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Machado CM, de-Souza-Ferreira E, Silva GFS, Pimentel FSA, De-Souza EA, Silva-Rodrigues T, Gandara ACP, Zeidler JD, Fernandes-Siqueira LO, De-Queiroz ALFV, Andrade-Silva L, Victória-Martins K, Fernandes-Carvalho C, Chini EN, Passos JF, Da Poian AT, Montero-Lomelí M, Galina A, Masuda CA. Galactose-1-phosphate inhibits cytochrome c oxidase and causes mitochondrial dysfunction in classic galactosemia. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167340. [PMID: 38986816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of metabolism caused by mutations in the GALT gene resulting in the diminished activity of the galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase enzyme. This reduced GALT activity leads to the buildup of the toxic intermediate galactose-1-phosphate and a decrease in ATP levels upon exposure to galactose. In this work, we focused our attention on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the context of this metabolic disorder. We observed that galactose-1-phosphate accumulation reduced respiratory rates in vivo and changed mitochondrial function and morphology in yeast models of galactosemia. These alterations are harmful to yeast cells since the mitochondrial retrograde response is activated as part of the cellular adaptation to galactose toxicity. In addition, we found that galactose-1-phosphate directly impairs cytochrome c oxidase activity of mitochondrial preparations derived from yeast, rat liver, and human cell lines. These results highlight the evolutionary conservation of this biochemical effect. Finally, we discovered that two compounds - oleic acid and dihydrolipoic acid - that can improve the growth of cell models of mitochondrial diseases, were also able to improve galactose tolerance in this model of galactosemia. These results reveal a new molecular mechanism relevant to the pathophysiology of classic galactosemia - galactose-1-phosphate-dependent mitochondrial dysfunction - and suggest that therapies designed to treat mitochondrial diseases may be repurposed to treat galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio M Machado
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo de-Souza-Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Guilherme F S Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Felipe S A Pimentel
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Evandro A De-Souza
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Thaia Silva-Rodrigues
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana C P Gandara
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Julianna D Zeidler
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil; Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Lorena O Fernandes-Siqueira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza F V De-Queiroz
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Letícia Andrade-Silva
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Klara Victória-Martins
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Clara Fernandes-Carvalho
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Eduardo N Chini
- Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - João F Passos
- Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrea T Da Poian
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Mónica Montero-Lomelí
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Masuda
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
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2
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Hermans ME, van Weeghel M, Vaz FM, Ferdinandusse S, Hollak CEM, Huidekoper HH, Janssen MCH, van Kuilenburg ABP, Pras-Raves ML, Wamelink MMC, Wanders RJA, Welsink-Karssies MM, Bosch AM. Multi-omics in classical galactosemia: Evidence for the involvement of multiple metabolic pathways. J Inherit Metab Dis 2022; 45:1094-1105. [PMID: 36053831 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Classical galactosemia (CG) is one of the more frequent inborn errors of metabolism affecting approximately 1:40.000 people. Despite a life-saving galactose-restricted diet, patients develop highly variable long-term complications including intellectual disability and movement disorders. The pathophysiology of these complications is still poorly understood and development of new therapies is hampered by a lack of valid prognostic biomarkers. Multi-omics approaches may discover new biomarkers and improve prediction of patient outcome. In the current study, (semi-)targeted mass-spectrometry based metabolomics and lipidomics were performed in erythrocytes of 40 patients with both classical and variant phenotypes and 39 controls. Lipidomics did not show any significant changes or deficiencies. The metabolomics analysis revealed that CG does not only compromise the Leloir pathway, but also involves other metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and nucleotide metabolism in the erythrocyte. Moreover, the energy status of the cell appears to be compromised, with significantly decreased levels of ATP and ADP. This possibly is the consequence of two different mechanisms: impaired formation of ATP from ADP possibly due to reduced flux though the glycolytic pathway and trapping of phosphate in galactose-1-phosphate (Gal-1P) which accumulates in CG. Our findings are in line with the current notion that the accumulation of Gal-1P plays a key role in the pathophysiology of CG not only by depletion of intracellular phosphate levels but also by decreasing metabolite abundance downstream in the glycolytic pathway and affecting other pathways. New therapeutic options for CG could be directed towards the restoration of intracellular phosphate homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel E Hermans
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frédéric M Vaz
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- United for Metabolic Diseases, The Netherlands
| | - Sacha Ferdinandusse
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carla E M Hollak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hidde H Huidekoper
- Department of Pediatrics, Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirian C H Janssen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - André B P van Kuilenburg
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mia L Pras-Raves
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Core Facility Metabolomics, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam M C Wamelink
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Metabolic Unit, Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald J A Wanders
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mendy M Welsink-Karssies
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annet M Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Amsterdam Gastroenterology Endocrinology Metabolism, Inborn Errors of Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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3
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Hagen-Lillevik S, Rushing JS, Appiah L, Longo N, Andrews A, Lai K, Johnson J. Pathophysiology and management of classic galactosemic primary ovarian insufficiency. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2021; 2:R67-R84. [PMID: 35118398 PMCID: PMC8788619 DOI: 10.1530/raf-21-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Classic galactosemia is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism associated with early-onset primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) in young women. Our understanding of the consequences of galactosemia upon fertility and fecundity of affected women is expanding, but there are important remaining gaps in our knowledge and tools for its management, and a need for continued dialog so that the special features of the condition can be better managed. Here, we review galactosemic POI and its reproductive endocrinological clinical sequelae and summarize current best clinical practices for its management. Special consideration is given to the very early-onset nature of the condition in the pediatric/adolescent patient. Afterward, we summarize our current understanding of the reproductive pathophysiology of galactosemia, including the potential action of toxic galactose metabolites upon the ovary. Our work establishing that ovarian cellular stress reminiscent of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress is present in a mouse model of galactosemia, as well as work by other groups, are summarized. LAY SUMMARY Patients with the condition of classic galactosemia need to maintain a strict lifelong diet that excludes the sugar galactose. This is due to having mutations in enzymes that process galactose, resulting in the buildup of toxic metabolic by-products of the sugar. Young women with classic galactosemia often lose the function of their ovaries very early in life (termed 'primary ovarian insufficiency'), despite adherence to a galactose-restricted diet. This means that in addition to the consequences of the disease, these women also face infertility and the potential need for hormone replacement therapy. This article summarizes current strategies for managing the care of galactosemic girls and women and also what is known of how the condition leads to early primary ovarian insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synneva Hagen-Lillevik
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - John S Rushing
- Divisions of Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Leslie Appiah
- Division of General Obstetrics and Gynecology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver (AMC), Anschutz Outpatient Pavilion, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicola Longo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Ashley Andrews
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Kent Lai
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah College of Health, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Joshua Johnson
- Divisions of Reproductive Sciences, Reproductive Endocrinology and Infertility, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Colorado Denver (AMC), Aurora, Colorado, USA
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Blat A, Stepanenko T, Bulat K, Wajda A, Dybas J, Mohaissen T, Alcicek FC, Szczesny-Malysiak E, Malek K, Fedorowicz A, Marzec KM. Spectroscopic Signature of Red Blood Cells in a D-Galactose-Induced Accelerated Aging Model. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2660. [PMID: 33800818 PMCID: PMC7961785 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a semi-quantitative spectroscopic approach, including FTIR-ATR and Raman spectroscopies, for the biochemical analysis of red blood cells (RBCs) supported by the biochemical, morphological and rheological reference techniques. This multi-modal approach provided the description of the RBC alterations at the molecular level in a model of accelerated aging induced by administration of D-galactose (D-gal), in comparison to natural aging. Such an approach allowed to conclude that most age-related biochemical RBC membrane changes (a decrease in lipid unsaturation and the level of phospholipids, or an increase in acyl chain shortening) as well as alterations in the morphological parameters and RBC deformability are well reflected in the D-gal model of accelerated aging. Similarly, as in natural aging, a decrease in LDL level in blood plasma and no changes in the fraction of glucose, creatinine, total cholesterol, HDL, iron, or triglycerides were observed during the course of accelerated aging. Contrary to natural aging, the D-gal model led to an increase in cholesterol esters and the fraction of total esterified lipids in RBC membranes, and evoked significant changes in the secondary structure of the membrane proteins. Moreover, a significant decrease in the phosphorous level of blood plasma was specific for the D-gal model. On the other hand, natural aging induced stronger changes in the secondary structures of the proteins of the RBCs' interior. This work proves that research on the aging mechanism, especially in circulation-related diseases, should employ the D-gal model with caution. Nonetheless, the D-gal model enables to imitate age-related rheological alterations in RBCs, although they are partially derived from different changes observed in the RBC membrane at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Blat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Tetiana Stepanenko
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Bulat
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Aleksandra Wajda
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH University of Science and Technology, Al. Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Jakub Dybas
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Tasnim Mohaissen
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 9 Medyczna St., 30-688 Krakow, Poland
| | - Fatih Celal Alcicek
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Ewa Szczesny-Malysiak
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
| | - Kamilla Malek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, 2 Gronostajowa Str., 30-387 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Andrzej Fedorowicz
- Chair of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Str., 31-531 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna M. Marzec
- Jagiellonian Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Jagiellonian University, 14 Bobrzynskiego Str., 30-348 Krakow, Poland; (A.B.); (T.S.); (K.B.); (A.W.); (J.D.); (T.M.); (F.C.A.); (E.S.-M.)
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Delnoy B, Coelho AI, Rubio-Gozalbo ME. Current and Future Treatments for Classic Galactosemia. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11020075. [PMID: 33525536 PMCID: PMC7911353 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11020075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I (classic) galactosemia, galactose 1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)-deficiency is a hereditary disorder of galactose metabolism. The current therapeutic standard of care, a galactose-restricted diet, is effective in treating neonatal complications but is inadequate in preventing burdensome complications. The development of several animal models of classic galactosemia that (partly) mimic the biochemical and clinical phenotypes and the resolution of the crystal structure of GALT have provided important insights; however, precise pathophysiology remains to be elucidated. Novel therapeutic approaches currently being explored focus on several of the pathogenic factors that have been described, aiming to (i) restore GALT activity, (ii) influence the cascade of events and (iii) address the clinical picture. This review attempts to provide an overview on the latest advancements in therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt Delnoy
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.D.); (A.I.C.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Coelho
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.D.); (A.I.C.)
| | - Maria Estela Rubio-Gozalbo
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; (B.D.); (A.I.C.)
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-43-3872920
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6
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Biological small-molecule assays using gradient-based microfluidics. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 178:113038. [PMID: 33556809 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studying the potency of small-molecules on eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells using conventional biological settings requires time-consuming procedures and large volumes of expensive small-molecules. Microfluidics could significantly expedite these assays by enabling operation in high-throughput and (semi)automated modes. Here, we introduce a microfluidics platform based on multi-volume microchamber arrays that can produce a wide range of small-molecule concentrations with a desired gradient-based profile for rapid and precise biological testing within a single device with minimal hands-on time. The concept behind this device is based on introducing the same amount of a small-molecule into microchambers of different volumes to spontaneously generate a gradient concentration profile via diffusion. This design enables to obtain an unprecedented concentration range (e.g., three orders of magnitude) that can be easily adjusted, allowing us to pinpoint the precise effect of small-molecules on pre-loaded prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. We also propose a comprehensive relationship for determining the loading time (the only required parameter for implementing this platform) in order to study the effects of any small-molecule on a biological species in a desired test. We demonstrate the versatility of this microfluidics platform by conducting two small-molecule assays-antimicrobial resistance and sugar-phosphate toxicity for both eukaryotic and prokaryotic biological systems.
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7
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Oh SL, Cheng LY, J Zhou JF, Henke W, Hagen T. Galactose 1-phosphate accumulates to high levels in galactose-treated cells due to low GALT activity and absence of product inhibition of GALK. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:529-539. [PMID: 31774565 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Classic Galactosaemia is a genetic disorder, characterised by galactose intolerance in newborns. It occurs due to recessive mutations in the galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) gene. One of the main alterations caused by GALT deficiency is the accumulation of galactose 1-phosphate (Gal-1P) in cells. Studies have suggested that Gal-1P exerts cellular toxicity, possibly by inhibiting cellular metabolism. However, the exact significance of Gal-1P in disease pathogenesis remains unclear. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that Gal-1P inhibits cellular glucose utilisation by competing with substrates in the glycolytic pathway. We also investigated the metabolism of both galactose and glucose in GALT-expressing HEK293T and 143B cells to identify critical reactions steps contributing to the metabolic toxicity of galactose. Notably, we found that galactose-treated HEK293T and 143B cells, which express endogenous GALT, accumulate markedly high intracellular Gal-1P concentrations. Despite very high intracellular Gal-1P concentrations, no inhibition of cellular glucose uptake and no significant changes in the intracellular concentrations of glycolytic metabolites were observed. This indicates that Gal-1P does not exert an inhibitory effect on glycolysis in cells and rules out one potential hypothesis for cellular Gal-1P toxicity. We also investigated the mechanism responsible for the observed Gal-1P accumulation. Our results suggest that Gal-1P accumulation is a result of both low GALT activity and the absence of product inhibition by Gal-1P on galactokinase (GALK1), the enzyme responsible for phosphorylating galactose to Gal-1P. These findings provide a better understanding of the disease mechanisms underlying Classic Galactoaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sher Li Oh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Yi Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jie Fu J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wolfgang Henke
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thilo Hagen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Haskovic M, Coelho AI, Bierau J, Vanoevelen JM, Steinbusch LKM, Zimmermann LJI, Villamor‐Martinez E, Berry GT, Rubio‐Gozalbo ME. Pathophysiology and targets for treatment in hereditary galactosemia: A systematic review of animal and cellular models. J Inherit Metab Dis 2020; 43:392-408. [PMID: 31808946 PMCID: PMC7317974 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since the first description of galactosemia in 1908 and despite decades of research, the pathophysiology is complex and not yet fully elucidated. Galactosemia is an inborn error of carbohydrate metabolism caused by deficient activity of any of the galactose metabolising enzymes. The current standard of care, a galactose-restricted diet, fails to prevent long-term complications. Studies in cellular and animal models in the past decades have led to an enormous progress and advancement of knowledge. Summarising current evidence in the pathophysiology underlying hereditary galactosemia may contribute to the identification of treatment targets for alternative therapies that may successfully prevent long-term complications. A systematic review of cellular and animal studies reporting on disease complications (clinical signs and/or biochemical findings) and/or treatment targets in hereditary galactosemia was performed. PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science were searched, 46 original articles were included. Results revealed that Gal-1-P is not the sole pathophysiological agent responsible for the phenotype observed in galactosemia. Other currently described contributing factors include accumulation of galactose metabolites, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-hexose alterations and subsequent impaired glycosylation, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, altered signalling pathways, and oxidative stress. galactokinase (GALK) inhibitors, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGP) up-regulation, uridine supplementation, ER stress reducers, antioxidants and pharmacological chaperones have been studied, showing rescue of biochemical and/or clinical symptoms in galactosemia. Promising co-adjuvant therapies include antioxidant therapy and UGP up-regulation. This systematic review provides an overview of the scattered information resulting from animal and cellular studies performed in the past decades, summarising the complex pathophysiological mechanisms underlying hereditary galactosemia and providing insights on potential treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minela Haskovic
- Department of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Ana I. Coelho
- Department of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jörgen Bierau
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Jo M. Vanoevelen
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura K. M. Steinbusch
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Luc J. I. Zimmermann
- Department of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Eduardo Villamor‐Martinez
- Department of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Gerard T. Berry
- The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Division of Genetics and GenomicsBoston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMassachusetts
| | - M. Estela Rubio‐Gozalbo
- Department of PediatricsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsMaastricht University Medical Center+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
- GROW‐School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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De-Souza EA, Pimentel FSA, De-Queiroz ALFV, Camara H, Felix-Formiga ML, Machado CM, Pinto S, Galina A, Mori MA, Montero-Lomeli M, Masuda CA. The yeast protein Ubx4p contributes to mitochondrial respiration and lithium-galactose-mediated activation of the unfolded protein response. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:3773-3782. [PMID: 31996377 PMCID: PMC7086034 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of galactose, lithium ions activate the unfolded protein response (UPR) by inhibiting phosphoglucomutase activity and causing the accumulation of galactose-related metabolites, including galactose-1-phosphate. These metabolites also accumulate in humans who have the disease classic galactosemia. Here, we demonstrate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast strains harboring a deletion of UBX4, a gene encoding a partner of Cdc48p in the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation (ERAD) pathway, exhibit delayed UPR activation after lithium and galactose exposure because the deletion decreases galactose-1-phosphate levels. The delay in UPR activation did not occur in yeast strains in which key ERAD or proteasomal pathway genes had been disrupted, indicating that the ubx4Δ phenotype is ERAD-independent. We also observed that the ubx4Δ strain displays decreased oxygen consumption. The inhibition of mitochondrial respiration was sufficient to diminish galactose-1-phosphate levels and, consequently, affects UPR activation. Finally, we show that the deletion of the AMP-activated protein kinase ortholog-encoding gene SNF1 can restore the oxygen consumption rate in ubx4Δ strain, thereby reestablishing galactose metabolism, UPR activation, and cellular adaption to lithium-galactose challenge. Our results indicate a role for Ubx4p in yeast mitochondrial function and highlight that mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum functions are intertwined through galactose metabolism. These findings also shed new light on the mechanisms of lithium action and on the pathophysiology of galactosemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evandro A De-Souza
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Felipe S A Pimentel
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Ana Luiza F V De-Queiroz
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Henrique Camara
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Mikaella L Felix-Formiga
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Caio M Machado
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Silas Pinto
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Antonio Galina
- Programa de Bioquímica e Biofísica Celular, Instituto de Bioquímica M[c33c]zpi;●dica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A Mori
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas SP, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Monica Montero-Lomeli
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
| | - Claudio A Masuda
- Programa de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil
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Phosphoric Metabolites Link Phosphate Import and Polysaccharide Biosynthesis for Candida albicans Cell Wall Maintenance. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03225-19. [PMID: 32184254 PMCID: PMC7078483 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03225-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida species cause hundreds of thousands of invasive infections with high mortality each year. Developing novel antifungal agents is challenging due to the many similarities between fungal and human cells. Maintaining phosphate balance is essential for all organisms but is achieved completely differently by fungi and humans. A protein that imports phosphate into fungal cells, Pho84, is not present in humans and is required for normal cell wall stress resistance and cell wall integrity signaling in C. albicans. Nucleotide sugars, which are phosphate-containing building block molecules for construction of the cell wall, are diminished in cells lacking Pho84. Cell wall-constructing enzymes may be slowed by lack of these building blocks, in addition to being inhibited by drugs. Combined targeting of Pho84 and cell wall-constructing enzymes may provide a strategy for antifungal therapy by which two sequential steps of cell wall maintenance are blocked for greater potency. The Candida albicans high-affinity phosphate transporter Pho84 is required for normal Target of Rapamycin (TOR) signaling, oxidative stress resistance, and virulence of this fungal pathogen. It also contributes to C. albicans’ tolerance of two antifungal drug classes, polyenes and echinocandins. Echinocandins inhibit biosynthesis of a major cell wall component, beta-1,3-glucan. Cells lacking Pho84 were hypersensitive to other forms of cell wall stress beyond echinocandin exposure, while their cell wall integrity signaling response was weak. Metabolomics experiments showed that levels of phosphoric intermediates, including nucleotides like ATP and nucleotide sugars, were low in pho84 mutant compared to wild-type cells recovering from phosphate starvation. Nonphosphoric precursors like nucleobases and nucleosides were elevated. Outer cell wall phosphomannan biosynthesis requires a nucleotide sugar, GDP-mannose. The nucleotide sugar UDP-glucose is the substrate of enzymes that synthesize two major structural cell wall polysaccharides, beta-1,3- and beta-1,6-glucan. Another nucleotide sugar, UDP-N-acetylglucosamine, is the substrate of chitin synthases which produce a stabilizing component of the intercellular septum and of lateral cell walls. Lack of Pho84 activity, and phosphate starvation, potentiated pharmacological or genetic perturbation of these enzymes. We posit that low substrate concentrations of beta-d-glucan- and chitin synthases, together with pharmacologic inhibition of their activity, diminish enzymatic reaction rates as well as the yield of their cell wall-stabilizing products. Phosphate import is not conserved between fungal and human cells, and humans do not synthesize beta-d-glucans or chitin. Hence, inhibiting these processes simultaneously could yield potent antifungal effects with low toxicity to humans.
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11
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Timson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
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12
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Duan SF, Shi JY, Yin Q, Zhang RP, Han PJ, Wang QM, Bai FY. Reverse Evolution of a Classic Gene Network in Yeast Offers a Competitive Advantage. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1126-1136.e5. [PMID: 30905601 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Glucose repression is a central regulatory system in yeast that ensures the utilization of carbon sources in a highly economical manner. The galactose (GAL) metabolism network is stringently regulated by glucose repression in yeast and has been a classic system for studying gene regulation. We show here that a Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) lineage in spontaneously fermented milk has swapped all its structural GAL genes (GAL2 and the GAL7-10-1 cluster) with early diverged versions through introgression. The rewired GAL network has abolished glucose repression and conversed from a strictly inducible to a constitutive system through polygenic changes in the regulatory components of the network, including a thymine (T) to cytosine (C) and a guanine (G) to adenine (A) transition in the upstream repressing sequence (URS) sites of GAL1 and GAL4, respectively, which impair Mig1p-mediated repression, loss of function of the repressor Gal80p through a T146I substitution in the protein, and subsequent futility of GAL3. Furthermore, the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae has achieved galactose-utilization rate elevation and galactose-over-glucose preference switch through the duplication of the introgressed GAL2 and the loss of function of the main glucose transporter genes HXT6 and HXT7. In addition, we demonstrate that GAL2 requires GAL7 or GAL10 for its expression, and Gal2p likely requires Gal1p for its transportation function in the milk lineage of S. cerevisiae. We show a clear case of reverse evolution of a classic gene network for ecological adaptation and provide new insights into the regulatory model of the canonical GAL network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shou-Fu Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun-Yan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ri-Peng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei-Jie Han
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Qi-Ming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng-Yan Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China.
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Abstract
Metabolic gene clusters (MGCs) have provided some of the earliest glimpses at the biochemical machinery of yeast and filamentous fungi. MGCs encode diverse genetic mechanisms for nutrient acquisition and the synthesis/degradation of essential and adaptive metabolites. Beyond encoding the enzymes performing these discrete anabolic or catabolic processes, MGCs may encode a range of mechanisms that enable their persistence as genetic consortia; these include enzymatic mechanisms to protect their host fungi from their inherent toxicities, and integrated regulatory machinery. This modular, self-contained nature of MGCs contributes to the metabolic and ecological adaptability of fungi. The phylogenetic and ecological patterns of MGC distribution reflect the broad diversity of fungal life cycles and nutritional modes. While the origins of most gene clusters are enigmatic, MGCs are thought to be born into a genome through gene duplication, relocation, or horizontal transfer, and analyzing the death and decay of gene clusters provides clues about the mechanisms selecting for their assembly. Gene clustering may provide inherent fitness advantages through metabolic efficiency and specialization, but experimental evidence for this is currently limited. The identification and characterization of gene clusters will continue to be powerful tools for elucidating fungal metabolism as well as understanding the physiology and ecology of fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Slot
- The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States.
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