1
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Akter H, Rahman MM, Sarker S, Basiruzzaman M, Islam MM, Rahaman MA, Rahaman MA, Eshaque TB, Dity NJ, Sarker S, Amin MR, Hossain MM, Lopa M, Jahan N, Hossain S, Islam A, Mondol A, Faruk MO, Saha N, Kundu GK, Kanta SI, Kazal RK, Fatema K, Rahman MA, Hasan M, Hossain Mollah MA, Hosen MI, Karuvantevida N, Begum G, Zehra B, Nassir N, Nabi AHMN, Uddin KMF, Uddin M. Construction of copy number variation landscape and characterization of associated genes in a Bangladeshi cohort of neurodevelopmental disorders. Front Genet 2023; 14:955631. [PMID: 36959829 PMCID: PMC10028086 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.955631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Copy number variations (CNVs) play a critical role in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDD) among children. In this study, we aim to identify clinically relevant CNVs, genes and their phenotypic characteristics in an ethnically underrepresented homogenous population of Bangladesh. Methods: We have conducted chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) for 212 NDD patients with male to female ratio of 2.2:1.0 to identify rare CNVs. To identify candidate genes within the rare CNVs, gene constraint metrics [i.e., "Critical-Exon Genes (CEGs)"] were applied to the population data. Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule-Second Edition (ADOS-2) was followed in a subset of 95 NDD patients to assess the severity of autism and all statistical tests were performed using the R package. Results: Of all the samples assayed, 12.26% (26/212) and 57.08% (121/212) patients carried pathogenic and variant of uncertain significance (VOUS) CNVs, respectively. While 2.83% (6/212) patients' pathogenic CNVs were found to be located in the subtelomeric regions. Further burden test identified females are significant carriers of pathogenic CNVs compared to males (OR = 4.2; p = 0.0007). We have observed an increased number of Loss of heterozygosity (LOH) within cases with 23.85% (26/109) consanguineous parents. Our analyses on imprinting genes show, 36 LOH variants disrupting 69 unique imprinted genes and classified these variants as VOUS. ADOS-2 subset shows severe social communication deficit (p = 0.014) and overall ASD symptoms severity (p = 0.026) among the patients carrying duplication CNV compared to the CNV negative group. Candidate gene analysis identified 153 unique CEGs in pathogenic CNVs and 31 in VOUS. Of the unique genes, 18 genes were found to be in smaller (<1 MB) focal CNVs in our NDD cohort and we identified PSMC3 gene as a strong candidate gene for Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Moreover, we hypothesized that KMT2B gene duplication might be associated with intellectual disability. Conclusion: Our results show the utility of CMA for precise genetic diagnosis and its integration into the diagnosis, therapy and management of NDD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosneara Akter
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Muhammad Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shaoli Sarker
- Department of Child Neurology, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Basiruzzaman
- Department of Child Neurology, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mazharul Islam
- Department of Child Neurology, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atikur Rahaman
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | - Nushrat Jahan Dity
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shouvik Sarker
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Department of Plant Biotechnology, Leibniz University Hannover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Md. Robed Amin
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Monir Hossain
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Maksuda Lopa
- Centre for Precision Therapeutics, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nargis Jahan
- Centre for Precision Therapeutics, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shafaat Hossain
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Amirul Islam
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Cellular Intelligence Lab, GenomeArc Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Md Omar Faruk
- Centre for Precision Therapeutics, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Narayan Saha
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, National Institute of Neuroscience and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Gopen kumar Kundu
- Department of Child Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shayla Imam Kanta
- Department of Paediatric Neuroscience, Dhaka Shishu Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rezaul Karim Kazal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Kanij Fatema
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Ashrafur Rahman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wilkes University, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Maruf Hasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Military Institute of Science and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md. Ismail Hosen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Noushad Karuvantevida
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ghausia Begum
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Binte Zehra
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nasna Nassir
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - A. H. M. Nurun Nabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - K. M. Furkan Uddin
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine Centre, NeuroGen Healthcare, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Biochemistry, Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Uddin
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Cellular Intelligence (Ci) Lab, GenomeArc Inc, Toronto, ON, Canada
- *Correspondence: Mohammed Uddin,
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3
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Cif L, Demailly D, Lin JP, Barwick KE, Sa M, Abela L, Malhotra S, Chong WK, Steel D, Sanchis-Juan A, Ngoh A, Trump N, Meyer E, Vasques X, Rankin J, Allain MW, Applegate CD, Attaripour Isfahani S, Baleine J, Balint B, Bassetti JA, Baple EL, Bhatia KP, Blanchet C, Burglen L, Cambonie G, Seng EC, Bastaraud SC, Cyprien F, Coubes C, d'Hardemare V, Doja A, Dorison N, Doummar D, Dy-Hollins ME, Farrelly E, Fitzpatrick DR, Fearon C, Fieg EL, Fogel BL, Forman EB, Fox RG, Gahl WA, Galosi S, Gonzalez V, Graves TD, Gregory A, Hallett M, Hasegawa H, Hayflick SJ, Hamosh A, Hully M, Jansen S, Jeong SY, Krier JB, Krystal S, Kumar KR, Laurencin C, Lee H, Lesca G, François LL, Lynch T, Mahant N, Martinez-Agosto JA, Milesi C, Mills KA, Mondain M, Morales-Briceno H, Ostergaard JR, Pal S, Pallais JC, Pavillard F, Perrigault PF, Petersen AK, Polo G, Poulen G, Rinne T, Roujeau T, Rogers C, Roubertie A, Sahagian M, Schaefer E, Selim L, Selway R, Sharma N, Signer R, Soldatos AG, Stevenson DA, Stewart F, Tchan M, Verma IC, de Vries BBA, Wilson JL, Wong DA, Zaitoun R, Zhen D, Znaczko A, Dale RC, de Gusmão CM, Friedman J, Fung VSC, King MD, Mohammad SS, Rohena L, Waugh JL, Toro C, Raymond FL, Topf M, Coubes P, Gorman KM, Kurian MA. KMT2B-related disorders: expansion of the phenotypic spectrum and long-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation. Brain 2021; 143:3242-3261. [PMID: 33150406 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awaa304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in KMT2B are associated with an early-onset, progressive and often complex dystonia (DYT28). Key characteristics of typical disease include focal motor features at disease presentation, evolving through a caudocranial pattern into generalized dystonia, with prominent oromandibular, laryngeal and cervical involvement. Although KMT2B-related disease is emerging as one of the most common causes of early-onset genetic dystonia, much remains to be understood about the full spectrum of the disease. We describe a cohort of 53 patients with KMT2B mutations, with detailed delineation of their clinical phenotype and molecular genetic features. We report new disease presentations, including atypical patterns of dystonia evolution and a subgroup of patients with a non-dystonic neurodevelopmental phenotype. In addition to the previously reported systemic features, our study has identified co-morbidities, including the risk of status dystonicus, intrauterine growth retardation, and endocrinopathies. Analysis of this study cohort (n = 53) in tandem with published cases (n = 80) revealed that patients with chromosomal deletions and protein truncating variants had a significantly higher burden of systemic disease (with earlier onset of dystonia) than those with missense variants. Eighteen individuals had detailed longitudinal data available after insertion of deep brain stimulation for medically refractory dystonia. Median age at deep brain stimulation was 11.5 years (range: 4.5-37.0 years). Follow-up after deep brain stimulation ranged from 0.25 to 22 years. Significant improvement of motor function and disability (as assessed by the Burke Fahn Marsden's Dystonia Rating Scales, BFMDRS-M and BFMDRS-D) was evident at 6 months, 1 year and last follow-up (motor, P = 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.012; disability, P = 0.009, P = 0.002 and P = 0.012). At 1 year post-deep brain stimulation, >50% of subjects showed BFMDRS-M and BFMDRS-D improvements of >30%. In the long-term deep brain stimulation cohort (deep brain stimulation inserted for >5 years, n = 8), improvement of >30% was maintained in 5/8 and 3/8 subjects for the BFMDRS-M and BFMDRS-D, respectively. The greatest BFMDRS-M improvements were observed for trunk (53.2%) and cervical (50.5%) dystonia, with less clinical impact on laryngeal dystonia. Improvements in gait dystonia decreased from 20.9% at 1 year to 16.2% at last assessment; no patient maintained a fully independent gait. Reduction of BFMDRS-D was maintained for swallowing (52.9%). Five patients developed mild parkinsonism following deep brain stimulation. KMT2B-related disease comprises an expanding continuum from infancy to adulthood, with early evidence of genotype-phenotype correlations. Except for laryngeal dysphonia, deep brain stimulation provides a significant improvement in quality of life and function with sustained clinical benefit depending on symptoms distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Cif
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Diane Demailly
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Lin
- Complex Motor Disorder Service, Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Children's Neuromodulation Group, Women and Children's Health Institute, Faculty of life Sciences and Medicine (FOLSM), King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Katy E Barwick
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Mario Sa
- Complex Motor Disorder Service, Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Lucia Abela
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Sony Malhotra
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Wui K Chong
- Developmental Imaging and Biophysics, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Dora Steel
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Alba Sanchis-Juan
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Haematology, NHS Blood and Transplant Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Adeline Ngoh
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Natalie Trump
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Esther Meyer
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | | | - Julia Rankin
- Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Meredith W Allain
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn D Applegate
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sanaz Attaripour Isfahani
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien Baleine
- Unité de Soins Intensifs et Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Bettina Balint
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jennifer A Bassetti
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emma L Baple
- Clinical Genetics, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK.,Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Science RILD Wellcome Wolfson Centre, University of Exeter Medical School, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Kailash P Bhatia
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Catherine Blanchet
- Département d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Département de génétique médicale, APHP Hôpital Armand Trousseau, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Cambonie
- Unité de Soins Intensifs et Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Emilie Chan Seng
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | | | - Fabienne Cyprien
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Coubes
- Département de Génétique médicale, Maladies rares et médecine personnalisée, CHU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent d'Hardemare
- Unité Dyspa, Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | | | - Asif Doja
- Division of Neurology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nathalie Dorison
- Unité Dyspa, Neurochirurgie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris, France
| | - Diane Doummar
- Neuropédiatrie, Centre de référence neurogénétique mouvement anormaux de l'enfant, Hôpital Armand Trousseau, AP-HP, Sorbonne Université, France
| | - Marisela E Dy-Hollins
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellyn Farrelly
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Lucile Packard Children's Hospital at Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David R Fitzpatrick
- Human Genetics Unit, Medical and Developmental Genetics, University of Edinburgh Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Conor Fearon
- Department of Neurology, The Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Elizabeth L Fieg
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brent L Fogel
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Eva B Forman
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel G Fox
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - William A Gahl
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Serena Galosi
- Department of Human Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Victoria Gonzalez
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Tracey D Graves
- Department of Neurology, Hinchingbrooke Hospital, North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Huntingdon, UK
| | - Allison Gregory
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Harutomo Hasegawa
- Complex Motor Disorder Service, Children's Neurosciences Department, Evelina London Children's Hospital, Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Children's Neuromodulation Group, Women and Children's Health Institute, Faculty of life Sciences and Medicine (FOLSM), King's Health Partners, London, UK
| | - Susan J Hayflick
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Department of Paediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ada Hamosh
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Marie Hully
- Département de Neurologie, APHP-Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Sandra Jansen
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Suh Young Jeong
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joel B Krier
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sidney Krystal
- Département de Neuroradiologie, Hôpital Fondation Rothschild, Paris
| | - Kishore R Kumar
- Translational Genomics Group, Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW, Australia.,Department of Neurogenetics, Kolling Institute, University of Sydney and Royal North Shore Hospital, St Leonards, NSW, Australia.,Molecular Medicine Laboratory, Concord Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Chloé Laurencin
- Département de Neurologie, Hôpital Neurologique Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Hane Lee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Gaetan Lesca
- Département de Génétique, Hôpital Universitaire de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | | | - Timothy Lynch
- Department of Neurology, The Dublin Neurological Institute at the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Neil Mahant
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Julian A Martinez-Agosto
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christophe Milesi
- Unité de Soins Intensifs et Réanimation Pédiatrique et Néonatale, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kelly A Mills
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michel Mondain
- Département d'Oto-Rhino-Laryngologie et Chirurgie Cervico-Faciale, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Hugo Morales-Briceno
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - John R Ostergaard
- Centre for Rare Diseases, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Swasti Pal
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Juan C Pallais
- Division of Genetics, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frédérique Pavillard
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre-Francois Perrigault
- Département d'Anesthésie-Réanimation Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Gustavo Polo
- Département de Neurochirurgie Fonctionnelle, Hôpital Neurologique et Neurochirurgical, Pierre Wertheimer, Lyon, France
| | - Gaetan Poulen
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Tuula Rinne
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Roujeau
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Caleb Rogers
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Agathe Roubertie
- Département de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Universitaire de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,INSERM U1051, Institut des Neurosciences de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Michelle Sahagian
- Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Elise Schaefer
- Medical Genetics, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Laila Selim
- Cairo University Children Hospital, Pediatric Neurology and Metabolic division, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Richard Selway
- Department of Neurosurgery, King's College Hospital, London, UK
| | - Nutan Sharma
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebecca Signer
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ariane G Soldatos
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David A Stevenson
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Fiona Stewart
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Michel Tchan
- Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Genetics, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Ishwar C Verma
- Institute of Genetics and Genomics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Rajender Nagar, New Delhi, India
| | - Bert B A de Vries
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jenny L Wilson
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Derek A Wong
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Raghda Zaitoun
- Department of Paediatrics, Neurology Division, Ain Shams University Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dolly Zhen
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Anna Znaczko
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Belfast Health and Social Care Trust, Belfast, UK
| | - Russell C Dale
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Claudio M de Gusmão
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer Friedman
- Division of Neurology, Rady Children's Hospital San Diego, CA, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, CA, USA.,Departments of Paediatrics, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA.,Rady Children's Institute for Genomic Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Victor S C Fung
- Movement Disorders Unit, Department of Neurology, Westmead Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mary D King
- Department of Paediatric Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Children's Health Ireland at Temple Street, Dublin, Ireland.,UCD School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shekeeb S Mohammad
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, The Children's Hospital at Westmead, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney NSW, Australia
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Long School of Medicine, UT Health, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Jeff L Waugh
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Camilo Toro
- Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - F Lucy Raymond
- NIHR BioResource, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Medical Genetics, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, UK
| | - Philippe Coubes
- Département de Neurochirurgie, Unité des Pathologies Cérébrales Résistantes, Unité de Recherche sur les Comportements et Mouvements Anormaux, Hôpital Gui de Chauliac, Centre Hospitalier Régional Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Faculté de médecine, Université de Montpellier, France
| | - Kathleen M Gorman
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
| | - Manju A Kurian
- Molecular Neurosciences, Developmental Neurosciences, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Neurology, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, UK
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