Comparison of the renal effects of bisphenol A in mice with and without experimental diabetes. Role of sexual dimorphism

Deciphering the molecular mechanism of NLRP3 in BPA-mediated toxicity: Implications for targeted therapies

Bisphenol-A (BPA), a pervasive industrial chemical used in polymer synthesis, is found in numerous consumer products including food packaging, medical devices, and resins. Detectable in a majority of the global population, BPA exposure occurs via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal routes. Extensive research has demonstrated the adverse health effects of BPA, particularly its disruption of immune and endocrine systems, along with genotoxic potential. This review focuses on the complex relationship between BPA exposure and the NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, a multiprotein complex central to inflammatory disease processes. We examine how BPA induces oxidative stress through the generation of intracellular free radicals, subsequently activating NLRP3 signaling. The mechanistic details of this process are explored, including the involvement of signaling cascades such as PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT, AMPK/mTOR, and ERK/MAPK, which are implicated in NLRP3 inflammasome activation. A key focus of this review is the wide-ranging organ toxicities associated with BPA exposure, including hepatic, renal, gastrointestinal, and cardiovascular dysfunction. We investigate the immunopathogenesis and molecular pathways driving these injuries, highlighting the interplay among BPA, oxidative stress, and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Finally, this review explores the emerging concept of targeting NLRP3 as a potential therapeutic strategy to mitigate the organ toxicities stemming from BPA exposure. This work integrates current knowledge, emphasizes complex molecular mechanisms, and promotes further research into NLRP3-targeted interventions.

Oestrogens, adipose tissues and environmental exposures influence obesity and diabetes across the lifecycle

Endogenous oestrogens regulate essential functions to include menstrual cycles, energy balance, adipose tissue distribution, pancreatic β-cell function, insulin sensitivity and lipid homeostasis. Oestrogens are a family of hormones which include oestradiol (E2), oestrone (E1) and oestriol (E3). Oestrogens function by binding and activating oestrogen receptors (ERs). Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds which exhibit oestrogenic-like activity and can bind to ERs. Phytoestrogens exert potential oestrogenic-like benefits; however, their effects are context-dependent and require cautious consideration regarding generalised health benefits. Xenoestrogens are synthetic compounds which have been determined to disrupt endocrine function through binding to ERs. Xenoestrogens enter the body through various routes and given their chemical structure they can accumulate, posing long-term health risks. Xenoestrogens interfere with endogenous oestrogens and their functions contributing to conditions like cancer, infertility, and metabolic disorders. Understanding the interplay between endogenous and exogenous oestrogens is critical in order to determine their potential health consequences and requires further investigation. This manuscript provides a summary of the role endogenous oestrogens have in regulating metabolic functions. Additionally, we discuss the impact phytoestrogens and synthetic xenoestrogens have on biological systems across various life stages. We highlight their mechanisms of action, potential benefits, risks and discuss the need for further research to bridge gaps in understanding and mitigate exposure-related health risks.

Exposure to low dose of Bisphenol A (BPA) intensifies kidney oxidative stress, inflammatory factors expression and modulates Angiotensin II signaling under hypertensive milieu

Humans are constantly exposed to low concentrations of ubiquitous environmental pollutant, Bisphenol A (BPA). Due to the prevalence of hypertension (one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular disease [CVD]) in the population, it is necessary to explore the adverse effect of BPA under hypertension associated pathogenic milieu. The current study exposed the Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) induced hypertensive Wistar rats to low dose BPA (50 μg/kg) for 30 days period. In tissue samples immunohistochemistry, real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzymatic assays were conducted. Moreover, studies on primary kidney cell culture were employed to explore the impact of low dose of BPA exposure at nanomolar level (20-80 nM range) on renal cells through various fluorescence assays. The observed results illustrate that BPA exposure potentiates/aggravates hypertension induced tissue abnormalities (renal fibrosis), oxidative stress (ROS generation), elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme activity, malfunction of the antioxidant and tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes, tissue lipid abnormalities and inflammatory factor expression (both messenger RNA and protein level of TNF-α and IL-6). Further, in vitro exposure of nM levels of BPA to primary kidney cells modulates oxidative stress (both superoxide and total ROS), mitochondrial physiology (reduced mitochondrial transmembrane potential-∆ψm) and lipid peroxidation in a dose dependent manner. In addition, angiotensin II induced ROS generation was aggravated further by BPA during coexposure in kidney cells. Therefore, during risk assessment, a precise investigation on BPA exposure in hypertensive (CVD vulnerable) populations is highly suggested.

Bisphenol A (BPA) and Cardiovascular or Cardiometabolic Diseases

Bisphenol A (BPA; 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol) is a well-known endocrine disruptor. Most human exposure to BPA occurs through the consumption of BPA-contaminated foods. Cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases such as diabetes, obesity, hypertension, acute kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, and heart failure are the leading causes of death worldwide. Positive associations have been reported between blood or urinary BPA levels and cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases. BPA also induces disorders or dysfunctions in the tissues associated with these diseases through various cell signaling pathways. This review highlights the literature elucidating the relationship between BPA and various cardiovascular or cardiometabolic diseases and the potential mechanisms underlying BPA-mediated disorders or dysfunctions in tissues such as blood vessels, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, kidney, and heart that are associated with these diseases.

New environmental factors related to diabetes risk in humans: Emerging bisphenols used in synthesis of plastics

BACKGROUND

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the largest global health emergencies of the 21st century. In recent years, its connection with environmental pollutants, such as bisphenol A (BPA), has been demonstrated; consequently, new structurally similar molecules are used to replace BPA in the plastics industry (BPS, BPF and BPAF).

AIM

To carry out a systematic review to allow coherent evaluation of the state of the art. Subsequently, a meta-analysis was performed to unify the existing quantitative data.

METHODS

Firstly, a systematic review was carried out, using the terms "(bisphenol) AND (Diabetes OR Hyperglycemia)", to maximize the number of results. Subsequently, three authors analyzed the set of articles. Finally, a meta-analysis was performed for each BP, using RevMan software. In addition, funnel plots were developed to study publication bias.

RESULTS

The systematic analysis of the literature revealed 13 recent articles (2017-2023) related to the study paradigm. The qualitative analysis showed interesting data linking diabetes to the three most widely used substitute BPs in the industry: BPS, BPF and BPAF. Finally, the meta-analysis determined a positive relationship with BPS, BPF and BPAF, which was only statistically significant with BPS.

CONCLUSION

There is a need to apply the precautionary principle, regulating the use of new BPs. Therefore, replacing BPA with BPS, BPF or BPAF is unlikely to protect the population from potential health risks, such as DM.

Potential effects of bisphenol A on diabetes mellitus and its chronic complications: A narrative review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disease caused by multiple factors such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle. Bisphenol A (BPA), as one of the most common endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs), has been strongly implicated in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). BPA exposure is associated with target organ damage in DM and may exacerbate the progression of some chronic complications of DM. This paper reviews relevant epidemiological, in vivo, and in vitro studies to better understand BPA's potential risk associations and pathological mechanisms in several chronic diabetic complications.

The Relationship between Typical Environmental Endocrine Disruptors and Kidney Disease

Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are exogenous substances that alter the endocrine function of an organism, to result in adverse effects on growth and development, metabolism, and reproductive function. The kidney is one of the most important organs in the urinary system and an accumulation point. Studies have shown that EDCs can cause proteinuria, affect glomeruli and renal tubules, and even lead to diabetes and renal fibrosis in animal and human studies. In this review, we discuss renal accumulation of select EDCs such as dioxins, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), bisphenol A (BPA), and phthalates, and delineate how exposures to such EDCs cause renal lesions and diseases, including cancer. The regulation of typical EDCs with specific target genes and the activation of related pathways are summarized.

Relationship between emergent BPA-substitutes and renal and cardiovascular diseases in adult population

Plastic waste pollution is one of the leading environmental problems of modern society. Its use, disposal, and recycling lead to the release of xenobiotic compounds such as bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor related to numerous pathologies. Due to the new restrictions on its use, it is gradually being replaced by derived molecules, such as bisphenol F or S (BPF or BPS), whose health risks have not yet been adequately studied. In the present work, significant relationships between the new BPA substitute molecules and renal and cardiovascular diseases have been detected by performing binomial and multinomial logistic regressions in one of the world's largest cohorts of urinary phenols. The results have shown a significant relationship between urinary BPF and renal function or heart disease (specifically congestive heart failure). Urinary BPS has shown a positive relationship with the risk of hypertension and a negative relationship with kidney disease. Consequently, applying new substitute molecules could imply potential health risks equivalent to BPA.

Association between urinary concentrations of bisphenol A substitutes and diabetes in adults

BACKGROUND

Due to new restrictions on the use of bisphenol A (BPA), industries are beginning to replace it with derived molecules such as bisphenol S and F (BPS and BPF). There is extensive evidence in the academic literature on the potential health effects of BPA, which is known to be a diabetogenic molecule. However, there are few publications related to new compounds derived from BPA.

AIM

To perform an epidemiological study of urinary BPS and BPF in the American National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) cohort, and analyze their possible relationship with diabetes mellitus.

METHODS

NHANES datasets from 2013 to 2016 were used due to the urinary BPF and BPS availability. Data from 3658 adults were analyzed to perform regression analysis exploring the possible relationship between BPA-derived compounds and diabetes.

RESULTS

Descriptive statistics, linear regression modeling, and logistic regression analysis revealed a significant relationship between urinary BPS, but not BPF, and diabetes risk. Additionally, a relationship was observed between both compounds and hypertension and a slight relationship between BPF and dyslipidemia.

CONCLUSION

In the present study, a strong relationship between urinary BPS, not BPF, and diabetes risk has been determined. BPA substitute molecules do not exempt the population from potential health risks.