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Ávila-Martínez DV, Mixtega-Ruiz WK, Hurtado-Capetillo JM, Lopez-Franco O, Flores-Muñoz M. Counter-regulatory RAS peptides: new therapy targets for inflammation and fibrotic diseases? Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1377113. [PMID: 38666016 PMCID: PMC11044688 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1377113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is an important cascade of enzymes and peptides that regulates blood pressure, volume, and electrolytes. Within this complex system of reactions, its counter-regulatory axis has attracted attention, which has been associated with the pathophysiology of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases. This review article analyzes the impact of different components of the counter-regulatory axis of the RAS on different pathologies. Of these peptides, Angiotensin-(1-7), angiotensin-(1-9) and alamandine have been evaluated in a wide variety of in vitro and in vivo studies, where not only they counteract the actions of the classical axis, but also exhibit independent anti-inflammatory and fibrotic actions when binding to specific receptors, mainly in heart, kidney, and lung. Other functional peptides are also addressed, which despite no reports associated with inflammation and fibrosis to date were found, they could represent a potential target of study. Furthermore, the association of agonists of the counter-regulatory axis is analyzed, highlighting their contribution to the modulation of the inflammatory response counteracting the development of fibrotic events. This article shows an overview of the importance of the RAS in the resolution of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, offering an understanding of the individual components as potential treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana V Ávila-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Wendy K Mixtega-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas, Centro Tlaxcala de Biología de la Conducta, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, Mexico
| | | | - Oscar Lopez-Franco
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Mónica Flores-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Medicina Traslacional, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
- Doctorado en Ciencias de la Salud, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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Lu YP, Zhang ZY, Wu HW, Fang LJ, Hu B, Tang C, Zhang YQ, Yin L, Tang DE, Zheng ZH, Zhu T, Dai Y. SGLT2 inhibitors improve kidney function and morphology by regulating renal metabolic reprogramming in mice with diabetic kidney disease. J Transl Med 2022; 20:420. [PMID: 36104729 PMCID: PMC9476562 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-022-03629-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide. SGLT2 inhibitors are clinically effective in halting DKD progression. However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The serum and kidneys of mice with DKD were analyzed using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS)-based metabolomic and proteomic analyses. Three groups were established: placebo-treated littermate db/m mice, placebo-treated db/db mice and EMPA-treated db/db mice. Empagliflozin (EMPA) and placebo (10 mg/kg/d) were administered for 12 weeks. EMPA treatment decreased Cys-C and urinary albumin excretion compared with placebo by 78.60% and 57.12%, respectively (p < 0.001 in all cases). Renal glomerular area, interstitial fibrosis and glomerulosclerosis were decreased by 16.47%, 68.50% and 62.82%, respectively (p < 0.05 in all cases). Multi-omic analysis revealed that EMPA treatment altered the protein and metabolic profiles in the db/db group, including 32 renal proteins, 51 serum proteins, 94 renal metabolites and 37 serum metabolites. Five EMPA-related metabolic pathways were identified by integrating proteomic and metabolomic analyses, which are involved in renal purine metabolism; pyrimidine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism, and glycine, serine and threonine metabolism in serum. In conclusion, this study demonstrated metabolic reprogramming in mice with DKD. EMPA treatment improved kidney function and morphology by regulating metabolic reprogramming, including regulation of renal reductive stress, alleviation of mitochondrial dysfunction and reduction in renal oxidative stress reaction.
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Pereira-Acácio A, Veloso-Santos JPM, Nossar LF, Costa-Sarmento G, Muzi-Filho H, Vieyra A. Angiotensin-(3–4) normalizes the elevated arterial blood pressure and abnormal Na+/energy handling associated with chronic undernutrition by counteracting the effects mediated by type 1 angiotensin II receptors. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273385. [PMID: 35984814 PMCID: PMC9390919 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms by which chronic administration of a multideficient diet after weaning alters bodily Na+ handling, and culminates in high systolic blood pressure (SBP) at a juvenile age. From 28 to 92 days of age, weaned male Wistar rats were given a diet with low content and poor-quality protein, and low lipid, without vitamin supplementation, which mimics the diets consumed in impoverished regions worldwide. We measured food, energy and Na+ ingestion, together with urinary Na+ excretion, Na+ density (Na+ intake/energy intake), plasma Na+ concentration, SBP, and renal proximal tubule Na+-transporting ATPases. Undernourished rats aged 92 days had only one-third of the control body mass, lower plasma albumin, higher SBP, higher energy intake, and higher positive Na+ balance accompanied by decreased plasma Na+ concentration. Losartan or Ang-(3–4) normalized SBP, and the combination of the 2 substances induced an accentuated negative Na+ balance as a result of strong inhibition of Na+ ingestion. Na+ density in undernourished rats was higher than in control, irrespective of the treatment, and they had downregulated (Na++K+)ATPase and upregulated Na+-ATPase in proximal tubule cells, which returned to control levels after Losartan or Ang-(3–4). We conclude that Na+ density, not only Na+ ingestion, plays a central role in the pathophysiology of elevated SBP in chronically undernourished rats. The observations that Losartan and Ang-(3–4) normalized SBP together with negative Na+ balance give support to the proposal that Ang II⇒AT1R and Ang II⇒AT2R axes have opposite roles within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system of undernourished juvenile rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Pereira-Acácio
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - João P. M. Veloso-Santos
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz F. Nossar
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gloria Costa-Sarmento
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine/REGENERA, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Crisóstomo T, Pardal MA, Herdy SA, Muzi-Filho H, Mello DB, Takiya CM, Luzes R, Vieyra A. Liver steatosis, cardiac and renal fibrosis, and hypertension in overweight rats: Angiotensin-(3–4)-sensitive hepatocardiorenal syndrome. Metabol Open 2022; 14:100176. [PMID: 35392380 PMCID: PMC8980470 DOI: 10.1016/j.metop.2022.100176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overweight/obesity is a growing pandemic that affects many organs and tissues. We have investigated whether a high-lipid diet provokes an imbalance between type 1 and type 2 angiotensin II (Ang II) receptors signaling, leading to liver alterations associated with cardiovascular and kidney disturbances. Chronic administration of a high-lipid diet can provoke hepatocardiorenal syndrome resulting from activation of the Ang II→type 1 receptor axis, which is entirely counteracted by Ang-(3–4), the allosteric enhancer of the Ang II→type 2 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuany Crisóstomo
- Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco A.E. Pardal
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Simone A. Herdy
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Debora B. Mello
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina M. Takiya
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rafael Luzes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, University of Grande Rio, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
- Corresponding author. Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Luzes R, Muzi-Filho H, Pereira-Acácio A, Crisóstomo T, Vieyra A. Angiotensin-(3-4) modulates the overweight- and undernutrition-induced ACE2 downregulation in renal proximal tubule cells: implications for COVID-19? EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2021.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: The renal lesions–including severe acute kidney injury–are severe outcomes in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections. There are no reports regarding the influence of the nutritional status on the severity and progress of these lesions. Ageing is also an important risk factor.
Methods: In the present study we compared the influence of overweight and undernutrition on the levels of renal angiotensin converting enzymes 1 and 2 (ACE and ACE2), which were evaluated by Western blotting. Since the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) has been implicated in the progress of kidney failure during coronavirus disease 2019, the influence of Angiotensin-(3-4) [Ang-(3-4)] was investigated. Ang-(3-4) is the shortest angiotensin-derived peptide, which is considered the physiological antagonist of several Ang II effects.
Results: Both overweight and undernutrition downregulate the levels of ACE2 without influence on the levels of ACE in proximal tubules from kidney rats. Administration of Ang-(3-4) upregulates ACE2 to levels above the control in overweight but not in undernourished rats.
Conclusions: Chronic undernourishment and overnourishment conditions play a central role in the renal ACE/ACE2 balance, and that the role of RAAS is also different in overweight and undernutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Luzes
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, Unigranrio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil 3National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Humberto Muzi-Filho
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 3National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Amaury Pereira-Acácio
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, Unigranrio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil 3National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thuany Crisóstomo
- National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 4Leopoldo de Meis Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-170 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, Unigranrio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil 3National Center of Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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