Granulomatous Disease (CGD) in Indian Families. J Clin Immunol 2016; 36:774-784. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-016-0333-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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17
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Samarakoon PS, Sorte HS, Stray-Pedersen A, Rødningen OK, Rognes T, Lyle R. cnvScan: a CNV screening and annotation tool to improve the clinical utility of computational CNV prediction from exome sequencing data. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:51. [PMID: 26764020 PMCID: PMC4712464 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With advances in next generation sequencing technology and analysis methods, single nucleotide variants (SNVs) and indels can be detected with high sensitivity and specificity in exome sequencing data. Recent studies have demonstrated the ability to detect disease-causing copy number variants (CNVs) in exome sequencing data. However, exonic CNV prediction programs have shown high false positive CNV counts, which is the major limiting factor for the applicability of these programs in clinical studies. Results We have developed a tool (cnvScan) to improve the clinical utility of computational CNV prediction in exome data. cnvScan can accept input from any CNV prediction program. cnvScan consists of two steps: CNV screening and CNV annotation. CNV screening evaluates CNV prediction using quality scores and refines this using an in-house CNV database, which greatly reduces the false positive rate. The annotation step provides functionally and clinically relevant information using multiple source datasets. We assessed the performance of cnvScan on CNV predictions from five different prediction programs using 64 exomes from Primary Immunodeficiency (PIDD) patients, and identified PIDD-causing CNVs in three individuals from two different families. Conclusions In summary, cnvScan reduces the time and effort required to detect disease-causing CNVs by reducing the false positive count and providing annotation. This improves the clinical utility of CNV detection in exome data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2374-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanne Sørmo Sorte
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Newborn Screening, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. .,Center for Human Immunobiology/Section of Immunology, Allergy, and Rheumatology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA. .,Baylor-Hopkins Center for Mendelian Genomics of the Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Olaug Kristin Rødningen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Torbjørn Rognes
- Department of Informatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Robert Lyle
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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O'Neill S, Brault J, Stasia MJ, Knaus UG. Genetic disorders coupled to ROS deficiency. Redox Biol 2015; 6:135-156. [PMID: 26210446 PMCID: PMC4550764 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Maintaining the redox balance between generation and elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for health. Disturbances such as continuously elevated ROS levels will result in oxidative stress and development of disease, but likewise, insufficient ROS production will be detrimental to health. Reduced or even complete loss of ROS generation originates mainly from inactivating variants in genes encoding for NADPH oxidase complexes. In particular, deficiency in phagocyte Nox2 oxidase function due to genetic variants (CYBB, CYBA, NCF1, NCF2, NCF4) has been recognized as a direct cause of chronic granulomatous disease (CGD), an inherited immune disorder. More recently, additional diseases have been linked to functionally altered variants in genes encoding for other NADPH oxidases, such as for DUOX2/DUOXA2 in congenital hypothyroidism, or for the Nox2 complex, NOX1 and DUOX2 as risk factors for inflammatory bowel disease. A comprehensive overview of novel developments in terms of Nox/Duox-deficiency disorders is presented, combined with insights gained from structure-function studies that will aid in predicting functional defects of clinical variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O'Neill
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Brault
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Marie-Jose Stasia
- Université Grenoble Alpes, TIMC-IMAG Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France; CGD Diagnosis and Research Centre, Pôle Biologie, CHU de Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | - Ulla G Knaus
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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