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Zhou Y, Xu Z, Liu Z. Role of IL-33-ST2 pathway in regulating inflammation: current evidence and future perspectives. J Transl Med 2023; 21:902. [PMID: 38082335 PMCID: PMC10714644 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04782-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is an alarmin of the IL-1 superfamily localized to the nucleus of expressing cells, such as endothelial cells, epithelial cells, and fibroblasts. In response to cellular damage or stress, IL-33 is released and activates innate immune responses in some immune and structural cells via its receptor interleukin-1 receptor like-1 (IL-1RL1 or ST2). Recently, IL-33 has become a hot topic of research because of its role in pulmonary inflammation. The IL-33-ST2 signaling pathway plays a pro-inflammatory role by activating the type 2 inflammatory response, producing type 2 cytokines and chemokines. Elevated levels of IL-33 and ST2 have been observed in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD). Notably, IL-33 is present in COPD induced by cigarette smoke or acute inflammations. The role of IL-33 in sepsis is becoming increasingly prominent, and understanding its significance in the treatment of sepsis associated with high mortality is critical. In addition to its pro-inflammatory effects, the IL-33-ST2 axis appears to play a role in bacterial clearance and tissue repair. In this review, we focused on the role of the IL-33-ST2 axis in sepsis, asthma, and COPD and summarized the therapeutic targets associated with this axis, providing a basis for future treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhendong Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Li W, Liu M, Chu M. Strategies targeting IL-33/ST2 axis in the treatment of allergic diseases. Biochem Pharmacol 2023; 218:115911. [PMID: 37981174 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2023.115911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) and its receptor Serum Stimulation-2 (ST2, also called Il1rl1) are members of the IL-1 superfamily that plays a crucial role in allergic diseases. The interaction of IL-33 and ST2 mainly activates NF-κB signaling and MAPK signaling via the MyD88/IRAK/TRAF6 module, resulting in the production and secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The IL-33/ST2 axis participates in the pathogenesis of allergic diseases, and therefore serves as a promising strategy for allergy treatment. In recent years, strategies blocking IL-33/ST2 through targeting regulation of IL-33 and ST2 or targeting the molecules involved in the signal transduction have been extensively studied mostly in animal models. These studies provide various potential therapeutic agents other than antibodies, such as small molecules, nucleic acids and traditional Chinese medicines. Herein, we reviewed potential targets and agents targeting IL-33/ST2 axis in the treatment of allergic diseases, providing directions for further investigations on treatments for IL-33 induced allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenran Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Peking University. Beijing, China
| | - Mengqi Liu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Peking University. Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Centre, Peking University. Beijing, China; Beijing Life Science Academy, Beijing, China.
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3
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Chatterjee A, Azevedo-Martins JM, Stachler MD. Interleukin-33 as a Potential Therapeutic Target in Gastric Cancer Patients: Current Insights. Onco Targets Ther 2023; 16:675-687. [PMID: 37583706 PMCID: PMC10424681 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s389120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is a significant global health problem as it is the fifth most prevalent cancer worldwide and the fourth leading cause of cancer-related mortality. While cytotoxic chemotherapy remains the primary treatment for advanced GC, response rates are limited. Recent progresses, focused on molecular signalling within gastric cancer, have ignited new hope for potential therapeutic targets that may improve survival and/or reduce the toxic effects of traditional therapies. Carcinomas are generally initiated when critical regulatory genes get mutated, but the progression to malignancy is usually supported by the non-neoplastic cells that create a conducive environment for transformation and progression to occur. Interleukin 33 (IL-33) functions as a dual activity cytokine as it is also a nuclear factor. IL-33 is usually present in the nuclei of the cells. Upon tissue damage, it is released into the extracellular space and binds to its receptor, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) L, which is expressed on the membranes of the target cells. IL-33 signalling activates the T Helper 2 (Th2) immune response among other responses. Although the studies on the role of IL-33 in gastric cancer are still in the early stages, they have revealed potentially important (though sometimes conflicting) functions or roles in cancer development and progression. The pro-tumorigenic roles include induction and the recruitment of tumor-associated immune cells, promoting metaplasia progression, and inducing stem cell like and EMT properties in gastric cancer cells. Therapeutic interventions to disrupt these functions may provide a unique strategy for gastric cancer prevention and treatment. This review aims to provide a summary of the role of IL-33 in GC, state its multiple functions in relation to GC, and show potential avenues for promising therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annesha Chatterjee
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Matthew D Stachler
- University of California San Francisco, Department of Pathology, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Brunetti G, Barile B, Nicchia GP, Onorati F, Luciani GB, Galeone A. The ST2/IL-33 Pathway in Adult and Paediatric Heart Disease and Transplantation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1676. [PMID: 37371771 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11061676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
ST2 is a member of interleukin 1 receptor family with soluble sST2 and transmembrane ST2L isoforms. The ligand of ST2 is IL-33, which determines the activation of numerous intracytoplasmic mediators following the binding with ST2L and IL-1RAcP, leading to nuclear signal and cardiovascular effect. Differently, sST2 is released in the blood and works as a decoy receptor, binding IL-33 and blocking IL-33/ST2L interaction. sST2 is mainly involved in maintaining homeostasis and/or alterations of different tissues, as counterbalance/activation of IL-33/ST2L axis is typically involved in the development of fibrosis, tissue damage, inflammation and remodeling. sST2 has been described in different clinical reports as a fundamental prognostic marker in patients with cardiovascular disease, as well as marker for the treatment monitoring of patients with heart failure; however, further studies are needed to better elucidate its role. In this review we reported the current knowledge about its role in coronary artery disease, heart failure, heart transplantation, heart valve disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension, and cardiovascular interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomina Brunetti
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Barbara Barile
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Grazia Paola Nicchia
- Department of Biosciences, Biotechnologies and Environment, University of Bari Aldo Moro, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Onorati
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Giovanni Battista Luciani
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Galeone
- Department of Surgery, Dentistry, Pediatrics and Gynecology, Division of Cardiac Surgery, University of Verona, 37129 Verona, Italy
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5
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Thanikachalam PV, Ramamurthy S, Mallapu P, Varma SR, Narayanan J, Abourehab MA, Kesharwani P. Modulation of IL-33/ST2 signaling as a potential new therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2023; 71-72:94-104. [PMID: 37422366 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
IL-33 belongs to the IL-1 family of cytokines, which function as inducers of Th2 cytokine production by binding with ST2L and IL-1RAcP. This, in turn, activates various signaling pathways, including the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), the inhibitor of Kappa-B kinase (IKK) pathway, and the phospholipase D-sphingosine kinase pathway. IL-33 has demonstrated protective effects against various cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) by inducing Th2 cytokines and promoting alternative activating M2 polarization. However, the soluble decoy form of ST2 (sST2) mitigates the biological effects of IL-33, exacerbating CVDs. Furthermore, IL-33 also plays a significant role in the development of asthma, arthritis, atopic dermatitis, and anaphylaxis through the activation of Th2 cells and mast cells. In this review, we aim to demonstrate the protective role of IL-33 against CVDs from 2005 to the present and explore the potential of serum soluble ST2 (sST2) as a diagnostic biomarker for CVDs. Therefore, IL-33 holds promise as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punniyakoti Veeraveedu Thanikachalam
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Saveetha College of Pharmacy, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, India.
| | - Srinivasan Ramamurthy
- College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, University of Science and Technology of Fujairah, Fujairah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Poojitha Mallapu
- Department of Pharmacology, GRT Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tiruttani, India
| | - Sudhir Rama Varma
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Jayaraj Narayanan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman university, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammed As Abourehab
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prashant Kesharwani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India; University Institute of Pharma Sciences, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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6
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Chen J, Xiao P, Song D, Song D, Chen Z, Li H. Growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (ST2): Clinical research and application in the cardiovascular related diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:1007450. [PMID: 36407452 PMCID: PMC9671940 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.1007450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As an interleukin (IL)-1 receptor family member, scientists found that when circulating soluble growth stimulation expressed gene 2 (sST2) is low, its ligand, IL-33, will bind to ST2L to exert protective effects on various types of cells. On the other hand, competitive binding of IL-33 occurs when sST2 concentrations are increased, followed by a reduction in the amount available for cell protection. Based on this mechanism, the usage of sST2 is to identify the population of high-risk patients with cardiovascular disease. In recent years, the role of serum sST2 in the occurrence, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of cardiovascular diseases has been gradually accepted by doctors. This manuscript systemically reviews the biological functions and applications of sST2 in disease diagnosis and treatment, especially for cardiovascular diseases. In clinical testing, since IL-33 can negatively impact sST2 measurement accuracy, the properties of current assay kits have been summarized and discussed to provide a clear view of the clinical chemistry results. Although sST2 is a promising biomarker, there are few quantitative approaches available for clinical testing. In this context, a mass spectrometry (MS)-based approach might be an option, as this is a powerful analytical tool to distinguish structurally related molecules in the matrix and decrease false-positive results in clinical testing. Moreover, approaches developed based on MS would be an ideal way to further study sST2 standardization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchao Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Peng Xiao,
| | - Dan Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Dewei Song
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- College of Materials and Chemistry, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Li
- National Institute of Metrology, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Metrology and Applications on Nutrition and Health for State Market Regulation, Beijing, China
- Hongmei Li,
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7
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Yi XM, Lian H, Li S. Signaling and functions of interleukin-33 in immune regulation and diseases. CELL INSIGHT 2022; 1:100042. [PMID: 37192860 PMCID: PMC10120307 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellin.2022.100042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) which belongs to the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family is an alarmin cytokine with critical roles in tissue homeostasis, pathogenic infection, inflammation, allergy and type 2 immunity. IL-33 transmits signals through its receptor IL-33R (also called ST2) which is expressed on the surface of T helper 2 (Th2) cells and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), thus inducing transcription of Th2-associated cytokine genes and host defense against pathogens. Moreover, the IL-33/IL-33R axis is also involved in development of multiple types of immune-related diseases. In this review, we focus on current progress on IL-33-trigggered signaling events, the important functions of IL-33/IL-33R axis in health and diseases as well as the promising therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Mei Yi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Huan Lian
- Department of Microbial Pathogenesis, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, 06536, USA
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, Research Unit of Innate Immune and Inflammatory Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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8
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Yeoh WJ, Vu VP, Krebs P. IL-33 biology in cancer: An update and future perspectives. Cytokine 2022; 157:155961. [PMID: 35843125 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines that is constitutively expressed in the nucleus of epithelial, endothelial and fibroblast-like cells. Upon cell stress, damage or necrosis, IL-33 is released into the cytoplasm to exert its prime role as an alarmin by binding to its specific receptor moiety, ST2. IL-33 exhibits pleiotropic function in inflammatory diseases and particularly in cancer. IL-33 may play a dual role as both a pro-tumorigenic and anti-tumorigenic cytokine, dependent on tumor and cellular context, expression levels, bioactivity and the nature of the inflammatory environment. In this review, we discuss the differential contribution of IL-33 to malignant or inflammatory conditions, its multifaceted effects on the tumor microenvironment, while providing possible explanations for the discrepant findings described in the literature. Additionally, we examine the emerging and divergent functions of IL-33 in the nucleus, and aspects of IL-33 biology that are currently under-addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jie Yeoh
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vivian P Vu
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Krebs
- Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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9
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Yang K, Tian C, Zhang C, Xiang M. The Controversial Role of IL-33 in Lung Cancer. Front Immunol 2022; 13:897356. [PMID: 35634336 PMCID: PMC9134343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.897356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) belongs to the interleukin-1 (IL-1) family, and its structure is similar to IL-18. When cells are damaged or undergo necrosis, mature form of IL-33 is secreted as a cytokine, which can activate the immune system and provide danger signals. The IL-33/ST2 signaling pathway is composed of IL-33, suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), and IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAcP). IL-33 has been reported to be strongly associated with lung cancer progression, and can exhibit opposite effects on lung cancer under different conditions. In this review, we have summarized the structure and basic functions of IL-33, its possible function in immune regulation, and its role in pulmonary fibrosis as well as in lung cancer. We have highlighted the dual regulation of IL-33 in lung cancer and proposed potential lung cancer treatment regimens, especially new immunotherapies, based on its mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keshan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Chengliang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy of Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong Science and Technology University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- *Correspondence: Ming Xiang,
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10
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Tan XY, Jing HY, Ma YR. Interleukin-33/ Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 in Renal Fibrosis: Emerging Roles in Prognosis and Treatment. Front Physiol 2022; 12:792897. [PMID: 35046838 PMCID: PMC8761767 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.792897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major public health problem that affects more than 10% of the population worldwide and has a high mortality rate. Therefore, it is necessary to identify novel treatment strategies for CKD. Incidentally, renal fibrosis plays a central role in the progression of CKD to end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The activation of inflammatory pathways leads to the development of renal fibrosis. In fact, interleukin-33 (IL-33), a newly discovered member of the interleukin 1 (IL-1) cytokine family, is a crucial regulator of the inflammatory process. It exerts pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic effects via the suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) receptor, which, in turn, activates other inflammatory pathways. Although the role of this pathway in cardiac, pulmonary, and hepatic fibrotic diseases has been extensively studied, its precise role in renal fibrosis has not yet been completely elucidated. Recent studies have shown that a sustained activation of IL-33/ST2 pathway promotes the development of renal fibrosis. However, with prolonged research in this field, it is expected that the IL-33/ST2 pathway will be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for renal diseases. In addition, the IL-33/ST2 pathway seems to be a new target for the future treatment of CKD. Here, we review the mechanisms and potential applications of the IL-33/ST2 pathway in renal fibrosis; such that it can help clinicians and researchers to explore effective treatment options and develop novel medicines for CKD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Tan
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao-Yue Jing
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yue-Rong Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
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11
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Huang F, Chen WY, Ma J, He XL, Wang JW. Paradoxical role of interleukin-33/suppressor of tumorigenicity 2 in colorectal carcinogenesis: Progress and therapeutic potential. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:23-34. [PMID: 35071502 PMCID: PMC8727260 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i1.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is presently the second most prevalent global mortality-inducing cancer. CRC carcinogenesis is a multifactorial process involving internal genetic mutations and the external environment. In addition, non-neoplastic cell activities within tumor microenvironments for CRC development have been established. However, interleukin (IL)-33, secreted by such cell types, plays a pivotal role in cancer progression due to interaction with cellular constituents within the tumor-inflammation microenvironment. IL-33 belongs to the IL-1 cytokine family and acts as binding attachments for the suppressor of tumorigenicity (ST)2 receptor. Therefore, how to coordinate tumor microenvironment, design and optimize treatment strategies suitable for CRC, based on IL-33/ST2 signal is a challenge. Even though it has established influences upon immunity-linked conditions, IL-33 effects on CRC progression and prevention and related mechanisms are still controversial. Our review depicts controversial activities for IL-33/ST2 within carcinogenesis and cancer prevention. Moreover, IL-33/ST2 signaling is a potential therapeutic target for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial Peoples’ Hospital, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrine Gland Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wan-Yuan Chen
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial Peoples’ Hospital, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jie Ma
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial Peoples’ Hospital, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Lei He
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial Peoples’ Hospital, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jian-Wei Wang
- Department of Pathology, Laboratory Medicine Center, Zhejiang Provincial Peoples’ Hospital, Peoples’ Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
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12
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Sun Y, Wen Y, Wang L, Wen L, You W, Wei S, Mao L, Wang H, Chen Z, Yang X. Therapeutic Opportunities of Interleukin-33 in the Central Nervous System. Front Immunol 2021; 12:654626. [PMID: 34079543 PMCID: PMC8165230 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.654626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, is involved in various diseases. IL-33 exerts its effects via its heterodimeric receptor complex, which comprises suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) and the IL-1 receptor accessory protein (IL-1RAP). Increasing evidence has demonstrated that IL-33/ST2 signaling plays diverse but crucial roles in the homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) and the pathogenesis of CNS diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases, cerebrovascular diseases, infection, trauma, and ischemic stroke. In the current review, we focus on the functional roles and cellular signaling mechanisms of IL-33 in the CNS and evaluate the potential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Sun
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yankai Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Luxi Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Liang Wen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wendong You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Wei
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin Mao
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zuobing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaofeng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Saikumar Jayalatha AK, Hesse L, Ketelaar ME, Koppelman GH, Nawijn MC. The central role of IL-33/IL-1RL1 pathway in asthma: From pathogenesis to intervention. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 225:107847. [PMID: 33819560 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33), a member of the IL-1 family, and its cognate receptor, Interleukin-1 receptor like-1 (IL-1RL1 or ST2), are susceptibility genes for childhood asthma. In response to cellular damage, IL-33 is released from barrier tissues as an 'alarmin' to activate the innate immune response. IL-33 drives type 2 responses by inducing signalling through its receptor IL-1RL1 in several immune and structural cells, thereby leading to type 2 cytokine and chemokine production. IL-1RL1 gene transcript encodes different isoforms generated through alternative splicing. Its soluble isoform, IL-1RL1-a or sST2, acts as a decoy receptor by sequestering IL-33, thereby inhibiting IL1RL1-b/IL-33 signalling. IL-33 and its receptor IL-1RL1 are therefore considered as putative biomarkers or targets for pharmacological intervention in asthma. This review will provide an overview of the genetics and biology of the IL-33/IL-1RL1 pathway in the context of asthma pathogenesis. It will discuss the potential and complexities of targeting the cytokine or its receptor, how genetics or biomarkers may inform precision medicine for asthma targeting this pathway, and the possible positioning of therapeutics targeting IL-33 or its receptor in the expanding landscape of novel biologicals applied in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Saikumar Jayalatha
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research (EXPIRE), Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - L Hesse
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research (EXPIRE), Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M E Ketelaar
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research (EXPIRE), Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - G H Koppelman
- University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Beatrix Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatric Pulmonology and Paediatric Allergology, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - M C Nawijn
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, Laboratory of Experimental Pulmonology and Inflammation Research (EXPIRE), Groningen, the Netherlands; University of Groningen University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, Groningen, the Netherlands.
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14
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Kumar V. Toll-like receptors in sepsis-associated cytokine storm and their endogenous negative regulators as future immunomodulatory targets. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 89:107087. [PMID: 33075714 PMCID: PMC7550173 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis infects more than 48.9 million people world-wide, with 19.7 million deaths. Cytokine storm plays a significant role in sepsis, along with severe COVID-19. TLR signaling pathways plays a crucial role in generating the cytokine storm. Endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling are crucial to regulate cytokine storm.
Cytokine storm generates during various systemic acute infections, including sepsis and current pandemic called COVID-19 (severe) causing devastating inflammatory conditions, which include multi-organ failure or multi-organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) and death of the patient. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are one of the major pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) expressed by immune cells as well as non-immune cells, including neurons, which play a crucial role in generating cytokine storm. They recognize microbial-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs, expressed by pathogens) and damage or death-associate molecular patterns (DAMPs; released and/expressed by damaged/killed host cells). Upon recognition of MAMPs and DAMPs, TLRs activate downstream signaling pathways releasing several pro-inflammatory mediators [cytokines, chemokines, interferons, and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS or RNS)], which cause acute inflammation meant to control the pathogen and repair the damage. Induction of an exaggerated response due to genetic makeup of the host and/or persistence of the pathogen due to its evasion mechanisms may lead to severe systemic inflammatory condition called sepsis in response to the generation of cytokine storm and organ dysfunction. The activation of TLR-induced inflammatory response is hardwired to the induction of several negative feedback mechanisms that come into play to conclude the response and maintain immune homeostasis. This state-of-the-art review describes the importance of TLR signaling in the onset of the sepsis-associated cytokine storm and discusses various host-derived endogenous negative regulators of TLR signaling pathways. The subject is very important as there is a vast array of genes and processes implicated in these negative feedback mechanisms. These molecules and mechanisms can be targeted for developing novel therapeutic drugs for cytokine storm-associated diseases, including sepsis, severe COVID-19, and other inflammatory diseases, where TLR-signaling plays a significant role.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kumar
- Children Health Clinical Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia; School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, ST Lucia, Brisbane, Queensland 4078, Australia.
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15
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Hu X, Zhang H, Song Y, Yang Q, Zhuang L, Jin G, Zhang S, Sun W, Shi Z. Soluble ST2 is associated with increased carotid intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A case-control study. Medicine (Baltimore) 2020; 99:e18940. [PMID: 32000412 PMCID: PMC7004757 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000018940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (sST2) is a free form of membrane-bound ST2, which is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family. Previous research has shown that sST2 is associated with diabetes, but cardiovascular risk factors have not been established.To analyze the relationship between sST2 and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).After screening, a total of 118 subjects with T2DM were divided into 2 groups according to the measurement of CIMT (normal CIMT (NCIMT), n = 58; abnormal CIMT (ACIMT), n = 60), and 60 healthy subjects (normal control (NC), n = 60) were recruited in this study. CIMT was measured by a color Doppler ultrasound, and sST2 and other metabolic parameters were measured as well.The median concentration of sST2 was elevated in the ACIMT group (31.30 ng/ml) compared with the NCIMT group (28.29 ng/ml, P < .01) and the NC group (20.15 ng/ml, P < .01). After adjustment for age and sex, log sST2 was strongly associated with smoking history (β = 0.197, 95% CI, 0.084-0.311, P < .01), FPG level (β = 0.302, 95% CI, 0.162-0.442, P < .01) and HbA1c level (β = 0.296, 95% CI, 0.165-0.426, P < .01) and negatively correlated with HDL level (β = -0.153, 95% CI, -0.259 to -0.046, P < .01). Furthermore, sST2 level was a risk factor for increased CIMT in patients with T2DM.Increased sST2 level not only was associated with indicators of glucose and lipid metabolism but also was a risk factor for increased CIMT in patients with T2DM. Thus, sST2 may be a potential novel marker to assess the progression of diabetic macrovascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shirong Zhang
- Laboratory of the Endocrinology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui, China
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16
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Chang CP, Hu MH, Hsiao YP, Wang YC. ST2 Signaling in the Tumor Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1240:83-93. [PMID: 32060890 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-38315-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), also known as interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (IL1RL1), is one of the natural receptors of IL-33. Three major isoforms, ST2L (transmembrane form), sST2 (soluble form), and ST2V, are generated by alternative splicing. Damage to stromal cells induces necrosis and release of IL-33, which binds to heterodimeric ST2L/IL-1RAcP complex on the membrane of a variety of immune cells. This IL-33/ST2L signal induces transcription of the downstream inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes by activating diverse intracellular kinases and factors to mount an adequate immune response, even in tumor microenvironment. For example, activation of IL-33/ST2L signal may trigger Th2-dependent M2 macrophage polarization to facilitate tumor progression. Notably, sST2 is a soluble form of ST2 that lacks a transmembrane domain but preserves an extracellular domain similar to ST2L, which acts as a "decoy" receptor for IL-33. sST2 has been shown to involve in the inflammatory tumor microenvironment and the progression of colorectal cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, and gastric cancer. Therefore, targeting the IL-33/ST2 axis becomes a promising new immunotherapy for treatment of many cancers. This chapter reviews the recent findings on IL-33/ST2L signaling in tumor microenvironment, the trafficking mode of sST2, and the pharmacological strategies to target IL-33/ST2 axis for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Peng Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Hsuan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Peng Hsiao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ching Wang
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan. .,Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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17
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The ST2/Interleukin-33 Axis in Hematologic Malignancies: The IL-33 Paradox. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20205226. [PMID: 31652497 PMCID: PMC6834139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20205226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-33 is a chromatin-related nuclear interleukin that is a component of IL-1 family. IL-33 production augments the course of inflammation after cell damage or death. It is discharged into the extracellular space. IL-33 is regarded as an “alarmin” able to stimulate several effectors of the immune system, regulating numerous immune responses comprising cancer immune reactions. IL-33 has been demonstrated to influence tumorigenesis. However, as far as this cytokine is concerned, we are faced with what has sometimes been defined as the IL-33 paradox. Several studies have demonstrated a relevant role of IL-33 to numerous malignancies, where it may have pro- and—less frequently—antitumorigenic actions. In the field of hematological malignancies, the role of IL-33 seems even more complex. Although we can affirm the existence of a negative role of IL-33 in Chronic myelogenos leukemia (CML) and in lymphoproliferative diseases and a positive role in pathologies such as Acute myeloid leukemia (AML), the action of IL-33 seems to be multiple and sometimes contradictory within the same pathology. In the future, we will have to learn to govern the negative aspects of activating the IL-33/ST2 axis and exploit the positive ones.
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18
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Alvarez F, Fritz JH, Piccirillo CA. Pleiotropic Effects of IL-33 on CD4 + T Cell Differentiation and Effector Functions. Front Immunol 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 30949175 PMCID: PMC6435597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, was originally described in 2005 as a promoter of type 2 immune responses. However, recent evidence reveals a more complex picture. This cytokine is released locally as an alarmin upon cellular damage where innate cell types respond to IL-33 by modulating their differentiation and influencing the polarizing signals they provide to T cells at the time of antigen presentation. Moreover, the prominent expression of the IL-33 receptor, ST2, on GATA3+ T helper 2 cells (TH2) demonstrated that IL-33 could have a direct impact on T cells. Recent observations reveal that T-bet+ TH1 cells and Foxp3+ regulatory T (TREG) cells can also express the ST2 receptor, either transiently or permanently. As such, IL-33 can have a direct effect on the dynamics of T cell populations. As IL-33 release was shown to play both an inflammatory and a suppressive role, understanding the complex effect of this cytokine on T cell homeostasis is paramount. In this review, we will focus on the factors that modulate ST2 expression on T cells, the effect of IL-33 on helper T cell responses and the role of IL-33 on TREG cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Alvarez
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Jörg H. Fritz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Montréal, QC, Canada
- McGill University Research Center on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Shaw CH, Gao G, Wiens GD. Differential expression and evolution of three tandem, interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 genes in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 87:193-203. [PMID: 29886053 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-1 receptor-like 1 (Il1rl1 or ST2), a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family, has pleiotropic roles including tissue homeostasis, inflammation, immune polarization, and disease resistance in mammals. A single orthologue was previously described in salmonid fish; however, a recently improved genome assembly of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) revealed three adjacent, tandem il1rl1 orthologues on chromosome Omy 03. Here, we report the genomic organization and evolution of the three il1rl1 genes (il1rl1α, il1rl1β, il1rl1γ), and use both RNA-seq and gene-specific qPCR methods to quantify expression patterns. Nucleotide sequence homology between the three genes is >95% and each predicted protein contains three IG/IG-like domains, a transmembrane region and a TIR domain. The amino acid sequence homology of the rainbow trout il1rl1 genes are highly related to two functional copies in Atlantic and Coho salmon (∼94%) but relatively low (22-26%) with avian and mammalian species. Transcript abundance measured by RNA-seq in 15 tissues of healthy adult rainbow trout indicate constitutive expression of each gene. In whole body lysates, il1rl1α was shown to have >20 fold mRNA expression compared to il1rl1β and il1rl1γ as measured by qPCR assays specific to il1rl1α or il1rl1γ, as well as a multi-gene qPCR assay (il1rl1α,β,γ). Unrooted phylogenetic trees grouped the rainbow trout il1rl1 genes apart from other interleukin-1 receptor family genes and genomic comparisons identify preserved synteny between mammals, birds and salmonids albeit a pseudogene is present in both Atlantic salmon and Coho salmon. Phylogenetic analyses suggest that the three genes arose by tandem duplication but are inconclusive whether these events occurred prior-to or after salmonid speciation. These findings further the understanding of interleukin receptor family evolution and their contribution to teleost immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassidy H Shaw
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
| | - Guangtu Gao
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA
| | - Gregory D Wiens
- National Center for Cool and Cold Water Aquaculture, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, Kearneysville, WV 25430, USA.
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20
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The Role of IL-33/ST2 Pathway in Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092676. [PMID: 30205617 PMCID: PMC6164146 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is initiated by mutations in critical regulatory genes; however, its progression to malignancy is aided by non-neoplastic cells and molecules that create a permissive environment known as the tumor stroma or microenvironment (TME). Interleukin 33 (IL-33) is a dual function cytokine that also acts as a nuclear factor. IL-33 typically resides in the nucleus of the cells where it is expressed. However, upon tissue damage, necrosis, or injury, it is quickly released into extracellular space where it binds to its cognate receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2)L found on the membrane of target cells to potently activate a T Helper 2 (Th2) immune response, thus, it is classified as an alarmin. While its role in immunity and immune-related disorders has been extensively studied, its role in tumorigenesis is only beginning to be elucidated and has revealed opposing roles in tumor development. The IL-33/ST2 axis is emerging as a potent modulator of the TME. By recruiting a cohort of immune cells, it can remodel the TME to promote malignancy or impose tumor regression. Here, we review its multiple functions in various cancers to better understand its potential as a therapeutic target to block tumor progression or as adjuvant therapy to enhance the efficacy of anticancer immunotherapies.
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21
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Jha D, Goenka L, Ramamoorthy T, Sharma M, Dhandapani VE, George M. Prognostic role of soluble ST2 in acute coronary syndrome with diabetes. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48:e12994. [PMID: 29992539 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients are at an increased risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). The objective of our study was to assess whether cardiac biomarker like soluble ST2 (sST2) can predict MACE among ACS patients with diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 122 patients with ACS were included in the study. sST2 level in blood plasma samples was quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Prognostic utility of sST2 for the primary outcome of MACE which included mortality, rehospitalization due to chest pain, unstable angina, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke, was assessed during follow-up. RESULTS The median follow-up period was of 180 days. ROC (receiver operating characteristic) curve demonstrated that elevated levels of sST2 were able to predict mortality, and MACE in ACS patients, along with increased risk of occurrence of MACE and mortality in ACS patients having diabetes. Kaplan-Meier plots revealed a significant increase in the occurrence of MACE in diabetic ACS patients (P = 0.006; by log-rank test). Cox regression analysis revealed that sST2 is not an independent predictor of mortality and MACE in ACS patients having diabetes; however, high sST2 level was found to be a predictor of MACE in all ACS subjects in the fully adjusted model with a hazard ratio (HR) of 5.8 (P = 0.032). CONCLUSION The current study indicates that elevated levels of sST2 might be a suitable biomarker to evaluate the risk of future adverse cardiovascular events in ACS patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durga Jha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
| | - Luxitaa Goenka
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
| | - Thilagavathi Ramamoorthy
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, SRM University, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
| | - Masum Sharma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
| | - Vellala E Dhandapani
- Department of Cardiology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
| | - Melvin George
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, SRM Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Kattankulathur, TamilNadu, India
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22
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Critical Roles of IL-33/ST2 Pathway in Neurological Disorders. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:5346413. [PMID: 29507527 PMCID: PMC5817350 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5346413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is an IL-1 family member, which exhibits both pro- and anti-inflammatory properties solely based on the type of the disease itself. Generally, IL-33 is expressed by both endothelial and epithelial cells and mediates its function based on the interaction with various receptors, mainly with ST2 variants. IL-33 is a potent inducer for the Th2 immune response which includes defence mechanism in brain diseases. Thus, in this paper, we review the biological features of IL-33 and the critical roles of IL-33/ST2 pathway in selected neurological disorders including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, and malaria infection to discuss the involvement of IL-33/ST2 pathway during these brain diseases and its potential as future immunotherapeutic agents or for intervention purposes.
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Akimoto M, Takenaga K. Role of the IL-33/ST2L axis in colorectal cancer progression. Cell Immunol 2018; 343:103740. [PMID: 29329638 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) has been identified as a natural ligand of ST2L. IL-33 primarily acts as a key regulator of Th2 responses through binding to ST2L, which is antagonized by soluble ST2 (sST2). The IL-33/ST2L axis is involved in various inflammatory pathologies, including ulcerative colitis (UC). Several recent investigations have also suggested that the IL-33/ST2L axis plays a role in colorectal cancer (CRC) progression. In CRC, tumor- and stroma-derived IL-33 may activate ST2L on various cell types in an autocrine and paracrine manner. Although several findings support the hypothesis that the IL-33/ST2L axis positively regulates CRC progression, other reports do not; hence, this hypothesis remains controversial. At any rate, recent studies have provided overwhelming evidence that the IL-33/ST2L axis plays important roles in CRC progression. This review summarizes the role of the IL-33/ST2L axis in the UC and CRC microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Akimoto
- Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan
| | - Keizo Takenaga
- Department of Life Science, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, 89-1 Enya, Izumo, Shimane 693-8501, Japan.
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Bonyadi Rad E, Musumeci G, Pichler K, Heidary M, Szychlinska MA, Castrogiovanni P, Marth E, Böhm C, Srinivasaiah S, Krönke G, Weinberg A, Schäfer U. Runx2 mediated Induction of Novel Targets ST2 and Runx3 Leads to Cooperative Regulation of Hypertrophic Differentiation in ATDC5 Chondrocytes. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17947. [PMID: 29263341 PMCID: PMC5738421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18044-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge concerning expression and function of Suppression of Tumorigenicity 2 (ST2) in chondrocytes is at present, limited. Analysis of murine growth plates and ATDC5 chondrocytes indicated peak expression of the ST2 transmembrane receptor (ST2L) and soluble (sST2) isoforms during the hypertrophic differentiation concomitant with the expression of the hypertrophic markers Collagen X (Col X), Runx2 and MMP-13. Gain- and loss-of-function experiments in ATDC5 and primary human growth plate chondrocytes (PHCs), confirmed regulation of ST2 by the key transcription factor Runx2, indicating ST2 to be a novel Runx2 target. ST2 knock-out mice (ST2−/−) exhibited noticeable hypertrophic zone (HZ) reduction in murine growth plates, accompanied by lower expression of Col X and Osteocalcin (OSC) compared to wild-type (WT) mice. Likewise, ST2 knockdown resulted in decreased Col X expression and downregulation of OSC and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in ATDC5 cells. The ST2 suppression was also associated with upregulation of the proliferative stage markers Sox9 and Collagen II (Col II), indicating ST2 to be a new regulator of ATDC5 chondrocyte differentiation. Runx3 was, furthermore, identified as a novel Runx2 target in chondrocytes. This study suggests that Runx2 mediates ST2 and Runx3 induction to cooperatively regulate hypertrophic differentiation of ATDC5 chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Bonyadi Rad
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Karin Pichler
- Department of Children and Adolescent Medicine, Pediatrics I, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.,Division of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maryam Heidary
- Translational Research Department, Institute Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marta Anna Szychlinska
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Castrogiovanni
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Human Anatomy and Histology Section, School of Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Egon Marth
- Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Christina Böhm
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sriveena Srinivasaiah
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Gerhard Krönke
- Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Department of Internal Medicine 3 - Rheumatology and Immunology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Annelie Weinberg
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ute Schäfer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University Graz, Graz, Austria
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25
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Hodzic Z, Schill EM, Bolock AM, Good M. IL-33 and the intestine: The good, the bad, and the inflammatory. Cytokine 2017; 100:1-10. [PMID: 28687373 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 06/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family that has been widely studied since its discovery in 2005 for its dichotomous functions in homeostasis and inflammation. IL-33, along with its receptor suppression of tumorigenicity 2 (ST2), has been shown to modulate both the innate and adaptive immune system. Originally, the IL-33/ST2 signaling axis was studied in the context of inducing type 2 immune responses with the expression of ST2 by T helper 2 (TH2) cells. However, the role of IL-33 is not limited to TH2 responses. Rather, IL-33 is a potent activator of TH1 cells, group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s), regulatory T (Treg) cells, and CD8+ T cells. The intestine is uniquely important in this discussion, as the intestinal epithelium is distinctively positioned to interact with both pathogens and the immune cells housed in the mucosa. In the intestine, IL-33 is expressed by the pericryptal fibroblasts and its expression is increased particularly in disease states. Moreover, IL-33/ST2 signaling aberrancy is implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Accordingly, for this review, we will focus on the role of IL-33 in the regulation of intestinal immunity, involvement in intestinal disease, and implication in potential therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zerina Hodzic
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ellen Merrick Schill
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alexa M Bolock
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Misty Good
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Griesenauer B, Paczesny S. The ST2/IL-33 Axis in Immune Cells during Inflammatory Diseases. Front Immunol 2017; 8:475. [PMID: 28484466 PMCID: PMC5402045 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 395] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Il1rl1 (also known as ST2) is a member of the IL-1 superfamily, and its only known ligand is IL-33. ST2 exists in two forms as splice variants: a soluble form (sST2), which acts as a decoy receptor, sequesters free IL-33, and does not signal, and a membrane-bound form (ST2), which activates the MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway to enhance mast cell, Th2, regulatory T cell (Treg), and innate lymphoid cell type 2 functions. sST2 levels are increased in patients with active inflammatory bowel disease, acute cardiac and small bowel transplant allograft rejection, colon and gastric cancers, gut mucosal damage during viral infection, pulmonary disease, heart disease, and graft-versus-host disease. Recently, sST2 has been shown to be secreted by intestinal pro-inflammatory T cells during gut inflammation; on the contrary, protective ST2-expressing Tregs are decreased, implicating that ST2/IL-33 signaling may play an important role in intestinal disease. This review will focus on what is known on its signaling during various inflammatory disease states and highlight potential avenues to intervene in ST2/IL-33 signaling as treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Griesenauer
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Sophie Paczesny
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Microbiology Immunology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Rebl A, Rebl H, Köbis JM, Goldammer T, Seyfert HM. ST2 from rainbow trout quenches TLR signalling, localises at the nuclear membrane and allows the nuclear translocation of MYD88. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:139-152. [PMID: 27776995 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 receptor (IL1RL1), commonly known as ST2, is thought to downregulate TLR signalling by sequestering the signalling adapter MYD88 (myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88). ST2 sequences are known in several fish species, but none of them have functionally been examined. We characterised ST2 from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and the structure of its encoding gene. The primary sequence of ST2 is only weakly conserved from fish to human. However, the amino acid sequences forming the interfaces for ST2 and MYD88 interaction are well conserved throughout evolution. High similarity of the gene segmentation unambiguously proves the common ancestry of fish and mammalian ST2. Trout ST2 and trout MYD88 genes were constitutively expressed in embryonic, larval and adult trout. In vivo infection with Aeromonas salmonicida did not modulate the mRNA levels of both factors. Overexpressing trout ST2 in the mammalian HEK-293 reconstitution system of TLR2 signalling quenched the Escherichia coli-induced activation of NF-κB and SAA promoters in a dose-dependent fashion. The expression of GFP-tagged trout ST2 in human HEK-293 or trout CHSE-214 cells surprisingly revealed that (i) ST2 localised abundantly at the nuclear membrane rather than at the cell membrane and (ii) the coexpression of both ST2 and MYD88 allowed the translocation of trout MYD88 from cytoplasm to nucleus, as assessed using confocal microscopy and Western blotting. Hence, we validated that trout ST2 is a dampener of TLR signalling and interacts with MYD88. The spatial distribution of these factors raises questions about how this repressive mechanism functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rebl
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henrike Rebl
- Rostock University Medical Center, Department of Cell Biology, Schillingallee 69, 18057, Rostock, Germany
| | - Judith M Köbis
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute for Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Oshio T, Komine M, Tsuda H, Tominaga SI, Saito H, Nakae S, Ohtsuki M. Nuclear expression of IL-33 in epidermal keratinocytes promotes wound healing in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 85:106-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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29
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De la Fuente M, MacDonald TT, Hermoso MA. The IL-33/ST2 axis: Role in health and disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2015; 26:615-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2015.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Gibson MS, Kaiser P, Fife M. The chicken IL-1 family: evolution in the context of the studied vertebrate lineage. Immunogenetics 2014; 66:427-38. [PMID: 24863340 PMCID: PMC4090809 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-014-0780-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 gene family encodes a group of related proteins that exhibit a remarkable pleiotropy in the context of health and disease. The set of indispensable functions they control suggests that these genes should be found in all eukaryotic species. The ligands and receptors of this family have been primarily characterised in man and mouse. The genomes of most non-mammalian animal species sequenced so far possess all of the IL-1 receptor genes found in mammals. Yet, strikingly, very few of the ligands are identifiable in non-mammalian genomes. Our recent identification of two further IL-1 ligands in the chicken warranted a critical reappraisal of the evolution of this vitally important cytokine family. This review presents substantial data gathered across multiple, divergent metazoan genomes to unambiguously trace the origin of these genes. With the hypothesis that all of these genes, both ligands and receptors, were formed in a single ancient ancestor, extensive database mining revealed sufficient evidence to confirm this. It therefore suggests that the emergence of mammals is unrelated to the expansion of the IL-1 family. A thorough review of this cytokine family in the chicken, the most extensively studied amongst non-mammalian species, is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Gibson
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey, GU24 0NF, UK,
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31
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Chu MA, Lee HJ, Lee EJ, Hong SJ, Park HJ, Lee KH, Chung HL. Increased serum soluble ST2 in asthmatic children and recurrent early wheezers. ALLERGY ASTHMA & RESPIRATORY DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.4168/aard.2013.1.4.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ae Chu
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hyung Jik Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Eun Joo Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Suk Jin Hong
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hye Jin Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Kye Hyang Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
| | - Hai Lee Chung
- Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Daegu School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Innate immunity modulation by the IL-33/ST2 system in intestinal mucosa. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 2013:142492. [PMID: 23484079 PMCID: PMC3591220 DOI: 10.1155/2013/142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Innate immunity prevents pathogens from entering and spreading within the body. This function is especially important in the gastrointestinal tract and skin, as these organs have a large surface contact area with the outside environment. In the intestine, luminal commensal bacteria are necessary for adequate food digestion and play a crucial role in tolerance to benign antigens. Immune system damage can create an intestinal inflammatory response, leading to chronic disease including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an IBD of unknown etiology with increasing worldwide prevalence. In the intestinal mucosa of UC patients, there is an imbalance in the IL-33/ST2 axis, an important modulator of the innate immune response. This paper reviews the role of the IL-33/ST2 system in innate immunity of the intestinal mucosa and its importance in inflammatory bowel diseases, especially ulcerative colitis.
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33
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Polumuri SK, Jayakar GG, Shirey KA, Roberts ZJ, Perkins DJ, Pitha PM, Vogel SN. Transcriptional regulation of murine IL-33 by TLR and non-TLR agonists. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 189:50-60. [PMID: 22634618 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1003554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
IL-33, a member of the IL-1 family of cytokines, is produced by many cell types, including macrophages, yet its regulation is largely unknown. Treatment of primary murine macrophages with a panel of TLR (e.g., TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, and TLR9) agonists and non-TLR (e.g., MDA5, RIG-I) agonists revealed a pattern of gene and protein expression consistent with a role for IFN regulatory factor-3 (IRF-3) in the expression of IL-33. Accordingly, induction of IL-33 mRNA was attenuated in IRF-3(-/-) macrophages and TBK-1(-/-) mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Despite the fact that all IL-33 agonists were IRF-3 dependent, LPS-induced IL-33 mRNA was fully inducible in IFN-β(-/-) macrophages, indicating that IL-33 is not dependent on IFN-β as an intermediate. Epinephrine and Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), cAMP-activating agents, activate CREB and greatly synergize with LPS to induce IL-33 mRNA in macrophages. Both LPS-induced and ACT/LPS-enhanced expression of IL-33 mRNA was partially, but significantly, inhibited by the protein kinase A inhibitor H-89 but not by tyrosine kinase or protein kinase C inhibitors. Two IL-33 mRNA species derived from two alternative promoters encode full-length IL-33; however, the shorter "A" species is preferentially induced by all IL-33-inducing agonists except Newcastle disease virus, a RIG-I agonist that induced expression of both "A" and "B" transcripts. Together, these studies greatly extend what is currently known about the regulation of IL-33 induction in macrophages stimulated by bacterial and viral agonists that engage distinct innate immune signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swamy Kumar Polumuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Oboki K, Ohno T, Kajiwara N, Saito H, Nakae S. IL-33 and IL-33 receptors in host defense and diseases. Allergol Int 2010; 59:143-60. [PMID: 20414050 DOI: 10.2332/allergolint.10-rai-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-33 (IL-33) is a member of the IL-1 cytokine family, which includes IL-1 and IL-18. IL-33 is considered to be crucial for induction of Th2-type cytokine-associated immune responses such as host defense against nematodes and allergic diseases by inducing production of such Th2-type cytokines as IL-5 and IL-13 by Th2 cells, mast cells, basophils and eosinophils. In addition, IL-33 is involved in the induction of non-Th2-type acute and chronic inflammation as a proinflammatory cytokine, similar to IL-1 and IL-18. In this review, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of IL-33 and IL-33 receptors in host defense and disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Oboki
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Aoki S, Hayakawa M, Ozaki H, Takezako N, Obata H, Ibaraki N, Tsuru T, Tominaga SI, Yanagisawa K. ST2 gene expression is proliferation-dependent and its ligand, IL-33, induces inflammatory reaction in endothelial cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 335:75-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0244-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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The IL-33/ST2 pathway: therapeutic target and novel biomarker. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2008; 7:827-40. [PMID: 18827826 DOI: 10.1038/nrd2660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
For many years, the interleukin-1 receptor family member ST2 was an orphan receptor that was studied in the context of inflammatory and autoimmune disease. However, in 2005, a new cytokine--interleukin-33 (IL-33)--was identified as a functional ligand for ST2. IL-33/ST2 signalling is involved in T-cell mediated immune responses, but more recently, an unanticipated role in cardiovascular disease has been demonstrated. IL-33/ST2 not only represents a promising cardiovascular biomarker but also a novel mechanism of intramyocardial fibroblast-cardiomyocyte communication that may prove to be a therapeutic target for the prevention of heart failure.
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Hayakawa H, Hayakawa M, Kume A, Tominaga SI. Soluble ST2 Blocks Interleukin-33 Signaling in Allergic Airway Inflammation. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:26369-80. [PMID: 17623648 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m704916200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 424] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The ST2 gene produces a soluble secreted form and a transmembrane form, referred to as soluble ST2 and ST2L, respectively. A recent study has reported that interleukin (IL)-33 is a specific ligand of ST2L and induces production of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines. Although soluble ST2 is highly produced in sera of asthmatic patients and plays a critical role for production of Th2 cytokines, the function of soluble ST2 in relation to IL-33 signaling remains unclear. Here we show antagonistic effects of soluble ST2 on IL-33 signaling using a murine thymoma EL-4 cells stably expressing ST2L and a murine model of asthma. Soluble ST2 directly bound to IL-33 and suppressed activation of NF-kappaB in EL-4 cells stably expressing ST2L, suggesting that the complex of soluble ST2 and IL-33 fails to bind to ST2L. In a murine model of asthma, pretreatment with soluble ST2 reduced production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 from IL-33-stimulated splenocytes. These results indicate that soluble ST2 acts as a negative regulator of Th2 cytokine production by the IL-33 signaling. Our study provides a molecular mechanism wherein soluble ST2 modulates the biological activity of IL-33 in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical University, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Shimotsuke-shi, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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38
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Katyal S, Gao Z, Liu RZ, Godbout R. Evolutionary conservation of alternative splicing in chicken. Cytogenet Genome Res 2007; 117:146-57. [PMID: 17675855 PMCID: PMC3726401 DOI: 10.1159/000103175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2006] [Accepted: 09/13/2006] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alternative splicing represents a source of great diversity for regulating protein expression and function. It has been estimated that one-third to two-thirds of mammalian genes are alternatively spliced. With the sequencing of the chicken genome and analysis of transcripts expressed in chicken tissues, we are now in a position to address evolutionary conservation of alternative splicing events in chicken and mammals. Here, we compare chicken and mammalian transcript sequences of 41 alternatively-spliced genes and 50 frequently accessed genes. Our results support a high frequency of splicing events in chicken, similar to that observed in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Katyal
- Department of Oncology, University of Alberta, Cross Cancer Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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Kanda M, Ohto-Ozaki H, Kuroiwa K, Tominaga S, Watanabe E, Iwahana H. Elevation of ST2 protein levels in cerebrospinal fluid following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Acta Neurol Scand 2006; 113:327-33. [PMID: 16629769 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the mode of appearance of ST2 in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunoprecipitation and subsequent immunoblotting were performed to reveal the existence of ST2 in CSF after SAH. CSF samples from 21 patients were analyzed for ST2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system. The ST2 levels were compared between serum and CSF after SAH. The ST2 levels in CSF were measured in six patients operated with other than SAH. RESULTS ST2 was secreted into CSF after SAH. The concentration of ST2 was the highest in the samples of the first post-operative day and declined thereafter. The patients operated with other than SAH did not show the elevation of ST2 in CSF. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed the presence of ST2 in CSF for the first time and suggested a possibility that ST2 is related to the inflammatory reaction in the central nervous system after SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kanda
- Department of Surgical Neurology, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi, Japan
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Hayakawa M, Yanagisawa K, Aoki S, Hayakawa H, Takezako N, Tominaga SI. T-helper type 2 cell-specific expression of the ST2 gene is regulated by transcription factor GATA-3. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 1728:53-64. [PMID: 15733533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbaexp.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2004] [Revised: 01/04/2005] [Accepted: 01/21/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
ST2 is a member of the interleukin-1 receptor family and is expressed in type-2 T helper (Th2) cells. Here, we have studied the molecular mechanism responsible for the transcriptional regulation of the ST2 gene in Th2 cells using a mouse thymoma cell line, EL-4. The ST2 gene has distal and proximal promoters. ST2 mRNA was produced from the distal promoter in EL-4 cells stimulated with both phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and dibutyryl cAMP (Bt2cAMP). The region of approximately 100 bp upstream of transcription start site, containing two GATA consensus sites, was indispensable for the activation of the distal promoter in reporter gene analysis. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that transcription factor GATA-3 bound one of the GATA consensus sites (from -84 to -79) with nuclear extracts from PMA plus Bt2cAMP-stimulated EL-4 cells. The overexpression of GATA-3 enhanced the activity of the distal promoter. On the other hand, mutations of the GATA consensus site canceled out the enhancement by GATA-3. These data suggest that GATA-3 is an important transcription factor for the expression of the ST2 gene in Th2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morisada Hayakawa
- Department of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, 3311-1 Yakushiji, Minamikawachi-machi, Kawachi-gun, Tochigi 329-0498, Japan
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