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Wong A, Chi W, Yu J, Bi C, Tian X, Yang Y, Gehring C. Plant adenylate cyclases have come full circle. NATURE PLANTS 2023; 9:1389-1397. [PMID: 37709954 DOI: 10.1038/s41477-023-01486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
In bacteria, fungi and animals, 3'-5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and adenylate cyclases (ACs), enzymes that catalyse the formation of 3',5'-cAMP from ATP, are recognized as key signalling components. In contrast, the presence of cAMP and its biological roles in higher plants have long been a matter of controversy due to the generally lower amounts in plant tissues compared with that in animal and bacterial cells, and a lack of clarity on the molecular nature of the generating and degrading enzymes, as well as downstream effectors. While treatment with 3',5'-cAMP elicited many plant responses, ACs were, however, somewhat elusive. This changed when systematic searches with amino acid motifs deduced from the conserved catalytic centres of annotated ACs from animals and bacteria identified candidate proteins in higher plants that were subsequently shown to have AC activities in vitro and in vivo. The identification of active ACs moonlighting within complex multifunctional proteins is consistent with their roles as molecular tuners and regulators of cellular and physiological functions. Furthermore, the increasing number of ACs identified as part of proteins with different domain architectures suggests that there are many more hidden ACs in plant proteomes and they may affect a multitude of mechanisms and processes at the molecular and systems levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Wong
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Wei Chi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chuyun Bi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xuechen Tian
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Mathematics and Technology, Wenzhou-Kean University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Lab for Applied Biomedical and Biopharmaceutical Informatics, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Zhejiang Bioinformatics Internatiosnal Science and Technology Cooperation Center, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chris Gehring
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.
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Erofeeva N, Meshalkina D, Firsov M. Multiple Roles of cAMP in Vertebrate Retina. Cells 2023; 12:cells12081157. [PMID: 37190066 DOI: 10.3390/cells12081157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
cAMP is a key regulatory molecule that controls many important processes in the retina, including phototransduction, cell development and death, growth of neural processes, intercellular contacts, retinomotor effects, and so forth. The total content of cAMP changes in the retina in a circadian manner following the natural light cycle, but it also shows local and even divergent changes in faster time scales in response to local and transient changes in the light environment. Changes in cAMP might also manifest or cause various pathological processes in virtually all cellular components of the retina. Here we review the current state of knowledge and understanding of the regulatory mechanisms by which cAMP influences the physiological processes that occur in various retinal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Erofeeva
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Darya Meshalkina
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Firsov
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 194223 St. Petersburg, Russia
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Balbach M, Rossetti T, Ferreira J, Ghanem L, Ritagliati C, Myers RW, Huggins DJ, Steegborn C, Miranda IC, Meinke PT, Buck J, Levin LR. On-demand male contraception via acute inhibition of soluble adenylyl cyclase. Nat Commun 2023; 14:637. [PMID: 36788210 PMCID: PMC9929232 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Nearly half of all pregnancies are unintended; thus, existing family planning options are inadequate. For men, the only choices are condoms and vasectomy, and most current efforts to develop new contraceptives for men impact sperm development, meaning that contraception requires months of continuous pretreatment. Here, we provide proof-of-concept for an innovative strategy for on-demand contraception, where a man would take a birth control pill shortly before sex, only as needed. Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is essential for sperm motility and maturation. We show a single dose of a safe, acutely-acting sAC inhibitor with long residence time renders male mice temporarily infertile. Mice exhibit normal mating behavior, and full fertility returns the next day. These studies define sAC inhibitors as leads for on-demand contraceptives for men, and they provide in vivo proof-of-concept for previously untested paradigms in contraception; on-demand contraception after just a single dose and pharmacological contraception for men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Balbach
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Rossetti
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jacob Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lubna Ghanem
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carla Ritagliati
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert W Myers
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Huggins
- Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ileana C Miranda
- Laboratory of Comparative Pathology, Weill Cornell Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Peter T Meinke
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Tri-Institutional Therapeutics Discovery Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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贾 京, 魏 兵, 李 令, 任 梦, 张 世, 刘 俊, 张 宇. [Association of the ADCY9 gene and gene-environmental interaction with the susceptibility to childhood bronchial asthma]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2022; 24:1027-1035. [PMID: 36111722 PMCID: PMC9495238 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2204107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To study the association of the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of the adenylyl cyclase IX (ADCY9) gene at rs1967309, rs2230739, rs2601814, rs2601825, rs2601796, and rs2283497 loci and gene-environment interaction with childhood bronchial asthma (asthma for short). METHODS A total of 123 children with asthma who attended the hospital from March 2019 to September 2021 were enrolled as the asthma group, among whom 84 (68.3%) had mild-to-moderate attacks and 39 (31.7%) had severe attacks. A total of 124 healthy children were enrolled as the control group. The association of the SNPs and haplotypes of the ADCY9 gene at the above 6 loci with the susceptibility to childhood asthma was evaluated. The method of generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction was used to analyze gene-environment interaction. RESULTS Polymorphisms were observed for the ADCY9 gene at the above six loci in both the asthma and control groups, and there were significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies at the rs1967309 locus between the two groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the distribution frequency of haplotypes TA and GG between the asthma and control groups (P>0.05). The generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction analysis showed interaction between rs1967309 locus and allergen contact (P<0.05), which increased the risk of asthma (OR=1.585, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The rs1967309 locus of the ADCY9 gene is associated with the susceptibility to childhood asthma, and the locus and allergen contact have a synergistic effect on the development of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - 兵 魏
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
| | - 令雪 李
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
| | - 梦洋 任
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
| | - 世楠 张
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
| | - 俊 刘
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
| | - 宇璇 张
- 中国人民解放军北部战区总医院,辽宁沈阳110016
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Guo R, Liu T, Shasaltaneh MD, Wang X, Imani S, Wen Q. Targeting Adenylate Cyclase Family: New Concept of Targeted Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829212. [PMID: 35832555 PMCID: PMC9271773 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The adenylate cyclase (ADCY) superfamily is a group of glycoproteins regulating intracellular signaling. ADCYs act as key regulators in the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling pathway and are related to cell sensitivity to chemotherapy and ionizing radiation. Many members of the superfamily are detectable in most chemoresistance cases despite the complexity and unknownness of the specific mechanism underlying the role of ADCYs in the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells. The overactivation of ADCY, as well as its upstream and downstream regulators, is implicated as a major potential target of novel anticancer therapies and markers of exceptional responders to chemotherapy. The present review focuses on the oncogenic functions of the ADCY family and emphasizes the possibility of the mediating roles of deleterious nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nsSNPs) in ADCY as a prognostic therapeutic target in modulating resistance to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. It assesses the mediating roles of ADCY and its counterparts as stress regulators in reprogramming cancer cell metabolism and the tumor microenvironment. Additionally, the well-evaluated inhibitors of ADCY-related signaling, which are under clinical investigation, are highlighted. A better understanding of ADCY-induced signaling and deleterious nsSNPs (p.E1003K and p.R1116C) in ADCY6 provides new opportunities for developing novel therapeutic strategies in personalized oncology and new approaches to enhance chemoimmunotherapy efficacy in treating various cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | | | - Xuan Wang
- China Regional Research Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Saber Imani
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- China Regional Research Center, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Taizhou, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Saber Imani, ; QingLian Wen,
| | - QingLian Wen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Saber Imani, ; QingLian Wen,
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Biomarkers for primary open-angle glaucoma progression. Exp Eye Res 2022; 219:109025. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.109025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wiggins SV, Steegborn C, Levin LR, Buck J. Pharmacological modulation of the CO 2/HCO 3-/pH-, calcium-, and ATP-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 190:173-186. [PMID: 29807057 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP), the prototypical second messenger, has been implicated in a wide variety of (often opposing) physiological processes. It simultaneously mediates multiple, diverse processes, often within a single cell, by acting locally within independently-regulated and spatially-restricted microdomains. Within each microdomain, the level of cAMP will be dependent upon the balance between its synthesis by adenylyl cyclases and its degradation by phosphodiesterases (PDEs). In mammalian cells, there are many PDE isoforms and two types of adenylyl cyclases; the G protein regulated transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmACs) and the CO2/HCO3-/pH-, calcium-, and ATP-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC). Discriminating the roles of individual cyclic nucleotide microdomains requires pharmacological modulators selective for the various PDEs and/or adenylyl cyclases. Such tools present an opportunity to develop therapeutics specifically targeted to individual cAMP dependent pathways. The pharmacological modulators of tmACs have recently been reviewed, and in this review, we describe the current status of pharmacological tools available for studying sAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shakarr V Wiggins
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
| | - Clemens Steegborn
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lonny R Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, United States
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Gandhi JK, Roy Chowdhury U, Manzar Z, Buck J, Levin LR, Fautsch MP, Marmorstein AD. Differential Intraocular Pressure Measurements by Tonometry and Direct Cannulation After Treatment with Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Inhibitors. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2017; 33:574-581. [PMID: 28686538 PMCID: PMC5649413 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2017.0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To validate the increase in intraocular pressure (IOP) caused by soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) inhibitors and determine reasons behind variation in IOP measurements performed by tonometry. METHODS C57BL/6J mice were administered DMSO solubilized sAC inhibitors (KH7 or LRE-1) by intraperitoneal injection. Two hours post-treatment, mice were anesthetized with avertin or ketamine/xylazine/acepromazine (KXA). IOP was measured by a rebound tonometer or direct cannulation of the anterior chamber. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was used to measure anterior chamber depth and corneal thickness in live mice. Outflow facility was measured in perfused, enucleated mouse eyes. RESULTS Compared with DMSO controls, KH7 treatment caused an increased IOP in avertin- and KXA-anesthetized mice when measured by direct cannulation [avertin: 14.4 ± 2.1 mmHg vs. 11.1 ± 1.0 mmHg (P = 0.003); KXA: 14.4 ± 1.0 mmHg vs. 11.3 ± 0.8 mmHg (P < 0.001)] and tonometry [avertin: 10.8 ± 1.4 mmHg vs. 7.4 ± 0.6 mmHg (P < 0.001); KXA: 11.9 ± 0.9 mmHg vs. 10.3 ± 1.7 mmHg (P = 0.283)]. However, treatment with KH7 in nonanesthetized mice showed a significant decrease in IOP measured by tonometry and compared with DMSO-treated animals [13.1 ± 2.6 mmHg vs. 15.6 ± 0.5 mmHg (P = 0.003)]. Both KH7- and DMSO-treated groups anesthetized with avertin showed increased corneal thickness, whereas KH7-treated mice anesthetized with KXA exhibited a shallower anterior chamber compared with untreated mice. KH7 decreased outflow facility by 85.1% in nonanesthetized, enucleated eyes (P < 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Systemically administered DMSO and anesthesia have significant effects on anterior chamber characteristics, resulting in altered IOP readings measured by tonometry. In the presence of DMSO and anesthesia, tonometry IOP readings should be confirmed with direct cannulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarel K. Gandhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Zahid Manzar
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jochen Buck
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Lonny R. Levin
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
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Abstract
Glaucoma is characterized by a slow and progressive degeneration of the optic nerve, including retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons in the optic nerve head (ONH), leading to visual impairment. Despite its high prevalence, the biological basis of glaucoma pathogenesis still is not yet fully understood, and the factors contributing to its progression are currently not well characterized. Intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor, and reduction of IOP is the standard treatment for glaucoma. However, lowering IOP itself is not always effective for preserving visual function in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma. The second messenger cyclic adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cAMP) regulates numerous biological processes in the central nervous system including the retina and the optic nerve. Although recent studies revealed that cAMP generated by adenylyl cyclases (ACs) is important in regulating aqueous humor dynamics in ocular tissues, such as the ciliary body and trabecular meshwork, as well as cell death and growth in the retina and optic nerve, the functional role and significance of cAMP in glaucoma remain to be elucidated. In this review, we will discuss the functional role of cAMP in aqueous humor dynamics and IOP regulation, and review the current medications, which are related to the cAMP signaling pathway, for glaucoma treatment. Also, we will further focus on cAMP signaling in RGC growth and regeneration by soluble AC as well as ONH astrocytes by transmembrane ACs to understand its potential role in the pathogenesis of glaucoma neurodegeneration
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Affiliation(s)
- Myoung Sup Shim
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Keun-Young Kim
- Center for Research on Biological Systems, National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research and Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093, CA 92093, USA
| | - Won-Kyu Ju
- Hamilton Glaucoma Center and Department of Ophthalmology, Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Roa JN, Tresguerres M. Bicarbonate-sensing soluble adenylyl cyclase is present in the cell cytoplasm and nucleus of multiple shark tissues. Physiol Rep 2017; 5:5/2/e13090. [PMID: 28108644 PMCID: PMC5269408 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzyme soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is directly stimulated by bicarbonate (HCO3−) to produce the signaling molecule cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). Because sAC and sAC‐related enzymes are found throughout phyla from cyanobacteria to mammals and they regulate cell physiology in response to internal and external changes in pH, CO2, and HCO3−, sAC is deemed an evolutionarily conserved acid‐base sensor. Previously, sAC has been reported in dogfish shark and round ray gill cells, where they sense and counteract blood alkalosis by regulating the activity of V‐type H+‐ ATPase. Here, we report the presence of sAC protein in gill, rectal gland, cornea, intestine, white muscle, and heart of leopard shark Triakis semifasciata. Co‐expression of sAC with transmembrane adenylyl cyclases supports the presence of cAMP signaling microdomains. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry on tissue sections, and western blots and cAMP‐activity assays on nucleus‐enriched fractions demonstrate the presence of sAC protein in and around nuclei. These results suggest that sAC modulates multiple physiological processes in shark cells, including nuclear functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinae N Roa
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
| | - Martin Tresguerres
- Marine Biology Research Division, Scripps Institution of Oceanography University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive La Jolla, California, 92093, USA
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Shaw PX, Fang J, Sang A, Wang Y, Kapiloff MS, Goldberg JL. Soluble Adenylyl Cyclase Is Required for Retinal Ganglion Cell and Photoreceptor Differentiation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2016; 57:5083-5092. [PMID: 27679853 PMCID: PMC5053116 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.16-19465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose We have previously demonstrated that soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is necessary for retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon growth. Here, we further investigate the role of sAC in neuronal differentiation during retinal development. Methods Chx10 or Math5 promoter-driven Cre-Lox recombination were used to conditionally delete sAC from early and intermediate retinal progenitor cells during retinal development. We examined cell type–specific markers expressed by retinal cells to estimate their relative numbers and characterize retinal laminar morphology by immunofluorescence in adult and newborn mice. Results Retinal ganglion cell and amacrine cell markers were significantly lower in the retinas of adult Math5cre/sACfl/fl and Chx10cre/sACfl/fl mice than in those of wild-type controls. The effect on RGC development was detectable as early as postnatal day 1 and deleting sAC in either Math5- or Chx10-expressing retinal progenitor cells also reduced nerve fiber layer thickness into adulthood. The thickness of the photoreceptor layer was slightly but statistically significantly decreased in both the newborn Chx10cre/sACfl/fl and Math5cre/sACfl/fl mice, but this reduction and abnormal morphology persisted in the adults in only the Chx10cre/sACfl/fl mice. Conclusions sAC plays an important role in the early retinal development of RGCs as well as in the development of amacrine cells and to a lesser degree photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Jiahua Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 2Department of Ophthalmology, First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
| | - Alan Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States
| | - Michael S Kapiloff
- Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, Departments of Pediatrics and Medicine, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States 4Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
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