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Bendetowicz D, Fabbri M, Sirna F, Fernagut PO, Foubert-Samier A, Saulnier T, Le Traon AP, Proust-Lima C, Rascol O, Meissner WG. Recent Advances in Clinical Trials in Multiple System Atrophy. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2024; 24:95-112. [PMID: 38416311 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-024-01335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes previous and ongoing neuroprotection trials in multiple system atrophy (MSA), a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by parkinsonism, cerebellar, and autonomic dysfunction. It also describes the preclinical therapeutic pipeline and provides some considerations relevant to successfully conducting clinical trials in MSA, i.e., diagnosis, endpoints, and trial design. RECENT FINDINGS Over 30 compounds have been tested in clinical trials in MSA. While this illustrates a strong treatment pipeline, only two have reached their primary endpoint. Ongoing clinical trials primarily focus on targeting α-synuclein, the neuropathological hallmark of MSA being α-synuclein-bearing glial cytoplasmic inclusions. The mostly negative trial outcomes highlight the importance of better understanding underlying disease mechanisms and improving preclinical models. Together with efforts to refine clinical measurement tools, innovative statistical methods, and developments in biomarker research, this will enhance the design of future neuroprotection trials in MSA and the likelihood of positive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bendetowicz
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France.
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, IMNc, CRMR AMS, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Margherita Fabbri
- MSA French Reference Center, Univ. Hospital Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, CIC-1436, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Toulouse University Hospital, Inserm, U1048/1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Federico Sirna
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, IPSED, Bordeaux, France
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Université de Poitiers, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, INSERM UMR-S 1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, IMNc, CRMR AMS, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Bordeaux, France
- Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, BPH, U1219, IPSED, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Anne Pavy Le Traon
- MSA French Reference Center, Univ. Hospital Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, CIC-1436, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Toulouse University Hospital, Inserm, U1048/1214, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Olivier Rascol
- MSA French Reference Center, Univ. Hospital Toulouse, Toulouse, France
- Univ. Toulouse, CIC-1436, Departments of Clinical Pharmacology and Neurosciences, NeuroToul COEN Center, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Toulouse University Hospital, Inserm, U1048/1214, Toulouse, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, IMN, UMR5293, Bordeaux, France
- CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie des Maladies Neurodégénératives, IMNc, CRMR AMS, NS-Park/FCRIN Network, Bordeaux, France
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, and New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
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2
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Klemt I, Varzatskii O, Selin R, Vakarov S, Kovalska V, Bila G, Bilyy R, Voloshin Y, Cuartero IC, Hidalgo A, Frey B, Becker I, Friedrich B, Tietze R, Friedrich RP, Alexiou C, Ursu EL, Rotaru A, Solymosi I, Pérez-Ojeda ME, Mokhir A. 3D-Shaped Binders of Unfolded Proteins Inducing Cancer Cell-Specific Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress In Vitro and In Vivo. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22252-22264. [PMID: 37773090 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
The amount of unfolded proteins is increased in cancer cells, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Therefore, cancer cells are sensitive to drugs capable of further enhancing ER stress. Examples of such drugs include the clinically approved proteosome inhibitors bortezomib and carfilzomib. Unfortunately, the known ER stress inducers exhibit dose-limiting side effects that justify the search for better, more cancer-specific drugs of this type. Herein, we report on FeC 2, which binds to unfolded proteins prevents their further processing, thereby leading to ER stress and ROS increase in cancer cells, but not in normal cells. FeC 2 exhibits low micromolar toxicity toward human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60, Burkitt's lymphoma BL-2, T-cell leukemia Jurkat, ovarian carcinoma A2780, lung cancer SK-MES-1, and murine lung cancer LLC1 cells. Due to the cancer-specific mode of action, 2 is not toxic in vivo up to the dose of 147 mg/kg, does not affect normal blood and bone marrow cells at the therapeutically active dose, but strongly suppresses both primary tumor growth (confirmed in Nemeth-Kellner lymphoma and LLC1 lung cancer models of murine tumor) and spreading of metastases (LLC1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Insa Klemt
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Oleg Varzatskii
- Princeton Biomolecular Research Laboratories, 26A Saperne Pole Street, 01042 Kyiv, Ukraine
- V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NASU, 32/34 Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Roman Selin
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhii Vakarov
- Princeton Biomolecular Research Laboratories, 26A Saperne Pole Street, 01042 Kyiv, Ukraine
- V.I. Vernadsky Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, NASU, 32/34 Palladin Av., 03142 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Vladyslava Kovalska
- Princeton Biomolecular Research Laboratories, 26A Saperne Pole Street, 01042 Kyiv, Ukraine
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, NASU, 150 Zabolotnogo Street, 03143 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Galyna Bila
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska Street 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
- Lectinotest R&D, Mechanichna Street 2, 79024 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Rostyslav Bilyy
- Department of Histology, Cytology and Embryology, Danylo Halytsky Lviv National Medical University, Pekarska Street 69, 79010 Lviv, Ukraine
- Lectinotest R&D, Mechanichna Street 2, 79024 Lviv, Ukraine
| | - Yan Voloshin
- Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, RAS, 28 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia
| | - Itziar Cossío Cuartero
- Program of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), C. Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrés Hidalgo
- Program of Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares Carlos III (CNIC), C. Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Translational Radiobiology, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 4A, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ina Becker
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Translational Radiobiology, Universitaetsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glueckstrasse 4A, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bernhard Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Tietze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf P Friedrich
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph Alexiou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Section of Experimental Oncology and Nanomedicine (SEON), University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Glückstraße 10a, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Elena-Laura Ursu
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Rotaru
- "Petru Poni" Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Romanian Academy, Centre of Advanced Research in Bionanoconjugates and Biopolymers, Grigore Ghica Voda Alley 41 A, 700487 Iasi, Romania
| | - Iris Solymosi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - M Eugenia Pérez-Ojeda
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andriy Mokhir
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Taha HB, Chawla E, Bitan G. IM-MS and ECD-MS/MS Provide Insight into Modulation of Amyloid Proteins Self-Assembly by Peptides and Small Molecules. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:2066-2086. [PMID: 37607351 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative proteinopathies are characterized by formation and deposition of misfolded, aggregated proteins in the nervous system leading to neuronal dysfunction and death. It is widely believed that metastable oligomers of the offending proteins, preceding the fibrillar aggregates found in the tissue, are the proximal neurotoxins. There are currently almost no disease-modifying therapies for these diseases despite an active pipeline of preclinical development and clinical trials for over two decades, largely because studying the metastable oligomers and their interaction with potential therapeutics is notoriously difficult. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a powerful analytical tool for structural investigation of proteins, including protein-protein and protein-ligand interactions. Specific MS tools have been useful in determining the composition and conformation of abnormal protein oligomers involved in proteinopathies and the way they interact with drug candidates. Here, we analyze critically the utilization of ion-mobility spectroscopy-MS (IM-MS) and electron-capture dissociation (ECD) MS/MS for analyzing the oligomerization and conformation of multiple amyloidogenic proteins. We also discuss IM-MS investigation of their interaction with two classes of compounds developed by our group over the last two decades: C-terminal fragments derived from the 42-residue form of amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) and molecular tweezers. Finally, we review the utilization of ECD-MS/MS for elucidating the binding sites of the ligands on multiple proteins. These approaches are readily applicable to future studies addressing similar questions and hold promise for facilitating the development of successful disease-modifying drugs against neurodegenerative proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hash Brown Taha
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Integrative Biology & Physiology, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Esha Chawla
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Brain Research Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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4
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Maity D. Recent advances in the modulation of amyloid protein aggregation using the supramolecular host-guest approaches. Biophys Chem 2023; 297:107022. [PMID: 37058879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2023.107022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Misfolding of proteins is associated with many incurable diseases in human beings. Understanding the process of aggregation from monomers to fibrils, the characterization of all intermediate species, and the origin of toxicity is very challenging. Extensive research including computational and experimental shed some light on these tricky phenomena. Non-covalent interactions between amyloidogenic domains of proteins play a major role in their self-assembly which can be disrupted by designed chemical tools. This will lead to the development of inhibitors of detrimental amyloid formations. In supramolecular host-guest chemistry approaches, different macrocycles function as hosts for encapsulating hydrophobic guests, i.e. phenylalanine residues of proteins, in their hydrophobic cavities via non-covalent interactions. In this way, they can disrupt the interactions between adjacent amyloidogenic proteins and prevent their self-aggregation. This supramolecular approach has also emerged as a prospective tool to modify the aggregation of several amyloidogenic proteins. In this review, we discussed recent supramolecular host-guest chemistry-based strategies for the inhibition of amyloid protein aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debabrata Maity
- Department of Natural Products and Medicinal Chemistry, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad 500007, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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5
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Dutta S, Hornung S, Taha HB, Biggs K, Siddique I, Chamoun LM, Shahpasand-Kroner H, Lantz C, Herrera-Vaquero M, Stefanova N, Loo JA, Bitan G. Development of a Novel Electrochemiluminescence ELISA for Quantification of α-Synuclein Phosphorylated at Ser 129 in Biological Samples. ACS Chem Neurosci 2023; 14:1238-1248. [PMID: 36920792 PMCID: PMC10080651 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.2c00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Synucleinopathies are a group of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These diseases are characterized by the aggregation and deposition of α-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies (LBs) in PD and DLB or as glial cytoplasmic inclusions in MSA. In healthy brains, only ∼4% of α-syn is phosphorylated at Ser129 (pS129-α-syn), whereas >90% pS129-α-syn may be found in LBs, suggesting that pS129-α-syn could be a useful biomarker for synucleinopathies. However, a widely available, robust, sensitive, and reproducible method for measuring pS129-α-syn in biological fluids is currently missing. We used Meso Scale Discovery (MSD)'s electrochemiluminescence platform to create a new assay for sensitive detection of pS129-α-syn. We evaluated several combinations of capture and detection antibodies and used semisynthetic pS129-α-syn as a standard for the assay at a concentration range from 0.5 to 6.6 × 104 pg/mL. Using the antibody EP1536Y for capture and an anti-human α-syn antibody (MSD) for detection was the best combination in terms of assay sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility. We tested the utility of the assay for the detection and quantification of pS129-α-syn in human cerebrospinal fluid, serum, plasma, saliva, and CNS-originating small extracellular vesicles, as well as in mouse brain lysates. Our data suggest that the assay can become a widely used method for detecting pS129-α-syn in biomedical studies including when only a limited volume of sample is available and high sensitivity is required, offering new opportunities for diagnostic biomarkers, monitoring disease progression, and quantifying outcome measures in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marcos Herrera-Vaquero
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
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6
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Development of Small Molecules Targeting α-Synuclein Aggregation: A Promising Strategy to Treat Parkinson’s Disease. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15030839. [PMID: 36986700 PMCID: PMC10059018 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15030839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disorder worldwide, is characterized by the accumulation of protein deposits in the dopaminergic neurons. These deposits are primarily composed of aggregated forms of α-Synuclein (α-Syn). Despite the extensive research on this disease, only symptomatic treatments are currently available. However, in recent years, several compounds, mainly of an aromatic character, targeting α-Syn self-assembly and amyloid formation have been identified. These compounds, discovered by different approaches, are chemically diverse and exhibit a plethora of mechanisms of action. This work aims to provide a historical overview of the physiopathology and molecular aspects associated with Parkinson’s disease and the current trends in small compound development to target α-Syn aggregation. Although these molecules are still under development, they constitute an important step toward discovering effective anti-aggregational therapies for Parkinson’s disease.
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7
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Shahpasand-Kroner H, Siddique I, Malik R, Linares GR, Ivanova MI, Ichida J, Weil T, Münch J, Sanchez-Garcia E, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G. Molecular Tweezers: Supramolecular Hosts with Broad-Spectrum Biological Applications. Pharmacol Rev 2023; 75:263-308. [PMID: 36549866 PMCID: PMC9976797 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.122.000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-selective molecular tweezers (MTs) are supramolecular host molecules displaying a remarkably broad spectrum of biologic activities. MTs act as inhibitors of the self-assembly and toxicity of amyloidogenic proteins using a unique mechanism. They destroy viral membranes and inhibit infection by enveloped viruses, such as HIV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, by mechanisms unrelated to their action on protein self-assembly. They also disrupt biofilm of Gram-positive bacteria. The efficacy and safety of MTs have been demonstrated in vitro, in cell culture, and in vivo, suggesting that these versatile compounds are attractive therapeutic candidates for various diseases, infections, and injuries. A lead compound called CLR01 has been shown to inhibit the aggregation of various amyloidogenic proteins, facilitate their clearance in vivo, prevent infection by multiple viruses, display potent anti-biofilm activity, and have a high safety margin in animal models. The inhibitory effect of CLR01 against amyloidogenic proteins is highly specific to abnormal self-assembly of amyloidogenic proteins with no disruption of normal mammalian biologic processes at the doses needed for inhibition. Therapeutic effects of CLR01 have been demonstrated in animal models of proteinopathies, lysosomal-storage diseases, and spinal-cord injury. Here we review the activity and mechanisms of action of these intriguing compounds and discuss future research directions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Molecular tweezers are supramolecular host molecules with broad biological applications, including inhibition of abnormal protein aggregation, facilitation of lysosomal clearance of toxic aggregates, disruption of viral membranes, and interference of biofilm formation by Gram-positive bacteria. This review discusses the molecular and cellular mechanisms of action of the molecular tweezers, including the discovery of distinct mechanisms acting in vitro and in vivo, and the application of these compounds in multiple preclinical disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Shahpasand-Kroner
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ibrar Siddique
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ravinder Malik
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gabriel R Linares
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Magdalena I Ivanova
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Justin Ichida
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Tatjana Weil
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Münch
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elsa Sanchez-Garcia
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Frank-Gerrit Klärner
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Schrader
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine (H.S.-K., I.S., R.M., G.B.), Brain Research Institute (G.B.), and Molecular Biology Institute (G.B.), University of California, Los Angeles, California; Department of Stem Cell Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California (G.R.L., J.I.); Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan (M.I.I.); Institute of Molecular Virology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany (T.W., J.M.); and Department of Computational Biochemistry (E.S.-G.) and Faculty of Chemistry (F-G.K., T.S.), University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Panda SP, Prasanth D, Gorla US, Dewanjee S. Interlinked role of ASN, TDP-43 and Miro1 with parkinopathy: Focus on targeted approach against neuropathy in parkinsonism. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 83:101783. [PMID: 36371014 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Parkinsonism is a complex neurodegenerative disease that is difficult to differentiate because of its idiopathic and unknown origins. The hereditary parkinsonism known as autosomal recessive-juvenile parkinsonism (AR-JP) is marked by tremors, dyskinesias, dystonic characteristics, and manifestations that improve sleep but do not include dementia. This was caused by deletions and point mutations in PARK2 (chromosome 6q25.2-27). Diminished or unusual sensations (paresthesias), loss of neuron strength both in the CNS and peripheral nerves, and lack of motor coordination are the hallmarks of neuropathy in parkinsonism. The incidence of parkinsonism during oxidative stress and ageing is associated with parkinopathy. Parkinopathy is hypothesized to be triggered by mutation of the parkin (PRKN) gene and loss of normal physiological functions of PRKN proteins, which triggers their pathogenic aggregation due to conformational changes. Two important genes that control mitochondrial health are PRKN and phosphatase and tensin homologue deleted on chromosome 10-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1). Overexpression of TAR DNA-binding protein-43 (TDP-43) increases the aggregation of insoluble PRKN proteins in OMM. Foreign α-synuclein (ASN) promotes parkinopathy via S-nitrosylation and hence has a neurotoxic effect on dopaminergic nerves. Miro1 (Miro GTPase1), a member of the RAS superfamily, is expressed in nerve cells. Due to PINK1/PRKN and Miro1's functional relationship, an excess of mitochondrial calcium culminates in the destruction of dopaminergic neurons. An interlinked understanding of TDP-43, PINK1/PRKN, ASN, and Miro1 signalling in the communication among astrocytes, microglia, neurons, and immune cells within the brain explored the pathway of neuronal death and shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of parkinsonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Prasad Panda
- Pharmacology Research Division, Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India.
| | - Dsnbk Prasanth
- Department of Pharmacognosy, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, AP, India
| | - Uma Sankar Gorla
- College of Pharmacy, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Andhrapradesh, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Advanced Pharmacognosy Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
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9
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Stefanova N. A Mouse Model of Multiple System Atrophy: Bench to Bedside. Neurotherapeutics 2023; 20:117-126. [PMID: 35995919 PMCID: PMC10119356 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-022-01287-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare neurodegenerative disorder with unclear etiology, currently difficult and delayed diagnosis, and rapid progression, leading to disability and lethality within 6 to 9 years after symptom onset. The neuropathology of MSA classifies the disease in the group of a-synucleinopathies together with Parkinson's disease and other Lewy body disorders, but features specific oligodendroglial inclusions, which are pathognomonic for MSA. MSA has no efficient therapy to date. Development of experimental models is crucial to elucidate the disease mechanisms in progression and to provide a tool for preclinical screening of putative therapies for MSA. In vitro and in vivo models, based on selective neurotoxicity, a-synuclein oligodendroglial overexpression, and strain-specific propagation of a-synuclein fibrils, have been developed, reflecting various facets of MSA pathology. Over the years, the continuous exchange from bench to bedside and backward has been crucial for the advancing of MSA modelling, elucidating MSA pathogenic pathways, and understanding the existing translational gap to successful clinical trials in MSA. The review discusses specifically advantages and limitations of the PLP-a-syn mouse model of MSA, which recapitulates motor and non-motor features of the human disease with underlying striatonigral degeneration, degeneration of autonomic centers, and sensitized olivopontocerebellar system, strikingly mirroring human MSA pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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10
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Sidoroff V, Bower P, Stefanova N, Fanciulli A, Stankovic I, Poewe W, Seppi K, Wenning GK, Krismer F. Disease-Modifying Therapies for Multiple System Atrophy: Where Are We in 2022? JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2022; 12:1369-1387. [PMID: 35491799 PMCID: PMC9398078 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-223183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy is a rapidly progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. While numerous preclinical studies suggested efficacy of potentially disease modifying agents, none of those were proven to be effective in large-scale clinical trials. Three major strategies are currently pursued in preclinical and clinical studies attempting to slow down disease progression. These target α-synuclein, neuroinflammation, and restoration of neurotrophic support. This review provides a comprehensive overview on ongoing preclinical and clinical developments of disease modifying therapies. Furthermore, we will focus on potential shortcomings of previous studies that can be avoided to improve data quality in future studies of this rare disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Sidoroff
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Pam Bower
- The Multiple System Atrophy Coalition, Inc., McLean, VA, USA
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Iva Stankovic
- Neurology Clinic, University Clinical Center of Serbia, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Florian Krismer
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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11
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Zhou X, Shi M, Wang X, Xu D. Exploring the Binding Mechanism of a Supramolecular Tweezer CLR01 to 14-3-3σ Protein via Well-Tempered Metadynamics. Front Chem 2022; 10:921695. [PMID: 35646830 PMCID: PMC9133541 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.921695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Using supramolecules for protein function regulation is an effective strategy in chemical biology and drug discovery. However, due to the presence of multiple binding sites on protein surfaces, protein function regulation via selective binding of supramolecules is challenging. Recently, the functions of 14-3-3 proteins, which play an important role in regulating intracellular signaling pathways via protein–protein interactions, have been modulated using a supramolecular tweezer, CLR01. However, the binding mechanisms of the tweezer molecule to 14-3-3 proteins are still unclear, which has hindered the development of novel supramolecules targeting the 14-3-3 proteins. Herein, the binding mechanisms of the tweezer to the lysine residues on 14-3-3σ (an isoform in 14-3-3 protein family) were explored by well-tempered metadynamics. The results indicated that the inclusion complex formed between the protein and supramolecule is affected by both kinetic and thermodynamic factors. In particular, simulations confirmed that K214 could form a strong binding complex with the tweezer; the binding free energy was calculated to be −10.5 kcal·mol−1 with an association barrier height of 3.7 kcal·mol−1. In addition, several other lysine residues on 14-3-3σ were identified as being well-recognized by the tweezer, which agrees with experimental results, although only K214/tweezer was co-crystallized. Additionally, the binding mechanisms of the tweezer to all lysine residues were analyzed by exploring the representative conformations during the formation of the inclusion complex. This could be helpful for the development of new inhibitors based on tweezers with more functions against 14-3-3 proteins via modifications of CLR01. We also believe that the proposed computational strategies can be extended to understand the binding mechanism of multi-binding sites proteins with supramolecules and will, thus, be useful toward drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhou
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingsong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Dingguo Xu,
| | - Dingguo Xu
- College of Chemistry, MOE Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Research Center for Material Genome Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Xin Wang, ; Dingguo Xu,
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12
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Shahpasand‐Kroner H, Portillo J, Lantz C, Seidler PM, Sarafian N, Loo JA, Bitan G. Three-repeat and four-repeat tau isoforms form different oligomers. Protein Sci 2022; 31:613-627. [PMID: 34902187 PMCID: PMC8862439 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Different tauopathies are characterized by the isoform-specific composition of the aggregates found in the brain and by structurally distinct tau strains. Although tau oligomers have been implicated as important neurotoxic species, little is known about how the primary structures of the six human tau isoforms affect tau oligomerization because the oligomers are metastable and difficult to analyze. To address this knowledge gap, here, we analyzed the initial oligomers formed by the six tau isoforms in the absence of posttranslational modifications or other manipulations using dot blots probed by an oligomer-specific antibody, native-PAGE/western blots, photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins, mass-spectrometry, and ion-mobility spectroscopy. We found that under these conditions, three-repeat (3R) isoforms are more prone than four-repeat (4R) isoforms to form oligomers. We also tested whether known inhibitors of tau aggregation affect its oligomerization using three small molecules representing different classes of tau aggregation inhibitors, Methylene Blue (MB), the molecular tweezer CLR01, and the all-D peptide TLKIVW, for their ability to inhibit or modulate the oligomerization of the six tau isoforms. Unlike their reported inhibitory effect on tau fibrillation, the inhibitors had little or no effect on the initial oligomerization. Our study provides novel insight into the primary-quaternary structure relationship of human tau and suggests that 3R-tau oligomers may be an important target for future development of compounds targeting pathological tau assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedieh Shahpasand‐Kroner
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Jennifer Portillo
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carter Lantz
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Paul M. Seidler
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of Southern California School of PharmacyLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Natalie Sarafian
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Department of Biological ChemistryUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of NeurologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine, University of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Molecular Biology InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA,Brain Research InstituteUniversity of CaliforniaLos AngelesCaliforniaUSA
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13
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Li Y, Xia Y, Yin S, Wan F, Hu J, Kou L, Sun Y, Wu J, Zhou Q, Huang J, Xiong N, Wang T. Targeting Microglial α-Synuclein/TLRs/NF-kappaB/NLRP3 Inflammasome Axis in Parkinson's Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:719807. [PMID: 34691027 PMCID: PMC8531525 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.719807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
According to emerging studies, the excessive activation of microglia and the subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines play important roles in the pathogenesis and progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact mechanisms governing chronic neuroinflammation remain elusive. Findings demonstrate an elevated level of NLRP3 inflammasome in activated microglia in the substantia nigra of PD patients. Activated NLRP3 inflammasome aggravates the pathology and accelerates the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Abnormal protein aggregation of α-synuclein (α-syn), a pathologically relevant protein of PD, were reported to activate the NLRP3 inflammasome of microglia through interaction with toll-like receptors (TLRs). This eventually releases pro-inflammatory cytokines through the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and causes an impairment of mitochondria, thus damaging the dopaminergic neurons. Currently, therapeutic drugs for PD are primarily aimed at providing relief from its clinical symptoms, and there are no well-established strategies to halt or reverse this disease. In this review, we aimed to update existing knowledge on the role of the α-syn/TLRs/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis and microglial activation in PD. In addition, this review summarizes recent progress on the α-syn/TLRs/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammasome axis of microglia as a potential target for PD treatment by inhibiting microglial activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunna Li
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yun Xia
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Sijia Yin
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Fang Wan
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Junjie Hu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Kou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yadi Sun
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiawei Wu
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiulu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsha Huang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Nian Xiong
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Neurology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
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14
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Li Z, Siddique I, Hadrović I, Kirupakaran A, Li J, Zhang Y, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G. Lysine-selective molecular tweezers are cell penetrant and concentrate in lysosomes. Commun Biol 2021; 4:1076. [PMID: 34521989 PMCID: PMC8440717 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-02603-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-selective molecular tweezers are promising drug candidates against proteinopathies, viral infection, and bacterial biofilm. Despite demonstration of their efficacy in multiple cellular and animal models, important questions regarding their mechanism of action, including cell penetrance and intracellular distribution, have not been answered to date. The main impediment to answering these questions has been the low intrinsic fluorescence of the main compound tested to date, called CLR01. Here, we address these questions using new fluorescently labeled molecular tweezers derivatives. We show that these compounds are internalized in neurons and astrocytes, at least partially through dynamin-dependent endocytosis. In addition, we demonstrate that the molecular tweezers concentrate rapidly in acidic compartments, primarily lysosomes. Accumulation of molecular tweezers in lysosomes may occur both through the endosomal-lysosomal pathway and via the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Moreover, by visualizing colocalization of molecular tweezers, lysosomes, and tau aggregates we show that lysosomes likely are the main site for the intracellular anti-amyloid activity of molecular tweezers. These findings have important implications for the mechanism of action of molecular tweezers in vivo, explaining how administration of low doses of the compounds achieves high effective concentrations where they are needed, and supporting the development of these compounds as drugs for currently cureless proteinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zizheng Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ibrar Siddique
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Inesa Hadrović
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Abbna Kirupakaran
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jiwen Li
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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15
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Current experimental disease-modifying therapeutics for multiple system atrophy. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 128:1529-1543. [PMID: 34398313 PMCID: PMC8528757 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a challenging neurodegenerative disorder with a difficult and often inaccurate early diagnosis, still lacking effective treatment. It is characterized by a highly variable clinical presentation with parkinsonism, cerebellar ataxia, autonomic dysfunction, and pyramidal signs, with a rapid progression and an aggressive clinical course. The definite MSA diagnosis is only possible post-mortem, when the presence of distinctive oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), mainly composed of misfolded and aggregated α-Synuclein (α-Syn) is demonstrated. The process of α-Syn accumulation and aggregation within oligodendrocytes is accepted one of the main pathological events underlying MSA. However, MSA is considered a multifactorial disorder with multiple pathogenic events acting together including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and disrupted neurotrophic support, among others. The discussed here treatment approaches are based on our current understanding of the pathogenesis of MSA and the results of preclinical and clinical therapeutic studies conducted over the last 2 decades. We summarize leading disease-modifying approaches for MSA including targeting α-Syn pathology, modulation of neuroinflammation, and enhancement of neuroprotection. In conclusion, we outline some challenges related to the need to overcome the gap in translation between preclinical and clinical studies towards a successful disease modification in MSA.
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16
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Heras-Garvin A, Refolo V, Schmidt C, Malfertheiner K, Wenning GK, Bradbury M, Stamler D, Stefanova N. ATH434 Reduces α-Synuclein-Related Neurodegeneration in a Murine Model of Multiple System Atrophy. Mov Disord 2021; 36:2605-2614. [PMID: 34236731 DOI: 10.1002/mds.28714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by aggregated α-synuclein (α-syn) in oligodendrocytes and accompanied by striatonigral and olivopontocerebellar degeneration and motor symptoms. Key features of MSA are replicated in the PLP-α-syn transgenic mouse, including progressive striatonigral degeneration and motor deterioration. There are currently no approved treatments for MSA. ATH434 is a novel, orally bioavailable brain penetrant small molecule inhibitor of α-syn aggregation. OBJECTIVES To characterize ATH434 for disease modification in a mouse model of MSA. METHODS Six-month-old PLP-α-syn mice (MSA mice) were ATH434-treated (ATH434 in food) or untreated (normal food) for 6 months. Motor behavior and numbers of nigral and striatal neurons were evaluated. α-syn aggregates and oligomers were quantified by immunohistochemical and western blot analyses. Microglial activation and neuroinflammation were assessed by histological and molecular analyses. Ferric iron in the Substantia nigra was evaluated with the Perls method. RESULTS ATH434-treated mice demonstrated preservation of motor performance in MSA mice that was associated with neuroprotection of nigral and striatal neurons. The rescue of the phenotype correlated with the reduction of α-syn inclusions and oligomers in animals receiving ATH434. ATH434-treated mice exhibited significantly increased lysosomal activity of microglia without increased pro-inflammatory markers, suggesting a role in α-syn clearing. ATH434-treatment was associated with lower intracellular nigral iron levels. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate the beneficial disease-modifying effect of ATH434 in oligodendroglial α-synucleinopathy on both the motor phenotype and neurodegenerative pathology in the PLP-α-syn transgenic mouse and support the development of ATH434 for MSA. © 2021 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Violetta Refolo
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claudio Schmidt
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Katja Malfertheiner
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gregor K Wenning
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | | | - Nadia Stefanova
- Laboratory for Translational Neurodegeneration Research, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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17
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Rahman MU, Rehman AU, Arshad T, Chen HF. Disaggregation mechanism of prion amyloid for tweezer inhibitor. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 176:510-519. [PMID: 33607137 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The aggregation of amyloid has been an important event in the pathology of amyloidogenicity. A number of small molecules have been designed for Amyloidosis treatment. Molecular tweezer CLR01, a potential drug for misfolded β-amyloids inhibition, was reportedly bind directly to Lysine residues and interrupt oligomerization. However, the disaggregation mechanism of amyloid for this inhibitor is unclear. Here we used long timescale of molecular dynamic simulation to reveal the mechanism of disaggregation for pentamer prion amyloid. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation demonstrate that CLR01 is attached with Lysine222 nitrogen by π-cation interaction of its nine aromatic rings and formation of salt bridge/hydrogen bond of one of the two rotatable peripheral anionic phosphate groups. Upon CLR01 binding, we found a major shifting occurs in initial conformation of the oligomer and stretch out the N-terminal chain A from the rest of the amyloid which seems to be the first stage of disaggregated the fibrils slowly yet efficiently. Moreover, the CLR01 remodelled the pentamer Prion220-272 into a compact structure which might be the resistant conformation for further oligomerization. Our work will contribute to better understand the interaction and deterioration mechanism of molecular tweezer for prions and similar amyloids, and offer significant insights into therapeutic development for Amyloidosis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mueed Ur Rahman
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ashfaq Ur Rehman
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Taaha Arshad
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hai-Feng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Experimental Teaching Center for Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Center for Bioinformation Technology, Shanghai 200235, China.
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18
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Di J, Siddique I, Li Z, Malki G, Hornung S, Dutta S, Hurst I, Ishaaya E, Wang A, Tu S, Boghos A, Ericsson I, Klärner FG, Schrader T, Bitan G. The molecular tweezer CLR01 improves behavioral deficits and reduces tau pathology in P301S-tau transgenic mice. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2021; 13:6. [PMID: 33397489 PMCID: PMC7784007 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-020-00743-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Molecular tweezers (MTs) are broad-spectrum inhibitors of abnormal protein aggregation. A lead MT, called CLR01, has been demonstrated to inhibit the aggregation and toxicity of multiple amyloidogenic proteins in vitro and in vivo. Previously, we evaluated the effect of CLR01 in the 3 × Tg mouse model of Alzheimer's disease, which overexpresses mutant human presenilin 1, amyloid β-protein precursor, and tau and found that subcutaneous administration of the compound for 1 month led to a robust reduction of amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and microgliosis. CLR01 also has been demonstrated to inhibit tau aggregation in vitro and tau seeding in cell culture, yet because in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and in the 3 × Tg model, tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation are thought to be downstream of Aβ insults, the study in this model left open the question whether CLR01 affected tau in vivo directly or indirectly. METHODS To determine if CLR01 could ameliorate tau pathology directly in vivo, we tested the compound similarly using the P301S-tau (line PS19) mouse model. Mice were administered 0.3 or 1.0 mg/kg per day CLR01 and tested for muscle strength and behavioral deficits, including anxiety- and disinhibition-like behavior. Their brains then were analyzed by immunohistochemical and biochemical assays for pathological forms of tau, neurodegeneration, and glial pathology. RESULTS CLR01 treatment ameliorated muscle-strength deterioration, anxiety-, and disinhibition-like behavior. Improved phenotype was associated with decreased levels of pathologic tau forms, suggesting that CLR01 exerts a direct effect on tau in vivo. Limitations of the study included a relatively short treatment period of the mice at an age in which full pathology is not yet developed. In addition, high variability in this model lowered the statistical significance of the findings of some outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that CLR01 is a particularly attractive candidate for the treatment of AD because it targets simultaneously the two major pathogenic proteins instigating and propagating the disease, amyloid β-protein (Aβ), and tau, respectively. In addition, our study suggests that CLR01 can be used for the treatment of other tauopathies in the absence of amyloid pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Di
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ibrar Siddique
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Zizheng Li
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ghattas Malki
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Simon Hornung
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA.,Present Address: Division of Peptide Biochemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Suman Dutta
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ian Hurst
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ella Ishaaya
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Austin Wang
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Sally Tu
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ani Boghos
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | - Ida Ericsson
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA
| | | | - Thomas Schrader
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gal Bitan
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Gordon Neuroscience Research Building, Room 451, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA, 90095-7334, USA. .,Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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19
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Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease variably associated with motor, nonmotor, and autonomic symptoms, resulting from putaminal and cerebellar degeneration and associated with glial cytoplasmic inclusions enriched with α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Although symptomatic treatment of MSA can provide significant improvements in quality of life, the benefit is often partial, limited by adverse effects, and fails to treat the underlying cause. Consistent with the multisystem nature of the disease and evidence that motor symptoms, autonomic failure, and depression drive patient assessments of quality of life, treatment is best achieved through a coordinated multidisciplinary approach driven by the patient's priorities and goals of care. Research into disease-modifying therapies is ongoing with a particular focus on synuclein-targeted therapies among others. This review focuses on both current management and emerging therapies for this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Burns
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases at UFHealth, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, 3009 SW Williston Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
| | - Nikolaus R. McFarland
- Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases at UFHealth, Movement Disorders Division, Department of Neurology, University of Florida, 3009 SW Williston Rd, Gainesville, FL 32608 USA
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20
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CLR01 protects dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in mouse models of Parkinson's disease. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4885. [PMID: 32985503 PMCID: PMC7522721 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18689-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) affects millions of patients worldwide and is characterized by alpha-synuclein aggregation in dopamine neurons. Molecular tweezers have shown high potential as anti-aggregation agents targeting positively charged residues of proteins undergoing amyloidogenic processes. Here we report that the molecular tweezer CLR01 decreased aggregation and toxicity in induced pluripotent stem cell-derived dopaminergic cultures treated with PD brain protein extracts. In microfluidic devices CLR01 reduced alpha-synuclein aggregation in cell somas when axonal terminals were exposed to alpha-synuclein oligomers. We then tested CLR01 in vivo in a humanized alpha-synuclein overexpressing mouse model; mice treated at 12 months of age when motor defects are mild exhibited an improvement in motor defects and a decreased oligomeric alpha-synuclein burden. Finally, CLR01 reduced alpha-synuclein-associated pathology in mice injected with alpha-synuclein aggregates into the striatum or substantia nigra. Taken together, these results highlight CLR01 as a disease-modifying therapy for PD and support further clinical investigation. CLR01 is a molecular tweezer that inhibits protein aggregation. Here the authors show that CLR01 protects dopaminergic neurons in vitro and in vivo in human neurons and in mouse models showing potential as a disease-modifying therapy for Parkinson’s disease.
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21
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Lemos M, Venezia S, Refolo V, Heras-Garvin A, Schmidhuber S, Giese A, Leonov A, Ryazanov S, Griesinger C, Galabova G, Staffler G, Wenning GK, Stefanova N. Targeting α-synuclein by PD03 AFFITOPE® and Anle138b rescues neurodegenerative pathology in a model of multiple system atrophy: clinical relevance. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:38. [PMID: 32972456 PMCID: PMC7513530 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-00217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Misfolded oligomeric α-synuclein plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of α-synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease and multiple system atrophy, and its detection parallels activation of microglia and a loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta. Here we aimed to analyze the therapeutic efficacy of PD03, a new AFFITOPE® immunotherapy approach, either alone or in combination with Anle138b, in a PLP-α-syn mouse model. Methods The PLP-α-syn mice were treated with PD03 immunotherapy, Anle138b, or a combination of two. Five months after study initiation, the mice underwent behavioral testing and were sacrificed for neuropathological analysis. The treatment groups were compared to the vehicle group with regard to motor performance, nigral neuronal loss, microglial activation and α-synuclein pathology. Results The PLP-α-syn mice receiving the PD03 or Anle138b single therapy showed improvement of gait deficits and preservation of nigral dopaminergic neurons associated with the reduced α-synuclein oligomer levels and decreased microglial activation. The combined therapy with Anle138b and PD03 resulted in lower IgG binding in the brain as compared to the single immunotherapy with PD03. Conclusions PD03 and Anle138b can selectively target oligomeric α-synuclein, resulting in attenuation of neurodegeneration in the PLP-α-syn mice. Both approaches are potential therapies that should be developed further for disease modification in α-synucleinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Lemos
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Serena Venezia
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Violetta Refolo
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | | | - Armin Giese
- Center for Neuropathology and Prion Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrei Leonov
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sergey Ryazanov
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Gergana Galabova
- AFFIRIS AG, Vienna, Austria.,Present Address: Origenis GmbH, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Gregor Karl Wenning
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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22
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Fouka M, Mavroeidi P, Tsaka G, Xilouri M. In Search of Effective Treatments Targeting α-Synuclein Toxicity in Synucleinopathies: Pros and Cons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:559791. [PMID: 33015057 PMCID: PMC7500083 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.559791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) represent pathologically similar, progressive neurodegenerative disorders characterized by the pathological aggregation of the neuronal protein α-synuclein. PD and DLB are characterized by the abnormal accumulation and aggregation of α-synuclein in proteinaceous inclusions within neurons named Lewy bodies (LBs) and Lewy neurites (LNs), whereas in MSA α-synuclein inclusions are mainly detected within oligodendrocytes named glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs). The presence of pathologically aggregated α-synuclein along with components of the protein degradation machinery, such as ubiquitin and p62, in LBs and GCIs is considered to underlie the pathogenic cascade that eventually leads to the severe neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation that characterizes these diseases. Importantly, α-synuclein is proposed to undergo pathogenic misfolding and oligomerization into higher-order structures, revealing self-templating conformations, and to exert the ability of "prion-like" spreading between cells. Therefore, the manner in which the protein is produced, is modified within neural cells and is degraded, represents a major focus of current research efforts in the field. Given that α-synuclein protein load is critical to disease pathogenesis, the identification of means to limit intracellular protein burden and halt α-synuclein propagation represents an obvious therapeutic approach in synucleinopathies. However, up to date the development of effective therapeutic strategies to prevent degeneration in synucleinopathies is limited, due to the lack of knowledge regarding the precise mechanisms underlying the observed pathology. This review critically summarizes the recent developed strategies to counteract α-synuclein toxicity, including those aimed to increase protein degradation, to prevent protein aggregation and cell-to-cell propagation, or to engage antibodies against α-synuclein and discuss open questions and unknowns for future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maria Xilouri
- Center of Clinical Research, Experimental Surgery and Translational Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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23
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Poewe W, Seppi K, Marini K, Mahlknecht P. New hopes for disease modification in Parkinson's Disease. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108085. [PMID: 32298705 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To date, despite numerous clinical trials, no intervention has been demonstrated to modify the progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, over the past decades encouraging progress has been made towards a better understanding of molecular pathways relevant for the neurodegenerative process in PD. This is also based on new insights into the genetic architecture of the disease, revealing multiple novel targets for potentially disease-modifying interventions. Important achievements have also been made in the field of risk markers and combinations thereof, in the form of risk algorithms, will hopefully soon provide the possibility to identify affected individuals at yet prediagnostic or prodromal stages of the illness. Such phases of the disease would provide an ideal window for neuroprotection trials. Taken together, these developments offer hope that a breakthrough towards modifying the course of PD might be reached. In this article we summarize various approaches currently pursued in this quest. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'The Quest for Disease-Modifying Therapies for Neurodegenerative Disorders'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Poewe
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Klaus Seppi
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Kathrin Marini
- Department of Neurology, Medical University Innsbruck, Austria
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24
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Heras-Garvin A, Stefanova N. MSA: From basic mechanisms to experimental therapeutics. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2020; 73:94-104. [PMID: 32005598 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rapidly progressive autonomic and motor dysfunction. Pathologically, MSA is mainly characterized by the abnormal accumulation of misfolded α-synuclein in the cytoplasm of oligodendrocytes, which plays a major role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Striatonigral degeneration and olivopontecerebellar atrophy underlie the motor syndrome, while degeneration of autonomic centers defines the autonomic failure in MSA. At present, there is no treatment that can halt or reverse its progression. However, over the last decade several studies in preclinical models and patients have helped to better understand the pathophysiological events underlying MSA. The etiology of this fatal disorder remains unclear and may be multifactorial, caused by a combination of factors which may serve as targets for novel therapeutic approaches. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge about the etiopathogenesis and neuropathology of MSA, its different preclinical models, and the main disease modifying therapies that have been used so far or that are planned for future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Heras-Garvin
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Nadia Stefanova
- Division of Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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25
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Meissner WG, Fernagut PO, Dehay B, Péran P, Traon APL, Foubert-Samier A, Lopez Cuina M, Bezard E, Tison F, Rascol O. Multiple System Atrophy: Recent Developments and Future Perspectives. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1629-1642. [PMID: 31692132 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare and fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a variable combination of parkinsonism, cerebellar impairment, and autonomic dysfunction. The pathologic hallmark is the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in oligodendrocytes, forming glial cytoplasmic inclusions, which qualifies MSA as a synucleinopathy together with Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies. The underlying pathogenesis is still not well understood. Some symptomatic treatments are available, whereas neuroprotection remains an urgent unmet treatment need. In this review, we critically appraise significant developments of the past decade with emphasis on pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment development. We further discuss unsolved questions and highlight some perspectives. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wassilios G Meissner
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Dept. of Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Université de Poitiers, Poitiers, France.,INSERM, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Expérimentales et Cliniques, Poitiers, France
| | - Benjamin Dehay
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Patrice Péran
- ToNIC, Toulouse NeuroImaging Center, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Anne Pavy-Le Traon
- Services de Neurologie, CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, Toulouse, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires, Toulouse, France
| | - Alexandra Foubert-Samier
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, Bordeaux University, Bordeaux, France
| | - Miguel Lopez Cuina
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erwan Bezard
- Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- CRMR Atrophie Multisystématisée, CHU Bordeaux, Service de Neurologie, Bordeaux, France.,Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Univ. de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France.,CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Bordeaux, France
| | - Olivier Rascol
- Services de Neurologie et de Pharmacologie Clinique, Centre de Reference AMS, Centre d'Investigation Clinique, Réseau NS-Park/FCRIN et Centre of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Disorders (COEN) de Toulouse, CHU de Toulouse, Toulouse 3 University, Toulouse, France
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