1
|
Elmahdy A, Shekka Espinosa A, Kakaei Y, Pylova T, Jha A, Zulfaj E, Krasnikova M, Al-Awar A, Sheybani Z, Sevastianova V, Berger E, Nejat A, Molander L, Andersson EA, Omerovic E, Hussain S, Redfors B. Ischemic preconditioning affects phosphosites and accentuates myocardial stunning while reducing infarction size in rats. Front Cardiovasc Med 2024; 11:1376367. [PMID: 38559672 PMCID: PMC10978780 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1376367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Ischemic preconditioning (IPC), i.e., brief periods of ischemia, protect the heart from subsequent prolonged ischemic injury, and reduces infarction size. Myocardial stunning refers to transient loss of contractility in the heart after myocardial ischemia that recovers without permanent damage. The relationship between IPC and myocardial stunning remains incompletely understood. This study aimed primarily to examine the effects of IPC on the relationship between ischemia duration, stunning, and infarct size in an ischemia-reperfusion injury model. Secondarily, this study aimed to examine to which extent the phosphoproteomic changes induced by IPC relate to myocardial contractile function. Methods and results Rats were subjected to different durations of left anterior descending artery (LAD) occlusion, with or without preceding IPC. Echocardiograms were acquired to assess cardiac contraction in the affected myocardial segment. Infarction size was evaluated using triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining. Phosphoproteomic analysis was performed in heart tissue from preconditioned and non-preconditioned animals. In contrast to rats without IPC, reversible akinesia was observed in a majority of the rats that were subjected to IPC and subsequently exposed to ischemia of 13.5 or 15 min of ischemia. Phosphoproteomic analysis revealed significant differential regulation of 786 phosphopeptides between IPC and non-IPC groups, with significant associations with the sarcomere, Z-disc, and actin binding. Conclusion IPC induces changes in phosphosites of proteins involved in myocardial contraction; and both accentuates post-ischemic myocardial stunning and reduces infarct size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Elmahdy
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Aaron Shekka Espinosa
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yalda Kakaei
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tetiana Pylova
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abhishek Jha
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ermir Zulfaj
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maryna Krasnikova
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amin Al-Awar
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zahra Sheybani
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Valentyna Sevastianova
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evelin Berger
- Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Amirali Nejat
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Linnea Molander
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erik Axel Andersson
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elmir Omerovic
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shafaat Hussain
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Redfors
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Cardiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Shaheen AR, Yannuzzi NA, Kennedy T, Yannuzzi LA. RETINAL VASCULAR DISEASE IN LIMB-GIRDLE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY. Retin Cases Brief Rep 2024; 18:39-42. [PMID: 36007191 DOI: 10.1097/icb.0000000000001329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To report bilateral retinal vascular occlusive disease in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy (LGMD). METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 34-year-old Asian woman was referred for evaluation and management of central retinal vein occlusion. Ultra-wide-field fluorescein angiography showed resolving initial peripheral retinal vein occlusion in one eye and peripheral venular segmental staining in the fellow asymmetric eye. Genetic testing established the diagnosis of LGMD. CONCLUSION Similar to other forms of muscular dystrophy, LGMD is caused by genetic abnormalities in sarcolemma proteins, a key structural component that connects the intracellular cytoskeleton of a myofiber to the extracellular matrix. Like other muscular dystrophies, LGMD may be associated with retinal vascular abnormalities noted. In this case, retinal vascular smooth muscle dysfunction was seen in LGMD, analogous to reported vascular abnormalities in other muscular dystrophies such as facioscapulohumeral dystrophy and Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Collapse
|
3
|
Li X, Zhong Z, Zhang R, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Zeng S, Du Q, Wang H, Zhang S, Lu L, Li M, Long K. Decoding the transcriptome of muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency using single-nucleus RNA sequencing. FASEB J 2023; 37:e22993. [PMID: 37235502 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201949rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lacking PTRF (polymerase I and transcript release factor), an essential caveolae component, causes a secondary deficiency of caveolins resulting in muscular dystrophy. The transcriptome responses of different types of muscle fibers and mononuclear cells in skeletal muscle to muscular dystrophy caused by Ptrf deletion have not been explored. Here, we created muscular dystrophy mice by Ptrf knockout and applied single-nucleus RNA sequencing (snRNA-seq) to unveil the transcriptional changes of the skeletal muscle at single-nucleus resolution. 11 613 muscle nuclei (WT, 5838; Ptrf KO, 5775) were classified into 12 clusters corresponding to 11 nuclear types. Trajectory analysis revealed the potential transition between type IIb_1 and IIb_2 myonuclei upon muscular dystrophy. Functional enrichment analysis indicated that apoptotic signaling and enzyme-linked receptor protein signaling pathway were significantly enriched in type IIb_1 and IIb_2 myonuclei of Ptrf KO, respectively. The muscle structure development and the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway were significantly enriched in type IIa and IIx myonuclei of Ptrf KO. Meanwhile, metabolic pathway analysis showed a decrease in overall metabolic pathway activity of myonuclei subtypes upon muscular dystrophy, with the most decrease in type IIb_1 myonuclei. Gene regulatory network analysis found that the activity of Mef2c, Mef2d, Myf5, and Pax3 regulons was enhanced in type II myonuclei of Ptrf KO, especially in type IIb_2 myonuclei. In addition, we investigated the transcriptome changes in adipocytes and found that muscular dystrophy enhanced the lipid metabolic capacity of adipocytes. Our findings provide a valuable resource for exploring the molecular mechanism of muscular dystrophy due to Ptrf deficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokai Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhining Zhong
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruowei Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaman Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sha Zeng
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinjiao Du
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Haoming Wang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingzhou Li
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Keren Long
- Livestock and Poultry Multi-omics Key Laboratory of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Torella A, Budillon A, Zanobio M, Del Vecchio Blanco F, Picillo E, Politano L, Nigro V, Piluso G. Alu-Mediated Insertions in the DMD Gene: A Difficult Puzzle to Interpret Clinically. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119241. [PMID: 37298193 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Disrupting variants in the DMD gene are associated with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy (DMD/BMD) or with hyperCKemia, all of which present very different degrees of clinical severity. The clinical phenotypes of these disorders could not be distinguished in infancy or early childhood. Accurate phenotype prediction based on DNA variants may therefore be required in addition to invasive tests, such as muscle biopsy. Transposon insertion is one of the rarest mutation types. Depending on their position and characteristics, transposon insertions may affect the quality and/or quantity of dystrophin mRNA, leading to unpredictable alterations in gene products. Here, we report the case of a three-year-old boy showing initial skeletal muscle involvement in whom we characterized a transposon insertion (Alu sequence) in exon 15 of the DMD gene. In similar cases, the generation of a null allele is predicted, resulting in a DMD phenotype. However, mRNA analysis of muscle biopsy tissue revealed skipping of exon 15, which restored the reading frame, thus predicting a milder phenotype. This case is similar to very few others already described in the literature. This case further enriches our knowledge of the mechanisms perturbing splicing and causing exon skipping in DMD, helping to properly guide clinical diagnosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Torella
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Alberto Budillon
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Zanobio
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Del Vecchio Blanco
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Esther Picillo
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Politano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Giulio Piluso
- Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hui J, Stjepić V, Nakamura M, Parkhurst SM. Wrangling Actin Assemblies: Actin Ring Dynamics during Cell Wound Repair. Cells 2022; 11:2777. [PMID: 36139352 PMCID: PMC9497110 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To cope with continuous physiological and environmental stresses, cells of all sizes require an effective wound repair process to seal breaches to their cortex. Once a wound is recognized, the cell must rapidly plug the injury site, reorganize the cytoskeleton and the membrane to pull the wound closed, and finally remodel the cortex to return to homeostasis. Complementary studies using various model organisms have demonstrated the importance and complexity behind the formation and translocation of an actin ring at the wound periphery during the repair process. Proteins such as actin nucleators, actin bundling factors, actin-plasma membrane anchors, and disassembly factors are needed to regulate actin ring dynamics spatially and temporally. Notably, Rho family GTPases have been implicated throughout the repair process, whereas other proteins are required during specific phases. Interestingly, although different models share a similar set of recruited proteins, the way in which they use them to pull the wound closed can differ. Here, we describe what is currently known about the formation, translocation, and remodeling of the actin ring during the cell wound repair process in model organisms, as well as the overall impact of cell wound repair on daily events and its importance to our understanding of certain diseases and the development of therapeutic delivery modalities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Susan M. Parkhurst
- Basic Sciences Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Germain P, Delalande A, Pichon C. Role of Muscle LIM Protein in Mechanotransduction Process. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179785. [PMID: 36077180 PMCID: PMC9456170 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of protein synthesis is crucial to counteract the deconditioning of neuromuscular system and its atrophy. In the past, hormones and cytokines acting as growth factors involved in the intracellular events of these processes have been identified, while the implications of signaling pathways associated with the anabolism/catabolism ratio in reference to the molecular mechanism of skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been recently identified. Among them, the mechanotransduction resulting from a mechanical stress applied to the cell appears increasingly interesting as a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. At present, there is an open question regarding the type of stress to apply in order to induce anabolic events or the type of mechanical strain with respect to the possible mechanosensing and mechanotransduction processes involved in muscle cells protein synthesis. This review is focused on the muscle LIM protein (MLP), a structural and mechanosensing protein with a LIM domain, which is expressed in the sarcomere and costamere of striated muscle cells. It acts as a transcriptional cofactor during cell proliferation after its nuclear translocation during the anabolic process of differentiation and rebuilding. Moreover, we discuss the possible opportunity of stimulating this mechanotransduction process to counteract the muscle atrophy induced by anabolic versus catabolic disorders coming from the environment, aging or myopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Germain
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Anthony Delalande
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
| | - Chantal Pichon
- UFR Sciences and Techniques, University of Orleans, 45067 Orleans, France
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, CNRS Orleans, 45071 Orleans, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 Rue Descartes, 75231 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Dang K, Jiang S, Gao Y, Qian A. The role of protein glycosylation in muscle diseases. Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:8037-8049. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
Smith TC, Vasilakos G, Shaffer SA, Puglise JM, Chou CH, Barton ER, Luna EJ. Novel γ-sarcoglycan interactors in murine muscle membranes. Skelet Muscle 2022; 12:2. [PMID: 35065666 PMCID: PMC8783446 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-021-00285-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sarcoglycan complex (SC) is part of a network that links the striated muscle cytoskeleton to the basal lamina across the sarcolemma. The SC coordinates changes in phosphorylation and Ca++-flux during mechanical deformation, and these processes are disrupted with loss-of-function mutations in gamma-sarcoglycan (Sgcg) that cause Limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2C/R5. METHODS To gain insight into how the SC mediates mechano-signaling in muscle, we utilized LC-MS/MS proteomics of SC-associated proteins in immunoprecipitates from enriched sarcolemmal fractions. Criteria for inclusion were co-immunoprecipitation with anti-Sgcg from C57BL/6 control muscle and under-representation in parallel experiments with Sgcg-null muscle and with non-specific IgG. Validation of interaction was performed in co-expression experiments in human RH30 rhabdomyosarcoma cells. RESULTS We identified 19 candidates as direct or indirect interactors for Sgcg, including the other 3 SC proteins. Novel potential interactors included protein-phosphatase-1-catalytic-subunit-beta (Ppp1cb, PP1b) and Na+-K+-Cl--co-transporter NKCC1 (SLC12A2). NKCC1 co-localized with Sgcg after co-expression in human RH30 rhabdomyosarcoma cells, and its cytosolic domains depleted Sgcg from cell lysates upon immunoprecipitation and co-localized with Sgcg after detergent permeabilization. NKCC1 localized in proximity to the dystrophin complex at costameres in vivo. Bumetanide inhibition of NKCC1 cotransporter activity in isolated muscles reduced SC-dependent, strain-induced increases in phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2). In silico analysis suggests that candidate SC interactors may cross-talk with survival signaling pathways, including p53, estrogen receptor, and TRIM25. CONCLUSIONS Results support that NKCC1 is a new SC-associated signaling protein. Moreover, the identities of other candidate SC interactors suggest ways by which the SC and NKCC1, along with other Sgcg interactors such as the membrane-cytoskeleton linker archvillin, may regulate kinase- and Ca++-mediated survival signaling in skeletal muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Smith
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology & Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Georgios Vasilakos
- Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health & Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Scott A Shaffer
- Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.,Mass Spectrometry Facility, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Shrewsbury, MA, USA
| | - Jason M Puglise
- Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health & Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Chih-Hsuan Chou
- Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health & Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elisabeth R Barton
- Applied Physiology & Kinesiology, College of Health & Human Performance, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
| | - Elizabeth J Luna
- Department of Radiology, Division of Cell Biology & Imaging, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Careccia G, Saclier M, Tirone M, Ruggieri E, Principi E, Raffaghello L, Torchio S, Recchia D, Canepari M, Gorzanelli A, Ferrara M, Castellani P, Rubartelli A, Rovere-Querini P, Casalgrandi M, Preti A, Lorenzetti I, Bruno C, Bottinelli R, Brunelli S, Previtali SC, Bianchi ME, Messina G, Vénéreau E. Rebalancing expression of HMGB1 redox isoforms to counteract muscular dystrophy. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/596/eaay8416. [PMID: 34078746 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aay8416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies (MDs) are a group of genetic diseases characterized by progressive muscle wasting associated to oxidative stress and persistent inflammation. It is essential to deepen our knowledge on the mechanism connecting these two processes because current treatments for MDs have limited efficacy and/or are associated with side effects. Here, we identified the alarmin high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) as a functional link between oxidative stress and inflammation in MDs. The oxidation of HMGB1 cysteines switches its extracellular activities from the orchestration of tissue regeneration to the exacerbation of inflammation. Extracellular HMGB1 is present at high amount and undergoes oxidation in patients with MDs and in mouse models of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 3 (LGMDR3) compared to controls. Genetic ablation of HMGB1 in muscles of DMD mice leads to an amelioration of the dystrophic phenotype as evidenced by the reduced inflammation and muscle degeneration, indicating that HMGB1 oxidation is a detrimental process in MDs. Pharmacological treatment with an engineered nonoxidizable variant of HMGB1, called 3S, improves functional performance, muscle regeneration, and satellite cell engraftment in dystrophic mice while reducing inflammation and fibrosis. Overall, our data demonstrate that the balance between HMGB1 redox isoforms dictates whether skeletal muscle is in an inflamed or regenerating state, and that the nonoxidizable form of HMGB1 is a possible therapeutic approach to counteract the progression of the dystrophic phenotype. Rebalancing the HMGB1 redox isoforms may also be a therapeutic strategy for other disorders characterized by chronic oxidative stress and inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Careccia
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marielle Saclier
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Tirone
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Ruggieri
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elisa Principi
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Lizzia Raffaghello
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Torchio
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Deborah Recchia
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Monica Canepari
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Gorzanelli
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Michele Ferrara
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Patrizia Castellani
- Unità di Biologia Cellulare, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Anna Rubartelli
- Unità di Biologia Cellulare, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Rovere-Querini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Immunity, IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Isabella Lorenzetti
- Division of Neuroscience and Inspe, Neuromuscular Repair Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudio Bruno
- Center of Translational and Experimental Myology, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, 16147 Genova, Italy
| | - Roberto Bottinelli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy.,ICS-Maugeri (IRCCS), Scientific Institute of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Silvia Brunelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy
| | - Stefano Carlo Previtali
- Division of Neuroscience and Inspe, Neuromuscular Repair Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Emilio Bianchi
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy.,Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Chromatin Dynamics Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Emilie Vénéreau
- Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, Tissue Regeneration and Homeostasis Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ausems CRM, van Engelen BGM, van Bokhoven H, Wansink DG. Systemic cell therapy for muscular dystrophies : The ultimate transplantable muscle progenitor cell and current challenges for clinical efficacy. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:878-899. [PMID: 33349909 PMCID: PMC8166694 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10100-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic regenerative capacity of skeletal muscle makes it an excellent target for cell therapy. However, the potential of muscle tissue to renew is typically exhausted and insufficient in muscular dystrophies (MDs), a large group of heterogeneous genetic disorders showing progressive loss of skeletal muscle fibers. Cell therapy for MDs has to rely on suppletion with donor cells with high myogenic regenerative capacity. Here, we provide an overview on stem cell lineages employed for strategies in MDs, with a focus on adult stem cells and progenitor cells resident in skeletal muscle. In the early days, the potential of myoblasts and satellite cells was explored, but after disappointing clinical results the field moved to other muscle progenitor cells, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Most recently, mesoangioblasts and pericytes have been pursued for muscle cell therapy, leading to a handful of preclinical studies and a clinical trial. The current status of (pre)clinical work for the most common forms of MD illustrates the existing challenges and bottlenecks. Besides the intrinsic properties of transplantable cells, we discuss issues relating to cell expansion and cell viability after transplantation, optimal dosage, and route and timing of administration. Since MDs are genetic conditions, autologous cell therapy and gene therapy will need to go hand-in-hand, bringing in additional complications. Finally, we discuss determinants for optimization of future clinical trials for muscle cell therapy. Joined research efforts bring hope that effective therapies for MDs are on the horizon to fulfil the unmet clinical need in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Rosanne M Ausems
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Baziel G M van Engelen
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Neurology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Donders lnstitute for Brain Cognition and Behavior, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Derick G Wansink
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525, GA, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Botzenhart UU, Keil C, Tsagkari E, Zeidler-Rentzsch I, Gredes T, Gedrange T. Influence of botulinum toxin A on craniofacial morphology after injection into the right masseter muscle of dystrophin deficient (mdx-) mice. Ann Anat 2021; 236:151715. [PMID: 33675949 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2021.151715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe craniofacial and dental abnormalities, typical for patients with progressive Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), are an exellcent demonstration of Melvin L. Moss "functional matrix theory", highlighting the influence of muscle tissue on craniofacial growth and morphology. However, the currently best approved animal model for investigation of this interplay is the mdx-mouse, which offers only a limited time window for research, due to the ability of muscle regeneration, in contrast to the human course of the disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate craniofacial morphology after BTX-A induced muscle paralysis in C57Bl- and mdx-mice, to prove the suitability of BTX-A intervention to inhibit muscle regeneration in mdx-mice and thus, mimicking the human course of the DMD disease. METHODS Paralysis of the right masseter muscle was induced in 100 days old C57Bl- and mdx-mice by a single specific intramuscular BTX-A injection. Mice skulls were obtained at 21 days and 42 days after BTX-A injection and 3D radiological evaluation was performed in order to measure various craniofacial dimensions in the sagittal, transversal and vertical plane. Statstical analysis were performed using SigmaStat®Version 3.5. In case of normal distribution, unpaired t-test and otherwise the Mann-Whitney-U test was applied. A statistical significance was given in case of p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS In contrast to C57Bl-mice, in mdx-mice, three weeks after BTX-A treatment a significant decrease of skull dimensions was noted in most of the measurements followed by a significant increase at the second investigation period. CONCLUSIONS BTX-A can induce changes in craniofacial morphology and presumably partially inhibit muscle regeneration in mdx-mice, but cannot completely intensify craniofacial effects elicited by dystrophy. Further research is necessary in order to fully understand muscle-bone interplay after BTX-A injection into dystrophic muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Christiane Keil
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eirini Tsagkari
- Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry School of Health Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ines Zeidler-Rentzsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gredes
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany; Department of Orthodontics, Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tomasz Gedrange
- Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus Campus, TU Dresden, 01307, Dresden, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Biressi S, Filareto A, Rando TA. Stem cell therapy for muscular dystrophies. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:5652-5664. [PMID: 32946430 DOI: 10.1172/jci142031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscular dystrophies are a heterogeneous group of genetic diseases, characterized by progressive degeneration of skeletal and cardiac muscle. Despite the intense investigation of different therapeutic options, a definitive treatment has not been developed for this debilitating class of pathologies. Cell-based therapies in muscular dystrophies have been pursued experimentally for the last three decades. Several cell types with different characteristics and tissues of origin, including myogenic stem and progenitor cells, stromal cells, and pluripotent stem cells, have been investigated over the years and have recently entered in the clinical arena with mixed results. In this Review, we do a roundup of the past attempts and describe the updated status of cell-based therapies aimed at counteracting the skeletal and cardiac myopathy present in dystrophic patients. We present current challenges, summarize recent progress, and make recommendations for future research and clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Biressi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology (CIBIO) and.,Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Trento, Povo, Italy
| | - Antonio Filareto
- Department of Research Beyond Borders, Regenerative Medicine, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, Conneticut, USA
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences and.,Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biology of Aging, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Center for Tissue Regeneration, Repair and Restoration, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Pegoraro V, Angelini C. Circulating miR-206 as a Biomarker for Patients Affected by Severe Limb Girdle Muscle Dystrophies. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12010085. [PMID: 33445560 PMCID: PMC7826967 DOI: 10.3390/genes12010085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophies (LGMD) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous conditions, presenting with a wide clinical spectrum, leading to progressive proximal weakness caused by loss of muscle fibers. MiR-206 is a member of myomiRNAs, a group of miRNAs with important function in skeletal muscle. Our aim is to determine the value of miR-206 in detecting muscle disease evolution in patients affected by LGMD. We describe clinical features, disease history and progression of eleven patients affected by various types of LGMD: transportinopathy, sarcoglycanopathy and calpainopathy. We analyzed the patients’ mutations and we studied the circulating miR-206 in serum by qRT-PCR; muscle MRI was done with a 1.5 Tesla apparatus. The severe evolution of disease type is associated with the expression levels of miR-206, which was significantly elevated in our LGMD patient cohort in comparison with a control group. In particular, we observed an over-expression of miR-206 that was 50–80 folds elevated in two patients with a severe and early disease course in the transportinopathy and calpainopathy sub-types. The functional impairment was observed clinically and muscle loss and atrophy documented by muscle MRI. This study provides the first evidence that miR-206 is associated with phenotypic expression and it could be used as a prognostic indicator of LGMD disease progression.
Collapse
|
14
|
Stocco A, Smolina N, Sabatelli P, Šileikytė J, Artusi E, Mouly V, Cohen M, Forte M, Schiavone M, Bernardi P. Treatment with a triazole inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore fully corrects the pathology of sapje zebrafish lacking dystrophin. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105421. [PMID: 33429034 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
High-throughput screening identified isoxazoles as potent but metabolically unstable inhibitors of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PTP). Here we have studied the effects of a metabolically stable triazole analog, TR001, which maintains the PTP inhibitory properties with an in vitro potency in the nanomolar range. We show that TR001 leads to recovery of muscle structure and function of sapje zebrafish, a severe model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). PTP inhibition fully restores the otherwise defective respiration in vivo, allowing normal development of sapje individuals in spite of lack of dystrophin. About 80 % sapje zebrafish treated with TR001 are alive and normal at 18 days post fertilization (dpf), a point in time when not a single untreated sapje individual survives. Time to 50 % death of treated zebrafish increases from 5 to 28 dpf, a sizeable number of individuals becoming young adults in spite of the persistent lack of dystrophin expression. TR001 improves respiration of myoblasts and myotubes from DMD patients, suggesting that PTP-dependent dysfunction also occurs in the human disease and that mitochondrial therapy of DMD with PTP-inhibiting triazoles is a viable treatment option.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stocco
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Natalia Smolina
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Patrizia Sabatelli
- CNR-Institute of Molecular Genetics "Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza"-Unit of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, Bologna, Italy
| | - Justina Šileikytė
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Edoardo Artusi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Vincent Mouly
- Center for Research in Myology UMRS 974, Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Myology Institute, Paris, France
| | - Michael Cohen
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Michael Forte
- Vollum Institute and Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Marco Schiavone
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| | - Paolo Bernardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and CNR Neuroscience Institute, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Hedberg-Oldfors C, Meyer R, Nolte K, Abdul Rahim Y, Lindberg C, Karason K, Thuestad IJ, Visuttijai K, Geijer M, Begemann M, Kraft F, Lausberg E, Hitpass L, Götzl R, Luna EJ, Lochmüller H, Koschmieder S, Gramlich M, Gess B, Elbracht M, Weis J, Kurth I, Oldfors A, Knopp C. Loss of supervillin causes myopathy with myofibrillar disorganization and autophagic vacuoles. Brain 2020; 143:2406-2420. [PMID: 32779703 PMCID: PMC7447519 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The muscle specific isoform of the supervillin protein (SV2), encoded by the SVIL gene, is a large sarcolemmal myosin II- and F-actin-binding protein. Supervillin (SV2) binds and co-localizes with costameric dystrophin and binds nebulin, potentially attaching the sarcolemma to myofibrillar Z-lines. Despite its important role in muscle cell physiology suggested by various in vitro studies, there are so far no reports of any human disease caused by SVIL mutations. We here report four patients from two unrelated, consanguineous families with a childhood/adolescence onset of a myopathy associated with homozygous loss-of-function mutations in SVIL. Wide neck, anteverted shoulders and prominent trapezius muscles together with variable contractures were characteristic features. All patients showed increased levels of serum creatine kinase but no or minor muscle weakness. Mild cardiac manifestations were observed. Muscle biopsies showed complete loss of large supervillin isoforms in muscle fibres by western blot and immunohistochemical analyses. Light and electron microscopic investigations revealed a structural myopathy with numerous lobulated muscle fibres and considerable myofibrillar alterations with a coarse and irregular intermyofibrillar network. Autophagic vacuoles, as well as frequent and extensive deposits of lipoproteins, including immature lipofuscin, were observed. Several sarcolemma-associated proteins, including dystrophin and sarcoglycans, were partially mis-localized. The results demonstrate the importance of the supervillin (SV2) protein for the structural integrity of muscle fibres in humans and show that recessive loss-of-function mutations in SVIL cause a distinctive and novel myopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carola Hedberg-Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Robert Meyer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Nolte
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Yassir Abdul Rahim
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Lindberg
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Centre, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristjan Karason
- Department of Cardiology and Transplant Institute, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Kittichate Visuttijai
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mats Geijer
- Department of Radiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Matthias Begemann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Florian Kraft
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Eva Lausberg
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lea Hitpass
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rebekka Götzl
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Hand and Burn Surgery, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Elizabeth J Luna
- Division of Cell Biology and Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, USA
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Steffen Koschmieder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, Hemostaseology and Stem Cell Transplantation, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Michael Gramlich
- Department of Invasive Electrophysiology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Burkhard Gess
- Department of Neurology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Elbracht
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ingo Kurth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anders Oldfors
- Department of Pathology and Genetics, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cordula Knopp
- Institute of Human Genetics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
May V, Arnold AA, Pagad S, Somagutta MR, Sridharan S, Nanthakumaran S, Malik BH. Duchenne's Muscular Dystrophy: The Role of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and Genomic Editing on Muscle Regeneration. Cureus 2020; 12:e10600. [PMID: 33123420 PMCID: PMC7584317 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.10600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
There are two types of well-known muscular dystrophies: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker's muscular dystrophy. This article focuses on the X-linked recessive disorder of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy, which primarily affects children at age four, with a shortened life span of up to 40 years. A defective dystrophin protein lacking the gene dystrophin is the primary cause of the disease pathophysiology. This defect causes cardiac and skeletal muscle down-regulation of dystrophin, leading to weak and fibrotic muscles. The disease is currently untreatable, so most kids die due to cardiac failure in their late 30's. This review presents current treatment options, based on previous studies conducted over the last five years. We used the PubMed database to analyze and review the most important investigations. We also included an analysis of induced pluripotent stem cell therapy vs. genetic therapy using the mdx mouse model. We have discovered promising results on mdx mouse models to date and excited about the potential for where further clinical human trials can go.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa May
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Ashley A Arnold
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sukrut Pagad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Larkin Community Hospital, Hialeah, USA
| | - Manoj R Somagutta
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Saijanakan Sridharan
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Saruja Nanthakumaran
- Department of Research, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Bilal Haider Malik
- Department of Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Southern WM, Nichenko AS, Qualls AE, Portman K, Gidon A, Beedle AM, Call JA. Mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle of fukutin-deficient mice is resistant to exercise- and 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide-induced rescue. Exp Physiol 2020; 105:1767-1777. [PMID: 32833332 DOI: 10.1113/ep088812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does fukutin deficiency in skeletal muscle cause mitochondrial dysfunction, and if so, can AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) stimulation via 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide attenuate this through regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis and autophagy? What is the main finding and its importance? Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with fukutin deficiency and AMPK stimulation may benefit muscle contractility to a greater extent than mitochondrial function. ABSTRACT Disruptions in the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex (DGC) are clearly the primary basis underlying various forms of muscular dystrophies and dystroglycanopathies, but the cellular consequences of DGC disruption are still being investigated. Mitochondrial abnormalities are becoming an apparent consequence and contributor to dystrophy disease pathology. Herein, we demonstrate that muscle-specific deletion of the fukutin gene (Myf5/fktn-KO mice (Fktn KO)), a model of secondary dystroglycanopathy, results in ∼30% lower muscle strength (P < 0.001) and 16% lower mitochondrial respiratory function (P = 0.002) compared to healthy littermate controls (LM). We also observed ∼80% lower expression of the gene for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (P = 0.004), a primary transcription factor for mitochondrial biogenesis, in Fktn KO mice that likely contributes to the mitochondrial defects. PGC-1α is post-translationally regulated via phosphorylation by AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Treatment with the AMPK agonist 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) failed to rescue mitochondrial deficits in Fktn KO mice (P = 0.458) but did have beneficial (∼30% greater) effects on recovery of muscle contractility following injury in both LM and Fktn KO mice compared to saline treatment (P = 0.006). The beneficial effects of AMPK stimulation via AICAR on muscle contractile function may be partially explained by AMPK's other role of regulating skeletal muscle autophagy, a cellular process critical for clearance of damaged and/or dysfunctional organelles. Two primary conclusions can be drawn from this data: (1) fukutin deletion produces intrinsic muscular metabolic defects that likely contribute to dystroglycanopathy disease pathology, and (2) AICAR treatment accelerates recovery of muscle contractile function following injury suggesting AMPK signalling as a possible target for therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Michael Southern
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anna S Nichenko
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Anita E Qualls
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kensey Portman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Ariel Gidon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA
| | - Aaron M Beedle
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, SUNY at Binghamton, Binghamton, NY, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Call
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Torella A, Zanobio M, Zeuli R, del Vecchio Blanco F, Savarese M, Giugliano T, Garofalo A, Piluso G, Politano L, Nigro V. The position of nonsense mutations can predict the phenotype severity: A survey on the DMD gene. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237803. [PMID: 32813700 PMCID: PMC7437896 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A nonsense mutation adds a premature stop signal that hinders any further translation of a protein-coding gene, usually resulting in a null allele. To investigate the possible exceptions, we used the DMD gene as an ideal model. First, because dystrophin absence causes Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), while its reduction causes Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD). Second, the DMD gene is X-linked and there is no second allele that can interfere in males. Third, databases are accumulating reports on many mutations and phenotypic data. Finally, because DMD mutations may have important therapeutic implications. For our study, we analyzed large databases (LOVD, HGMD and ClinVar) and literature and revised critically all data, together with data from our internal patients. We totally collected 2593 patients. Positioning these mutations along the dystrophin transcript, we observed a nonrandom distribution of BMD-associated mutations within selected exons and concluded that the position can be predictive of the phenotype. Nonsense mutations always cause DMD when occurring at any point in fifty-one exons. In the remaining exons, we found milder BMD cases due to early 5’ nonsense mutations, if reinitiation can occur, or due to late 3’ nonsense when the shortened product retains functionality. In the central part of the gene, all mutations in some in-frame exons, such as in exons 25, 31, 37 and 38 cause BMD, while mutations in exons 30, 32, 34 and 36 cause DMD. This may have important implication in predicting the natural history and the efficacy of therapeutic use of drug-stimulated translational readthrough of premature termination codons, also considering the action of internal natural rescuers. More in general, our survey confirm that a nonsense mutation should be not necessarily classified as a null allele and this should be considered in genetic counselling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalaura Torella
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Zanobio
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Roberta Zeuli
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | | | - Marco Savarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Medicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teresa Giugliano
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Arcomaria Garofalo
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Giulio Piluso
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Luisa Politano
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Nigro
- Dipartimento di Medicina di Precisione, Università degli Studi della Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, Napoli, Italy
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Pozzuoli, Italy
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Capitanio D, Moriggi M, Torretta E, Barbacini P, De Palma S, Viganò A, Lochmüller H, Muntoni F, Ferlini A, Mora M, Gelfi C. Comparative proteomic analyses of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and Becker muscular dystrophy muscles: changes contributing to preserve muscle function in Becker muscular dystrophy patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:547-563. [PMID: 31991054 PMCID: PMC7113522 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are characterized by muscle wasting leading to loss of ambulation in the first or third decade, respectively. In DMD, the lack of dystrophin hampers connections between intracellular cytoskeleton and cell membrane leading to repeated cycles of necrosis and regeneration associated with inflammation and loss of muscle ordered structure. BMD has a similar muscle phenotype but milder. Here, we address the question whether proteins at variance in BMD compared with DMD contribute to the milder phenotype in BMD, thus identifying a specific signature to be targeted for DMD treatment. METHODS Proteins extracted from skeletal muscle from DMD/BMD patients and young healthy subjects were either reduced and solubilized prior two-dimensional difference in gel electrophoresis/mass spectrometry differential analysis or tryptic digested prior label-free liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analyses of proteins and peptides were performed by DeCyder and Perseus software and protein validation and verification by immunoblotting. RESULTS Proteomic results indicate minor changes in the extracellular matrix (ECM) protein composition in BMD muscles with retention of mechanotransduction signalling, reduced changes in cytoskeletal and contractile proteins. Conversely, in DMD patients, increased levels of several ECM cytoskeletal and contractile proteins were observed whereas some proteins of fast fibres and of Z-disc decreased. Detyrosinated alpha-tubulin was unchanged in BMD and increased in DMD although neuronal nitric oxide synthase was unchanged in BMD and greatly reduced in DMD. Metabolically, the tissue is characterized by a decrement of anaerobic metabolism both in DMD and BMD compared with controls, with increased levels of the glycogen metabolic pathway in BMD. Oxidative metabolism is severely compromised in DMD with impairment of malate shuttle; conversely, it is active in BMD supporting the tricarboxylic acid cycle and respiratory chain. Adipogenesis characterizes DMD, whereas proteins involved in fatty acids beta-oxidation are increased in BMD. Proteins involved in protein/amino acid metabolism, cell development, calcium handling, endoplasmic reticulum/sarcoplasmic reticulum stress response, and inflammation/immune response were increased in DMD. Both disorders are characterized by the impairment of N-linked protein glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum. Authophagy was decreased in DMD whereas it was retained in BMD. CONCLUSIONS The mechanosensing and metabolic disruption are central nodes of DMD/BMD phenotypes. The ECM proteome composition and the metabolic rewiring in BMD lead to preservation of energy levels supporting autophagy and cell renewal, thus promoting the retention of muscle function. Conversely, DMD patients are characterized by extracellular and cytoskeletal protein dysregulation and by metabolic restriction at the level of α-ketoglutarate leading to shortage of glutamate-derived molecules that over time triggers lipogenesis and lipotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Capitanio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| | - Manuela Moriggi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Enrica Torretta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Pietro Barbacini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara De Palma
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Agnese Viganò
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Centro Nacional de Análisis Genómico (CNAG-CRG), Center for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.,Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada.,Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, & Great Ormond Street Hospital Trust, London, UK
| | - Alessandra Ferlini
- Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, University College London, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Mora
- Neuromuscular Diseases and Neuroimmunology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Gelfi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy.,IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Raz Y, Akker EB, Roest T, Riaz M, Rest O, Suchiman HED, Lakenberg N, Stassen SA, Putten M, Feskens EJM, Reinders MJT, Goeman J, Beekman M, Raz V, Slagboom PE. A data‐driven methodology reveals novel myofiber clusters in older human muscles. FASEB J 2020; 34:5525-5537. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902350r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yotam Raz
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Erik B. Akker
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
- Leiden Computational Biology Center Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
- The Delft Bioinformatics Lab Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands
| | - Tijmen Roest
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Ondine Rest
- Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University & Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - H. Eka D. Suchiman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Nico Lakenberg
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Stefanie A. Stassen
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Maaike Putten
- Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Edith J. M. Feskens
- Division of Human Nutrition Wageningen University & Research Wageningen the Netherlands
| | - Marcel J. T. Reinders
- Leiden Computational Biology Center Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
- The Delft Bioinformatics Lab Delft University of Technology Delft the Netherlands
| | - Jelle Goeman
- Department of Medical Statistics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Marian Beekman
- Section of Molecular Epidemiology Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | - Vered Raz
- Department of Human Genetics Leiden University Medical Center Leiden the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fleming JW, Capel AJ, Rimington RP, Player DJ, Stolzing A, Lewis MP. Functional regeneration of tissue engineered skeletal muscle in vitro is dependent on the inclusion of basement membrane proteins. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:371-382. [PMID: 31376315 PMCID: PMC6790946 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a high regenerative capacity, injuries trigger a regenerative program which restores tissue function to a level indistinguishable to the pre-injury state. However, in some cases where significant trauma occurs, such as injuries seen in military populations, the regenerative process is overwhelmed and cannot restore full function. Limited clinical interventions exist which can be used to promote regeneration and prevent the formation of non-regenerative defects following severe skeletal muscle trauma. Robust and reproducible techniques for modelling complex tissue responses are essential to promote the discovery of effective clinical interventions. Tissue engineering has been highlighted as an alternative method, allowing the generation of three-dimensional in vivo like tissues without laboratory animals. Reducing the requirement for animal models promotes rapid screening of potential clinical interventions, as these models are more easily manipulated, genetically and pharmacologically, and reduce the associated cost and complexity, whilst increasing access to models for laboratories without animal facilities. In this study, an in vitro chemical injury using barium chloride is validated using the C2C12 myoblast cell line, and is shown to selectively remove multinucleated myotubes, whilst retaining a regenerative mononuclear cell population. Monolayer cultures showed limited regenerative capacity, with basement membrane supplementation or extended regenerative time incapable of improving the regenerative response. Conversely tissue engineered skeletal muscles, supplemented with basement membrane proteins, showed full functional regeneration, and a broader in vivo like inflammatory response. This work outlines a freely available and open access methodology to produce a cell line-based tissue engineered model of skeletal muscle regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacob W Fleming
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Capel
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Rowan P Rimington
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Darren J Player
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandra Stolzing
- Wolfson School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Lewis
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Piga D, Salani S, Magri F, Brusa R, Mauri E, Comi GP, Bresolin N, Corti S. Human induced pluripotent stem cell models for the study and treatment of Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2019; 12:1756286419833478. [PMID: 31105767 PMCID: PMC6501480 DOI: 10.1177/1756286419833478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophies are the most common muscle diseases and are both currently incurable. They are caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene, which lead to the absence or reduction/truncation of the encoded protein, with progressive muscle degeneration that clinically manifests in muscle weakness, cardiac and respiratory involvement and early death. The limits of animal models to exactly reproduce human muscle disease and to predict clinically relevant treatment effects has prompted the development of more accurate in vitro skeletal muscle models. However, the challenge of effectively obtaining mature skeletal muscle cells or satellite stem cells as primary cultures has hampered the development of in vitro models. Here, we discuss the recently developed technologies that enable the differentiation of skeletal muscle from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) of Duchenne and Becker patients. These systems recapitulate key disease features including inflammation and scarce regenerative myogenic capacity that are partially rescued by genetic and pharmacological therapies and can provide a useful platform to study and realize future therapeutic treatments. Implementation of this model also takes advantage of the developing genome editing field, which is a promising approach not only for correcting dystrophin, but also for modulating the underlying mechanisms of skeletal muscle development, regeneration and disease. These data prove the possibility of creating an accurate Duchenne and Becker in vitro model starting from iPSCs, to be used for pathogenetic studies and for drug screening to identify strategies capable of stopping or reversing muscular dystrophinopathies and other muscle diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Piga
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sabrina Salani
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Magri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Brusa
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Eleonora Mauri
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Nereo Bresolin
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Stefania Corti
- Dino Ferrari Centre, Neuroscience Section, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation (DEPT), Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, University of Milan, Via Francesco Sforza 35, 20122, Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Babačić H, Mehta A, Merkel O, Schoser B. CRISPR-cas gene-editing as plausible treatment of neuromuscular and nucleotide-repeat-expansion diseases: A systematic review. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212198. [PMID: 30794581 PMCID: PMC6386526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The system of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated proteins (cas) is a new technology that allows easier manipulation of the genome. Its potential to edit genes opened a new door in treatment development for incurable neurological monogenic diseases (NMGDs). The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the findings on the current development of CRISPR-cas for therapeutic purposes in the most frequent NMGDs and provide critical assessment. METHODS AND DATA ACQUISITION We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases, looking for original studies on the use of CRISPR-cas to edit pathogenic variants in models of the most frequent NMGDs, until end of 2017. We included all the studies that met the following criteria: 1. Peer-reviewed study report with explicitly described experimental designs; 2. In vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo study using human or other animal biological systems (including cells, tissues, organs, organisms); 3. focusing on CRISPR as the gene-editing method of choice; and 5. featured at least one NMGD. RESULTS We obtained 404 papers from MEDLINE and 513 from EMBASE. After removing the duplicates, we screened 490 papers by title and abstract and assessed them for eligibility. After reading 50 full-text papers, we finally selected 42 for the review. DISCUSSION Here we give a systematic summary on the preclinical development of CRISPR-cas for therapeutic purposes in NMGDs. Furthermore, we address the clinical interpretability of the findings, giving a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art. Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD) paves the way forward, with 26 out of 42 studies reporting different strategies on DMD gene editing in different models of the disease. Most of the strategies aimed for permanent exon skipping by deletion with CRISPR-cas. Successful silencing of the mHTT gene with CRISPR-cas led to successful reversal of the neurotoxic effects in the striatum of mouse models of Huntington's disease. Many other strategies have been explored, including epigenetic regulation of gene expression, in cellular and animal models of: myotonic dystrophy, Fraxile X syndrome, ataxias, and other less frequent dystrophies. Still, before even considering the clinical application of CRISPR-cas, three major bottlenecks need to be addressed: efficacy, safety, and delivery of the systems. This requires a collaborative approach in the research community, while having ethical considerations in mind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haris Babačić
- Friedrich Baur Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (BS); (HB)
| | - Aditi Mehta
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Olivia Merkel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Benedikt Schoser
- Friedrich Baur Institute, Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (BS); (HB)
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Carotti M, Marsolier J, Soardi M, Bianchini E, Gomiero C, Fecchio C, Henriques SF, Betto R, Sacchetto R, Richard I, Sandonà D. Repairing folding-defective α-sarcoglycan mutants by CFTR correctors, a potential therapy for limb-girdle muscular dystrophy 2D. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 27:969-984. [PMID: 29351619 PMCID: PMC5886177 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2D (LGMD2D) is a rare autosomal-recessive disease, affecting striated muscle, due to mutation of SGCA, the gene coding for α-sarcoglycan. Nowadays, more than 50 different SGCA missense mutations have been reported. They are supposed to impact folding and trafficking of α-sarcoglycan because the defective polypeptide, although potentially functional, is recognized and disposed of by the quality control of the cell. The secondary reduction of α-sarcoglycan partners, β-, γ- and δ-sarcoglycan, disrupts a key membrane complex that, associated to dystrophin, contributes to assure sarcolemma stability during muscle contraction. The complex deficiency is responsible for muscle wasting and the development of a severe form of dystrophy. Here, we show that the application of small molecules developed to rescue ΔF508-CFTR trafficking, and known as CFTR correctors, also improved the maturation of several α-sarcoglycan mutants that were consequently rescued at the plasma membrane. Remarkably, in myotubes from a patient with LGMD2D, treatment with CFTR correctors induced the proper re-localization of the whole sarcoglycan complex, with a consequent reduction of sarcolemma fragility. Although the mechanism of action of CFTR correctors on defective α-sarcoglycan needs further investigation, this is the first report showing a quantitative and functional recovery of the sarcoglycan-complex in human pathologic samples, upon small molecule treatment. It represents the proof of principle of a pharmacological strategy that acts on the sarcoglycan maturation process and we believe it has a great potential to develop as a cure for most of the patients with LGMD2D.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcello Carotti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Justine Marsolier
- Genethon, Evry F-91002, France.,INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Michela Soardi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Bianchini
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy.,Aptuit, 37135 Verona, Italy
| | - Chiara Gomiero
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Chiara Fecchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara F Henriques
- Genethon, Evry F-91002, France.,INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Romeo Betto
- Neuroscience Institute (CNR Padova), 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Roberta Sacchetto
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, Agripolis, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Isabelle Richard
- Genethon, Evry F-91002, France.,INSERM, U951, INTEGRARE Research Unit, Evry F-91002, France
| | - Dorianna Sandonà
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Earle N, Bevilacqua JA. Distrofias musculares en el paciente adulto. REVISTA MÉDICA CLÍNICA LAS CONDES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rmclc.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
|
26
|
Aeffner F, Faelan C, Moore SA, Moody A, Black JC, Charleston JS, Frank DE, Dworzak J, Piper JK, Ranjitkar M, Wilson K, Kanaly S, Rudmann DG, Lange H, Young GD, Milici AJ. Validation of a Muscle-Specific Tissue Image Analysis Tool for Quantitative Assessment of Dystrophin Staining in Frozen Muscle Biopsies. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2018; 143:197-205. [PMID: 30168727 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2017-0536-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a rare, progressive, and fatal neuromuscular disease caused by dystrophin protein loss. Common investigational treatment approaches aim at increasing dystrophin expression in diseased muscle. Some clinical trials include assessments of novel dystrophin production as a surrogate biomarker of efficacy, which may predict a clinical benefit from treatment. OBJECTIVES.— To establish an immunofluorescent scanning and digital image analysis workflow that provides an objective approach for staining intensity assessment of the immunofluorescence dystrophin labeling and determination of the percentage of biomarker-positive fibers in muscle cryosections. DESIGN.— Optimal and repeatable digital image capture was achieved by a rigorously qualified fluorescent scanning process. After scanning qualification, the MuscleMap (Flagship Biosciences, Westminster, Colorado) algorithm was validated by comparing high-power microscopic field total and dystrophin-positive fiber counts obtained by trained pathologists to data derived by MuscleMap. Next, the algorithm was tested on whole-slide images of immunofluorescent-labeled muscle sections from Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Becker muscular dystrophy, and control patients. RESULTS.— When used under the guidance of a trained pathologist, the digital image analysis tool met predefined validation criteria and demonstrated functional and statistical equivalence with manual assessment. This work is the first, to our knowledge, to qualify and validate immunofluorescent scanning and digital tissue image-analysis workflow, respectively, with the rigor required to support the clinical trial environments. CONCLUSIONS.— MuscleMap enables analysis of all fibers within an entire muscle biopsy section and provides data on a fiber-by-fiber basis. This will allow future clinical trials to objectively investigate myofibers' dystrophin expression at a greater level of consistency and detail.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Famke Aeffner
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Crystal Faelan
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Steven A Moore
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Alexander Moody
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Joshua C Black
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Jay S Charleston
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Diane E Frank
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Johannes Dworzak
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - J Kris Piper
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Manish Ranjitkar
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Kristin Wilson
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Suzanne Kanaly
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Daniel G Rudmann
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Holger Lange
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - G David Young
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| | - Anthony J Milici
- From Flagship Biosciences Inc, Westminster, Colorado (Drs Aeffner, Faelan, Black, Wilson, Kanaly, Rudmann, Lange, Young, and Milici and Mr Moody); the Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (Dr Moore); and Sarepta Therapeutics Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts (Drs Charleston and Frank and Messrs Dworzak, Piper, and Ranjitkar). Dr Moore is now with Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, and Dr Rudmann is now with Charles River Laboratories, Ashland, Ohio
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mathis S, Tazir M, Magy L, Duval F, Le Masson G, Duchesne M, Couratier P, Ghorab K, Solé G, Lacoste I, Goizet C, Vallat JM. History and current difficulties in classifying inherited myopathies and muscular dystrophies. J Neurol Sci 2018; 384:50-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2017.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
28
|
Wilson K, Faelan C, Patterson-Kane JC, Rudmann DG, Moore SA, Frank D, Charleston J, Tinsley J, Young GD, Milici AJ. Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophies: A Review of Animal Models, Clinical End Points, and Biomarker Quantification. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:961-976. [PMID: 28974147 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317734823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) are neuromuscular disorders that primarily affect boys due to an X-linked mutation in the DMD gene, resulting in reduced to near absence of dystrophin or expression of truncated forms of dystrophin. Some newer therapeutic interventions aim to increase sarcolemmal dystrophin expression, and accurate dystrophin quantification is critical for demonstrating pharmacodynamic relationships in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Current challenges with measuring dystrophin include the variation in protein expression within individual muscle fibers and across whole muscle samples, the presence of preexisting dystrophin-positive revertant fibers, and trace amounts of residual dystrophin. Immunofluorescence quantification of dystrophin can overcome many of these challenges, but manual quantification of protein expression may be complicated by variations in the collection of images, reproducible scoring of fluorescent intensity, and bias introduced by manual scoring of typically only a few high-power fields. This review highlights the pathology of DMD and BMD, discusses animal models of DMD and BMD, and describes dystrophin biomarker quantitation in DMD and BMD, with several image analysis approaches, including a new automated method that evaluates protein expression of individual muscle fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kristin Wilson
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | - Crystal Faelan
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | | | | | - Steven A Moore
- 2 Department of Pathology, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Diane Frank
- 3 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jay Charleston
- 3 Sarepta Therapeutics, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jon Tinsley
- 4 Summit Therapeutics, Abingdon, United Kingdom
| | - G David Young
- 1 Flagship Biosciences, Inc., Westminster, Colorado, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Elmore SA, Aeffner F, Bangari DS, Crabbs TA, Fossey S, Gad SC, Haschek WM, Hoane JS, Janardhan K, Kovi RC, Pearse G, Wancket LM, Quist EM. Proceedings of the 2017 National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium. Toxicol Pathol 2017; 45:799-833. [PMID: 29113559 PMCID: PMC5743204 DOI: 10.1177/0192623317733924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The 2017 annual National Toxicology Program Satellite Symposium, entitled "Pathology Potpourri," was held in Montreal, Quebec, Canada at the Society of Toxicologic Pathology's 36th annual meeting. The goal of this symposium was to present and discuss challenging diagnostic pathology and/or nomenclature issues. This article presents summaries of the speakers' talks along with select images that were used by the audience for voting and discussion. Various lesions and other topics covered during the symposium included renal papillary degeneration in perinatally exposed animals, an atriocaval mesothelioma, an unusual presentation of an alveolar-bronchiolar carcinoma, a paraganglioma of the organ of Zuckerkandl (also called an extra-adrenal pheochromocytoma), the use of human muscle samples to illustrate the challenges of manual scoring of fluorescent staining, intertubular spermatocytic seminomas, medical device pathology assessment and discussion of the approval process, collagen-induced arthritis, incisor denticles, ameloblast degeneration and poorly mineralized enamel matrix, connective tissue paragangliomas, microcystin-LR toxicity, perivascular mast cells in the forebrain thalamus unrelated to treatment, and 2 cases that provided a review of the International Harmonization of Nomenclature and Diagnostic Criteria (INHAND) bone nomenclature and recommended application of the terminology in routine nonclinical toxicity studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan A. Elmore
- National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Torrie A. Crabbs
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Wanda M. Haschek
- University of Illinois, Department of Pathobiology, Urbana, Illinois
| | | | | | - Ramesh C. Kovi
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Gail Pearse
- GlaxoSmithKline, Ware, Hertfordshire, United Kingdom
| | | | - Erin M. Quist
- Experimental Pathology Laboratories, Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Pini V, Morgan JE, Muntoni F, O’Neill HC. Genome Editing and Muscle Stem Cells as a Therapeutic Tool for Muscular Dystrophies. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017; 3:137-148. [PMID: 28616376 PMCID: PMC5445179 DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0076-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Muscular dystrophies are a group of severe degenerative disorders characterized by muscle fiber degeneration and death. Therapies designed to restore muscle homeostasis and to replace dying fibers are being experimented, but none of those in clinical trials are suitable to permanently address individual gene mutation. The purpose of this review is to discuss genome editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/CRISPR-associated), which enable direct sequence alteration and could potentially be adopted to correct the genetic defect leading to muscle impairment. Recent Findings Recent findings show that advances in gene therapy, when combined with traditional viral vector-based approaches, are bringing the field of regenerative medicine closer to precision-based medicine. Summary The use of such programmable nucleases is proving beneficial for the creation of more accurate in vitro and in vivo disease models. Several gene and cell-therapy studies have been performed on satellite cells, the primary skeletal muscle stem cells involved in muscle regeneration. However, these have mainly been based on artificial replacement or augmentation of the missing protein. Satellite cells are a particularly appealing target to address these innovative technologies for the treatment of muscular dystrophies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Pini
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Jennifer E. Morgan
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Francesco Muntoni
- Molecular and Developmental Neurosciences Program, The Dubowitz Neuromuscular Centre, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, WC1N 1EH UK
| | - Helen C. O’Neill
- Embryology, IVF and Reproductive Genetics Group, Institute for Women’s Health, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London, WC1E 6HX UK
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Heydemann A. Severe murine limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C pathology is diminished by FTY720 treatment. Muscle Nerve 2017; 56:486-494. [PMID: 27935071 DOI: 10.1002/mus.25503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2C (LGMD-2C) is caused by mutations in γ-sarcoglycan and is a devastating, progressive, and fully lethal human muscle-wasting disease that has no effective treatment. This study examined the efficacy of the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator FTY720 in treating Sgcg-/- DBA2/J, a severe mouse model of LGMD-2C. FTY720 treatment was expected to target LGMD-2C disease progression at 2 key positions by reducing chronic inflammation and fibrosis. METHODS The treatment protocol was initiated at age 3 weeks and was continued with alternate-day injections for 3 weeks. RESULTS The treatment produced significant functional benefit by plethysmography and significant reductions of membrane permeability and fibrosis. Furthermore, the protocol elevated protein levels of δ-sarcoglycan, a dystrophin-glycoprotein family member. CONCLUSION This study showed that FTY720 is an effective muscular dystrophy treatment when therapy is initiated early in the disease progression. Muscle Nerve 56: 486-494, 2017.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ahlke Heydemann
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 South Wolcott Avenue, COMRB 2035, MC 901, Chicago, Illinois, 60612, USA.,The Center for Cardiovascular Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
ice and humans lacking the caveolae component polymerase I transcription release factor (PTRF, also known as cavin-1) exhibit lipo- and muscular dystrophy. Here we describe the molecular features underlying the muscle phenotype for PTRF/cavin-1 null mice. These animals had a decreased ability to exercise, and exhibited muscle hypertrophy with increased muscle fiber size and muscle mass due, in part, to constitutive activation of the Akt pathway. Their muscles were fibrotic and exhibited impaired membrane integrity accompanied by an apparent compensatory activation of the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex along with elevated expression of proteins involved in muscle repair function. Ptrf deletion also caused decreased mitochondrial function, oxygen consumption, and altered myofiber composition. Thus, in addition to compromised adipocyte-related physiology, the absence of PTRF/cavin-1 in mice caused a unique form of muscular dystrophy with a phenotype similar or identical to that seen in humans lacking this protein. Further understanding of this muscular dystrophy model will provide information relevant to the human situation and guidance for potential therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul F Pilch
- Department of Biochemistry.,Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Suriyonplengsaeng C, Dejthevaporn C, Khongkhatithum C, Sanpapant S, Tubthong N, Pinpradap K, Srinark N, Waisayarat J. Immunohistochemistry of sarcolemmal membrane-associated proteins in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded skeletal muscle tissue: a promising tool for the diagnostic evaluation of common muscular dystrophies. Diagn Pathol 2017; 12:19. [PMID: 28219397 PMCID: PMC5319042 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-017-0610-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The analysis of fresh frozen muscle specimens is standard following routine muscle biopsy, but this service is not widely available in countries with limited medical facilities, such as Thailand. Nevertheless, immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis is essential for the diagnosis of patients with a strong clinical suspicion of muscular dystrophy, in the absence of mutations detected by molecular genetics. As the successful labelling of sarcolemmal membrane-associated proteins in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded (FFPE) muscle sections using IHC staining has rarely been described, this study aimed to develop a reproducible IHC method for such an analysis. METHODS Thirteen cases were studied from the files of the Department of Pathology, Mahidol University. Diagnoses included three Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), one Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), one dysferlinopathy, and several not-specified muscular dystrophies. IHC was performed on FFPE sections at different thicknesses (3 μm, 5 μm, and 8 μm) using the heat-mediated antigen retrieval method with citrate/EDTA buffer, followed by an overnight incubation with primary antibodies at room temperature. Antibodies against spectrin, dystrophin (rod domain, C-terminus, and N-terminus), dysferlin, sarcoglycans (α, β, and γ), and β-dystroglycan were used. Frozen sections were tested in parallel for comparative analysis. RESULTS Antibodies labelling spectrin, dystrophin (rod domain and C-terminus), dysferlin, sarcoglycans (α, β, and γ), and β-dystroglycan clearly exhibited sarcolemmal staining in FFPE sections. However, staining of FFPE sections using the antibody directed against the N-terminus of dystrophin was unsuccessful. The absence of labeling for dystrophins and dysferlin in FFPE sections was documented in all three DMD patients and the dysferlinopathy patient. The BMD diagnosis could not be made using IHC in FFPE sections alone because of a lack of staining for the dystrophin N-terminus, indicating a limitation of this method. CONCLUSIONS We developed a reliable and reproducible IHC technique using FFPE muscle. This could become a valuable tool for the diagnosis of some muscular dystrophies, dystrophinopathies, sarcoglycanopathies (LGMD2D, LGMD2E, and LGMD2C), and dysferlinopathy, especially in situations where the analysis of fresh frozen muscle samples is not routinely available.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinnawut Suriyonplengsaeng
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Charungthai Dejthevaporn
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Chaiyos Khongkhatithum
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Suda Sanpapant
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Nattha Tubthong
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Koset Pinpradap
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Nippa Srinark
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| | - Jariya Waisayarat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400 Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Influence of Botulinumtoxin A on the Expression of Adult MyHC Isoforms in the Masticatory Muscles in Dystrophin-Deficient Mice (Mdx-Mice). BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:7063093. [PMID: 27689088 PMCID: PMC5023834 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7063093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The most widespread animal model to investigate Duchenne muscular dystrophy is the mdx-mouse. In contrast to humans, phases of muscle degeneration are replaced by regeneration processes; hence there is only a restricted time slot for research. The aim of the study was to investigate if an intramuscular injection of BTX-A is able to break down muscle regeneration and has direct implications on the gene expression of myosin heavy chains in the corresponding treated and untreated muscles. Therefore, paralysis of the right masseter muscle was induced in adult healthy and dystrophic mice by a specific intramuscular injection of BTX-A. After 21 days the mRNA expression and protein content of MyHC isoforms of the right and left masseter, temporal, and the tongue muscle were determined using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blot technique. MyHC-IIa and MyHC-I-mRNA expression significantly increased in the paralyzed masseter muscle of control-mice, whereas MyHC-IIb and MyHC-IIx/d-mRNA were decreased. In dystrophic muscles no effect of BTX-A could be detected at the level of MyHC. This study suggests that BTX-A injection is a suitable method to simulate DMD-pathogenesis in healthy mice but further investigations are necessary to fully analyse the BTX-A effect and to generate sustained muscular atrophy in mdx-mice.
Collapse
|
35
|
Smith AST, Davis J, Lee G, Mack DL, Kim DH. Muscular dystrophy in a dish: engineered human skeletal muscle mimetics for disease modeling and drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1387-1398. [PMID: 27109386 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Engineered in vitro models using human cells, particularly patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), offer a potential solution to issues associated with the use of animals for studying disease pathology and drug efficacy. Given the prevalence of muscle diseases in human populations, an engineered tissue model of human skeletal muscle could provide a biologically accurate platform to study basic muscle physiology, disease progression, and drug efficacy and/or toxicity. Such platforms could be used as phenotypic drug screens to identify compounds capable of alleviating or reversing congenital myopathies, such as Duchene muscular dystrophy (DMD). Here, we review current skeletal muscle modeling technologies with a specific focus on efforts to generate biomimetic systems for investigating the pathophysiology of dystrophic muscle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alec S T Smith
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Jennifer Davis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Gabsang Lee
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Department of Neurology, The Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - David L Mack
- Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Deok-Ho Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Abnormal Skeletal Muscle Regeneration plus Mild Alterations in Mature Fiber Type Specification in Fktn-Deficient Dystroglycanopathy Muscular Dystrophy Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0147049. [PMID: 26751696 PMCID: PMC4708996 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0147049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated α-dystroglycan provides an essential link between extracellular matrix proteins, like laminin, and the cellular cytoskeleton via the dystrophin-glycoprotein complex. In secondary dystroglycanopathy muscular dystrophy, glycosylation abnormalities disrupt a complex O-mannose glycan necessary for muscle structural integrity and signaling. Fktn-deficient dystroglycanopathy mice develop moderate to severe muscular dystrophy with skeletal muscle developmental and/or regeneration defects. To gain insight into the role of glycosylated α-dystroglycan in these processes, we performed muscle fiber typing in young (2, 4 and 8 week old) and regenerated muscle. In mice with Fktn disruption during skeletal muscle specification (Myf5/Fktn KO), newly regenerated fibers (embryonic myosin heavy chain positive) peaked at 4 weeks old, while total regenerated fibers (centrally nucleated) were highest at 8 weeks old in tibialis anterior (TA) and iliopsoas, indicating peak degeneration/regeneration activity around 4 weeks of age. In contrast, mature fiber type specification at 2, 4 and 8 weeks old was relatively unchanged. Fourteen days after necrotic toxin-induced injury, there was a divergence in muscle fiber types between Myf5/Fktn KO (skeletal-muscle specific) and whole animal knockout induced with tamoxifen post-development (Tam/Fktn KO) despite equivalent time after gene deletion. Notably, Tam/Fktn KO retained higher levels of embryonic myosin heavy chain expression after injury, suggesting a delay or abnormality in differentiation programs. In mature fiber type specification post-injury, there were significant interactions between genotype and toxin parameters for type 1, 2a, and 2x fibers, and a difference between Myf5/Fktn and Tam/Fktn study groups in type 2b fibers. These data suggest that functionally glycosylated α-dystroglycan has a unique role in muscle regeneration and may influence fiber type specification post-injury.
Collapse
|
37
|
Péladeau C, Ahmed A, Amirouche A, Crawford Parks TE, Bronicki LM, Ljubicic V, Renaud JM, Jasmin BJ. Combinatorial therapeutic activation with heparin and AICAR stimulates additive effects on utrophin A expression in dystrophic muscles. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:24-43. [PMID: 26494902 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Upregulation of utrophin A is an attractive therapeutic strategy for treating Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Over the years, several studies revealed that utrophin A is regulated by multiple transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, and that pharmacological modulation of these pathways stimulates utrophin A expression in dystrophic muscle. In particular, we recently showed that activation of p38 signaling causes an increase in the levels of utrophin A mRNAs and protein by decreasing the functional availability of the destabilizing RNA-binding protein called K-homology splicing regulatory protein, thereby resulting in increases in the stability of existing mRNAs. Here, we treated 6-week-old mdx mice for 4 weeks with the clinically used anticoagulant drug heparin known to activate p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and determined the impact of this pharmacological intervention on the dystrophic phenotype. Our results show that heparin treatment of mdx mice caused a significant ∼1.5- to 3-fold increase in utrophin A expression in diaphragm, extensor digitorum longus and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. In agreement with these findings, heparin-treated diaphragm and TA muscle fibers showed an accumulation of utrophin A and β-dystroglycan along their sarcolemma and displayed improved morphology and structural integrity. Moreover, combinatorial drug treatment using both heparin and 5-amino-4-imidazolecarboxamide riboside (AICAR), the latter targeting 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and the transcriptional activation of utrophin A, caused an additive effect on utrophin A expression in dystrophic muscle. These findings establish that heparin is a relevant therapeutic agent for treating DMD, and illustrate that combinatorial treatment of heparin with AICAR may serve as an effective strategy to further increase utrophin A expression in dystrophic muscle via activation of distinct signaling pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Péladeau
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aatika Ahmed
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adel Amirouche
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara E Crawford Parks
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lucas M Bronicki
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vladimir Ljubicic
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Marc Renaud
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J Jasmin
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Plasma membrane and cytoskeleton dynamics during single-cell wound healing. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
|
39
|
|
40
|
Blat Y, Blat S. Drug Discovery of Therapies for Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 20:1189-203. [PMID: 25975656 DOI: 10.1177/1087057115586535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a genetic, lethal, muscle disorder caused by the loss of the muscle protein, dystrophin, leading to progressive loss of muscle fibers and muscle weakness. Drug discovery efforts targeting DMD have used two main approaches: (1) the restoration of dystrophin expression or the expression of a compensatory protein, and (2) the mitigation of downstream pathological mechanisms, including dysregulated calcium homeostasis, oxidative stress, inflammation, fibrosis, and muscle ischemia. The aim of this review is to introduce the disease, its pathophysiology, and the available research tools to a drug discovery audience. This review will also detail the most promising therapies that are currently being tested in clinical trials or in advanced preclinical models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shachar Blat
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|