1
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Li Z, Bao X, Liu X, Wang W, Yang J. Gene network analyses of larvae under different egg-protecting behaviors provide novel insights into immune response mechanisms of Amphioctopus fangsiao. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 136:108733. [PMID: 37028690 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Amphioctopus fangsiao was a representative economic species in cephalopods, which was vulnerable to marine bacteria. Vibrio anguillarum was a highly infectious pathogen that have recently been found to infect A. fangsiao and inhibit its growth and development. There were significant differences in the immune response mechanisms between egg-protected and egg-unprotected larvae. To explore larval immunity under different egg-protecting behaviors, we infected A. fangsiao larvae with V. anguillarum for 24 h and analyzed the transcriptome data about egg-protected and egg-unprotected larvae infected with 0, 4, 12, and 24 h using weighted gene co-expression networks (WGCNA) and protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks. Network analyses revealed a series of immune response processes after infection, and identified six key modules and multiple immune-related hub genes. Meanwhile, we found that ZNF family, such as ZNF32, ZNF160, ZNF271, ZNF479, and ZNF493 might play significant roles in A. fangsiao immune response processes. We first creatively combined WGCNA and PPI network analysis to deeply explore the immune response mechanisms of A. fangsiao larvae with different egg-protecting behaviors. Our results provided further insights into the immunity of V. anguillarum infected invertebrates, and laid the foundation for exploring the immune differences among cephalopods with different egg protecting behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiaokai Bao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Xiumei Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China
| | - Jianmin Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, China.
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2
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Gnanadesikan GE, Hare B, Snyder-Mackler N, Call J, Kaminski J, Miklósi Á, MacLean EL. Breed Differences in Dog Cognition Associated with Brain-Expressed Genes and Neurological Functions. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 60:976-990. [PMID: 32726413 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icaa112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Given their remarkable phenotypic diversity, dogs present a unique opportunity for investigating the genetic bases of cognitive and behavioral traits. Our previous work demonstrated that genetic relatedness among breeds accounts for a substantial portion of variation in dog cognition. Here, we investigated the genetic architecture of breed differences in cognition, seeking to identify genes that contribute to variation in cognitive phenotypes. To do so, we combined cognitive data from the citizen science project Dognition.com with published breed-average genetic polymorphism data, resulting in a dataset of 1654 individuals with cognitive phenotypes representing 49 breeds. We conducted a breed-average genome-wide association study to identify specific polymorphisms associated with breed differences in inhibitory control, communication, memory, and physical reasoning. We found five single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that reached genome-wide significance after Bonferroni correction, located in EML1, OR52E2, HS3ST5, a U6 spliceosomal RNA, and a long noncoding RNA. When we combined results across multiple SNPs within the same gene, we identified 188 genes implicated in breed differences in cognition. This gene set included more genes than expected by chance that were (1) differentially expressed in brain tissue and (2) involved in nervous system functions including peripheral nervous system development, Wnt signaling, presynapse assembly, and synaptic vesicle exocytosis. These results advance our understanding of the genetic underpinnings of complex cognitive phenotypes and identify specific genetic variants for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gitanjali E Gnanadesikan
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Brian Hare
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.,Center for Cognitive Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Noah Snyder-Mackler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Center for Evolution and Medicine, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Josep Call
- School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Juliane Kaminski
- Department of Psychology, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Ádám Miklósi
- Department of Ethology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE Comparative Ethology Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Evan L MacLean
- School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Cognitive Science Program, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,Psychology Department, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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3
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Horton M, Su G, Yi L, Wang Z, Xu Y, Pagadala V, Zhang F, Zaharoff DA, Pearce K, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Construction of heparan sulfate microarray for investigating the binding of specific saccharide sequences to proteins. Glycobiology 2020; 31:188-199. [PMID: 32681173 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwaa068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is a heterogeneous, extracellular glycan that interacts with proteins and other molecules affecting many biological processes. The specific binding motifs of HS interactions are of interest, but have not been extensively characterized. Glycan microarrays are valuable tools that can be used to probe the interactions between glycans and their ligands while relying on relatively small amounts of samples. Recently, chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS has been employed to produce specific HS structures that can otherwise be difficult to produce. In this study, a microarray of diverse chemoenzymatically synthesized HS structures was developed and HS interactions were characterized. Fluorescently labeled antithrombin III (AT) and fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) were screened against 95 different HS structures under three different printing concentrations to confirm the utility of this microarray. Specific sulfation patterns were found to be important for binding to these proteins and results are consistent with previous specificity studies. Furthermore, the binding affinities (KD,surf) of AT and FGF2 to multiple HS structures were determined using a microarray technique and is consistent with previous reports. Lastly, the 95-compound HS microarray was used to determine the distinct binding profiles for interleukin 12 and platelet factor 4. This technique is ideal for rapid expansion and will be pivotal to the high-throughput characterization of biologically important structure/function relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maurice Horton
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guowei Su
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lin Yi
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Zhangjie Wang
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - David A Zaharoff
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill & North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Ken Pearce
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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4
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Maiorano AM, Lourenco DL, Tsuruta S, Ospina AMT, Stafuzza NB, Masuda Y, Filho AEV, Cyrillo JNDSG, Curi RA, Silva JAIIDV. Assessing genetic architecture and signatures of selection of dual purpose Gir cattle populations using genomic information. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200694. [PMID: 30071036 PMCID: PMC6071998 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gir is one of the main cattle breeds raised in tropical South American countries. Strong artificial selection through its domestication resulted in increased genetic differentiation among the countries in recent years. Over the years, genomic studies in Gir have become more common. However, studies of population structure and signatures of selection in divergent Gir populations are scarce and need more attention to better understand genetic differentiation, gene flow, and genetic distance. Genotypes of 173 animals selected for growth traits and 273 animals selected for milk production were used in this study. Clear genetic differentiation between beef and dairy populations was observed. Different criteria led to genetic divergence and genetic differences in allele frequencies between the two populations. Gene segregation in each population was forced by artificial selection, promoting isolation, and increasing genetic variation between them. Results showed evidence of selective forces in different regions of the genome. A total of 282 genes were detected under selection in the test population based on the fixation index (Fst), integrated haplotype score (iHS), and cross-population extend haplotype homozygosity (XP-EHH) approaches. The QTL mapping identified 35 genes associated with reproduction, milk composition, growth, meat and carcass, health, or body conformation traits. The investigation of genes and pathways showed that quantitative traits associated to fertility, milk production, beef quality, and growth were involved in the process of differentiation of these populations. These results would support further investigations of population structure and differentiation in the Gir breed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Marchi Maiorano
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Daniela Lino Lourenco
- Animal and Dairy Science, Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shogo Tsuruta
- Animal and Dairy Science, Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Alejandra Maria Toro Ospina
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nedenia Bonvino Stafuzza
- Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Jaboticabal, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yutaka Masuda
- Animal and Dairy Science, Animal Breeding and Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | | | | | - Rogério Abdallah Curi
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Estadual Paulista “Júlio de Mesquita Filho”, Botucatu, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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5
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Meneghetti MCZ, Gesteira Ferreira T, Tashima AK, Chavante SF, Yates EA, Liu J, Nader HB, Lima MA. Insights into the role of 3-O-sulfotransferase in heparan sulfate biosynthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 15:6792-6799. [PMID: 28770943 DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01533j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
3-O-Sulfotransferase enzyme (sHS) from Litopenaeus vannamei was cloned and its substrate specificity was investigated against a number of GAG structures, including modified heparin polysaccharides and model oligosaccharides. For the heparin polysaccharides, derived from porcine intestinal mucosa heparin, sulfate groups were incorporated into glucosamine residues containing both N-sulfated and N-acetylated substitution within the regions of the predominant repeating disaccharide, either I-ANS or I-ANAc. However, the resulting polysaccharides did not stabilize antithrombin, which is correlated with anticoagulant activity. It was also shown that the enzyme was able to sulfate disaccharides, I2S-ANS and G-ANAc. The results further illustrate that 3-O-sulfation can be induced outside of the classical heparin-binding pentasaccharide sequence, show that 3-O-sulfation of glucosamine is not a sufficient condition for antithrombin stabilization and suggest that the use of this enzyme during HS biosynthesis may not occur as the final enzymatic step.
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6
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Xu Y, Chandarajoti K, Zhang X, Pagadala V, Dou W, Hoppensteadt DM, Sparkenbaugh EM, Cooley B, Daily S, Key NS, Severynse-Stevens D, Fareed J, Linhardt RJ, Pawlinski R, Liu J. Synthetic oligosaccharides can replace animal-sourced low-molecular weight heparins. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaan5954. [PMID: 28878012 PMCID: PMC6231235 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan5954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low-molecular weight heparin (LMWH) is used clinically to treat clotting disorders. As an animal-sourced product, LMWH is a highly heterogeneous mixture, and its anticoagulant activity is not fully reversible by protamine. Furthermore, the reliability of the LMWH supply chain is a concern for regulatory agencies. We demonstrate the synthesis of heparin dodecasaccharides (12-mers) at the gram scale. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the anticoagulant activity of the 12-mers could be reversed using protamine. One of these, labeled as 12-mer-1, reduced the size of blood clots in the mouse model of deep vein thrombosis and attenuated circulating procoagulant markers in the mouse model of sickle cell disease. An ex vivo experiment demonstrates that the anticoagulant activity of 12-mer-1 could be reversed by protamine. 12-mer-1 was also examined in a nonhuman primate model to determine its pharmacodynamic parameters. A 7-day toxicity study in a rat model showed no toxic effects. The data suggest that a synthetic homogeneous oligosaccharide can replace animal-sourced LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Kasemsiri Chandarajoti
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla 90112, Thailand
| | - Xing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Vijayakanth Pagadala
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Wenfang Dou
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Erica M Sparkenbaugh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brian Cooley
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sharon Daily
- Center for Global Health, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | | | - Jawed Fareed
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60660, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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7
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Takahashi I, Ohashi K, Nata K. Involvement of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform-1 in the insulin secretion pathway. J Diabetes Investig 2014; 3:362-70. [PMID: 24843591 PMCID: PMC4019256 DOI: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2012.00205.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aims/Introduction: Heparan sulfate (HS) mediates a variety of molecular recognition events that are essential for differentiation, morphogenesis and homeostasis through various HS forms that result from differential sulfate modification. Recently, we found that HS is localized exclusively around βß‐cells in islets of adult mice and is required for insulin secretion. The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of HS sulfate groups to insulin secretion. Materials and Methods: Glucose‐induced insulin secretion (GIIS) was examined in mouse pancreatic islets, the mouse pancreatic β‐cell line MIN6 cells and its derivative MIN6T3 cells after removal of sulfate groups by sodium chlorate, a competitive inhibitor of glycosaminoglycan sulfation. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used for analyzing messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression of HS modification enzymes. Expression of HS 3‐O‐sulfotransferase isoform‐1 (Hs3st1) was silenced and GIIS was examined. Results: Impaired insulin secretion by islets, MIN6 cells and MIN6T3 cells was observed after treatment with sodium chlorate. Sodium chlorate‐treatment upregulated the mRNA expression of sulfotransferases expressed in MIN6T3 cells. Expression of the Hs3st1 was strongly upregulated by sodium chlorate‐treatment, and its silencing by RNA interference reduced GIIS in MIN6T3 cells. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the 3‐O‐sulfate group of HS that is modified by Hs3st1 plays a significant role(s) in the insulin secretory pathway, selectively through an interaction with factor(s) upstream of membrane depolarization in β‐cells. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040‐1124.2012.00205.x, 2012)
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwao Takahashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacy, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Ohashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacy, Yahaba, Japan
| | - Koji Nata
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Iwate Medical University School of Pharmacy, Yahaba, Japan
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8
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Xu Y, Cai C, Chandarajoti K, Hsieh PH, Li L, Pham TQ, Sparkenbaugh EM, Sheng J, Key NS, Pawlinski R, Harris EN, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Homogeneous low-molecular-weight heparins with reversible anticoagulant activity. Nat Chem Biol 2014; 10:248-50. [PMID: 24561662 PMCID: PMC4393012 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are carbohydrate-based anticoagulants clinically used to treat thrombotic disorders, but impurities, structural heterogeneity or functional irreversibility can limit treatment options. We report a series of synthetic LMWHs prepared by cost-effective chemoenzymatic methods. The high activity of one defined synthetic LMWH against human factor Xa (FXa) was reversible in vitro and in vivo using protamine, demonstrating that synthetically accessible constructs can have a critical role in the next generation of LMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chao Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Kasemsiri Chandarajoti
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Po-Hung Hsieh
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Truong Q Pham
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Erica M Sparkenbaugh
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mcallister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Juzheng Sheng
- Institute of Biochemical and Biotechnological Drug, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mcallister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rafal Pawlinski
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Mcallister Heart Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Edward N Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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9
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Chandarajoti K, Xu Y, Sparkenbaugh E, Key NS, Pawlinski R, Liu J. De novo synthesis of a narrow size distribution low-molecular-weight heparin. Glycobiology 2014; 24:476-86. [PMID: 24626379 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparin, a commonly used anticoagulant drug, is a mixture of highly sulfated polysaccharides with various molecular weights (MWs). The unique sulfation pattern dictates the anticoagulant activity of heparin. Commercial heparins are categorized into three forms according to their average MW: unfractionated heparin (UFH, MWavg 14,000), low-MW heparin (LMWH, MWavg 3500-6500) and the synthetic pentasaccharide (fondaparinux, MW 1508.3). UFH is isolated from porcine intestine while LMWH is derived from UFH by various methods of depolymerization, which generate a wide range of oligosaccharide chain lengths. Different degradation methods result in structurally distinct LMWH products, displaying different pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. In this report, we utilized a chemoenzymatic method to synthesize LMWH with the emphasis on controlling the size distribution of the oligosaccharides. A tetrasaccharide primer and a controlled enzyme-based polymerization were employed to build a narrow size oligosaccharide backbone. The oligosaccharide backbones were further modified by a series of sulfation and epimerization steps in order to obtain a full anticoagulation activity. Determination of the anticoagulation activity in vitro and ex vivo indicated that the synthetic LMWH has higher potency than enoxaparin, a commercial LMWH drug in clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasemsiri Chandarajoti
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Rm 303, Beard Hall
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10
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Thacker BE, Xu D, Lawrence R, Esko JD. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfation: a rare modification in search of a function. Matrix Biol 2013; 35:60-72. [PMID: 24361527 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Many protein ligands bind to heparan sulfate, which results in their presentation, protection, oligomerization or conformational activation. Binding depends on the pattern of sulfation and arrangement of uronic acid epimers along the chains. Sulfation at the C3 position of glucosamine is a relatively rare, yet biologically significant modification, initially described as a key determinant for binding and activation of antithrombin and later for infection by type I herpes simplex virus. In mammals, a family of seven heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases installs sulfate groups at this position and constitutes the largest group of sulfotransferases involved in heparan sulfate formation. However, to date very few proteins or biological systems have been described that are influenced by 3-O-sulfation. This review describes our current understanding of the prevalence and structure of 3-O-sulfation sites, expression and substrate specificity of the 3-O-sulfotransferase family and the emerging roles of 3-O-sulfation in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan E Thacker
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Ding Xu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Roger Lawrence
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States; Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0687, United States.
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11
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Zhou X, Li L, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Neutralizing the anticoagulant activity of ultra-low-molecular-weight heparins using N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase. FEBS J 2013; 280:2523-32. [PMID: 23374371 PMCID: PMC3864854 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparin has been the most commonly used anticoagulant drug for nearly a century. The drug heparin is generally categorized into three forms according to its molecular weight: unfractionated (UF, average molecular weight 13 000), low molecular weight (average molecular weight 5000) and ultra-low-molecular-weight heparin (ULMWH, average molecular weight 2000). An overdose of heparin may lead to very dangerous bleeding in patients. Protamine sulfate may be administered as an antidote to reverse heparin's anticoagulant effect. However, there is no effective antidote for ULMWH. In the current study, we examine the use of human N-acetylglucosamine 6-sulfatase (NG6S), expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, as a reversal agent for ULMWH. NG6S removes a single 6-O-sulfo group at the non-reducing end of the ULMWH Arixtra(®) (fondaparinux), effectively removing its ability to bind to antithrombin and preventing its inhibition of coagulation factor Xa. These results pave the way to developing human NG6S as an antidote for neutralizing the anticoagulant activity of ULMWHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxuan Zhou
- College of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Heifei, Anhui 230009, China
| | - Lingyun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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12
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Lu H, Hallstrom TC. Sensitivity to TOP2 targeting chemotherapeutics is regulated by Oct1 and FILIP1L. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42921. [PMID: 22900064 PMCID: PMC3416772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Topoisomerase II (TOP2) targeting drugs like doxorubicin and etoposide are frontline chemotherapeutics for a wide variety of solid and hematological malignancies, including breast and ovarian adenocarcinomas, lung cancers, soft tissue sarcomas, leukemias and lymphomas. These agents cause a block in DNA replication leading to a pronounced DNA damage response and initiation of apoptotic programs. Resistance to these agents is common, however, and elucidation of the mechanisms causing resistance to therapy could shed light on strategies to reduce the frequency of ineffective treatments. To explore these mechanisms, we utilized an unbiased shRNA screen to identify genes that regulate cell death in response to doxorubicin treatment. We identified the Filamin A interacting protein 1-like (FILIP1L) gene as a crucial mediator of apoptosis triggered by doxorubicin. FILIP1L shares significant similarity with bacterial SbcC, an ATPase involved in DNA repair. FILIP1L was originally described as DOC1, or “down-regulated in ovarian cancer” and has since been shown to be downregulated in a wide variety of human tumors. FILIP1L levels increase markedly through transcriptional mechanisms following treatment with doxorubicin and other TOP2 poisons, including etoposide and mitoxantrone, but not by the TOP2 catalytic inhibitors merbarone or dexrazoxane (ICRF187), or by UV irradiation. This induction requires the action of the OCT1 transcription factor, which relocalizes to the FILIP1L promoter and facilitates its expression following doxorubicin treatment. Our findings suggest that the FILIP1L expression status in tumors may influence the response to anti-TOP2 chemotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Hallstrom
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Liu J, Moon AF, Sheng J, Pedersen LC. Understanding the substrate specificity of the heparan sulfate sulfotransferases by an integrated biosynthetic and crystallographic approach. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2012; 22:550-7. [PMID: 22840348 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) have potential therapeutic value as anti-inflammatory and antimetastasis drugs, in addition to their current use as anticoagulants. Recent advances in chemoenzymatic synthesis of HS provide a way to conveniently produce homogenous HS with different biological properties. Crystal structures of sulfotransferases involved in this process are providing atomic detail of their substrate binding clefts and interactions with their HS substrates. In theory, the flexibility of this method can be increased by modifying the specificities of the sulfotransferases based on the structures, thereby producing a new array of products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, NC 27599, United States
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14
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Xu Y, Pempe EH, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of heparin oligosaccharides with both anti-factor Xa and anti-factor IIa activities. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29054-61. [PMID: 22773834 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.358523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) and heparin are highly sulfated polysaccharides. Heparin is a commonly used anticoagulant drug that inhibits the activities of factors Xa and IIa (also known as thrombin) to prevent blood clot formation. Here, we report the synthesis of a series of size-defined oligosaccharides to probe the minimum size requirement for an oligosaccharide with anti-IIa activity. The synthesis was completed by a chemoenzymatic approach involving glycosyltransferases, HS sulfotransferases, and C(5)-epimerase. We demonstrate the ability to synthesize highly purified N-sulfo-oligosaccharides having up to 21 saccharide residues. The results from anti-Xa and anti-IIa activity measurements revealed that an oligosaccharide longer than 19 saccharide residues is necessary to display anti-IIa activity. The oligosaccharides also exhibit low binding toward platelet factor 4, raising the possibility of preparing a synthetic heparin with a reduced effect of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. The results from this study demonstrate the ability to synthesize large HS oligosaccharides and provide a unique tool to probe the structure and function relationships of HS that require the use of large HS fragments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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15
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Baik JY, Gasimli L, Yang B, Datta P, Zhang F, Glass CA, Esko JD, Linhardt RJ, Sharfstein ST. Metabolic engineering of Chinese hamster ovary cells: towards a bioengineered heparin. Metab Eng 2012; 14:81-90. [PMID: 22326251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Heparin is the most widely used pharmaceutical to control blood coagulation in modern medicine. A health crisis that took place in 2008 led to a demand for production of heparin from non-animal sources. Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, commonly used mammalian host cells for production of foreign pharmaceutical proteins in the biopharmaceutical industry, are capable of producing heparan sulfate (HS), a related polysaccharide naturally. Since heparin and HS share the same biosynthetic pathway, we hypothesized that heparin could be produced in CHO cells by metabolic engineering. Based on the expression of endogenous enzymes in the HS/heparin pathways of CHO-S cells, human N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase (NDST2) and mouse heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 1 (Hs3st1) genes were transfected sequentially into CHO host cells growing in suspension culture. Transfectants were screened using quantitative RT-PCR and Western blotting. Out of 120 clones expressing NDST2 and Hs3st1, 2 clones, Dual-3 and Dual-29, were selected for further analysis. An antithrombin III (ATIII) binding assay using flow cytometry, designed to recognize a key sugar structure characteristic of heparin, indicated that Hs3st1 transfection was capable of increasing ATIII binding. An anti-factor Xa assay, which affords a measure of anticoagulant activity, showed a significant increase in activity in the dual-expressing cell lines. Disaccharide analysis of the engineered HS showed a substantial increase in N-sulfo groups, but did not show a pattern consistent with pharmacological heparin, suggesting that further balancing the expression of transgenes with the expression levels of endogenous enzymes involved in HS/heparin biosynthesis might be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Youn Baik
- College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, University at Albany-State University of New York, 257 Fuller Road, Albany, NY 12203, USA
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16
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Genotype–phenotype correlation in interstitial 6q deletions: a report of 12 new cases. Neurogenetics 2012; 13:31-47. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-011-0306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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17
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Xu Y, Masuko S, Takieddin M, Xu H, Liu R, Jing J, Mousa SA, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Chemoenzymatic synthesis of homogeneous ultralow molecular weight heparins. Science 2011; 334:498-501. [PMID: 22034431 PMCID: PMC3425363 DOI: 10.1126/science.1207478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ultralow molecular weight (ULMW) heparins are sulfated glycans that are clinically used to treat thrombotic disorders. ULMW heparins range from 1500 to 3000 daltons, corresponding from 5 to 10 saccharide units. The commercial drug Arixtra (fondaparinux sodium) is a structurally homogeneous ULMW heparin pentasaccharide that is synthesized through a lengthy chemical process. Here, we report 10- and 12-step chemoenzymatic syntheses of two structurally homogeneous ULMW heparins (MW = 1778.5 and 1816.5) in 45 and 37% overall yield, respectively, starting from a simple disaccharide. These ULMW heparins display excellent in vitro anticoagulant activity and comparable pharmacokinetic properties to Arixtra, as demonstrated in a rabbit model. The chemoenzymatic approach is scalable and shows promise for a more efficient route to synthesize this important class of medicinal agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongmei Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Sayaka Masuko
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Majde Takieddin
- Pharma-ceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
| | - Haoming Xu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Renpeng Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Juliana Jing
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shaker A. Mousa
- Pharma-ceutical Research Institute, Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Albany, NY 12208, USA
- College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudia Arabia
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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18
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Liszewski MK, Bertram P, Leung MK, Hauhart R, Zhang L, Atkinson JP. Smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes (SPICE): regulation of complement activation on cells and mechanism of its cellular attachment. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:4199-207. [PMID: 18768877 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.6.4199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Despite eradication of smallpox three decades ago, public health concerns remain due to its potential use as a bioterrorist weapon. Smallpox and other orthopoxviruses express virulence factors that inhibit the host's complement system. In this study, our goals were to characterize the ability of the smallpox inhibitor of complement enzymes, SPICE, to regulate human complement on the cell surface. We demonstrate that SPICE binds to a variety of cell types and that the heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate glycosaminoglycans serve as attachment sites. A transmembrane-engineered version as well as soluble recombinant SPICE inhibited complement activation at the C3 convertase step with equal or greater efficiency than that of the related host regulators. Moreover, SPICE attached to glycosaminoglycans was more efficient than transmembrane SPICE. We also demonstrate that this virulence activity of SPICE on cells could be blocked by a mAb to SPICE. These results provide insights related to the complement inhibitory activities of poxviral inhibitors of complement and describe a mAb with therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kathryn Liszewski
- Department of Medicine/Division of Rheumatology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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19
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de Mattos DA, Stelling MP, Tovar AMF, Mourão PAS. Heparan sulfates from arteries and veins differ in their antithrombin-mediated anticoagulant activity. J Thromb Haemost 2008; 6:1987-90. [PMID: 18761723 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2008.03145.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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20
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Ritorto MS, Borlak J. A simple and reliable protocol for mouse serum proteome profiling studies by use of two-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI TOF/TOF mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2008; 6:25. [PMID: 18789141 PMCID: PMC2563006 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-6-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 09/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Unravelling the serum proteome is the subject of intensified research. In this regard, two-dimensional electrophoresis coupled with MALDI MS analysis is still one of the most commonly used method. Despite some improvements, there is the need for better protocols to enable comprehensive identification of serum proteins. Here we report a combination of two proteomic strategies, zoom in acidic and neutral part of 2-D gels and an application of two optimised matrix preparations for MALDI-MS analyses to simplify serum proteome mapping. Results Mouse serum proteins were separated by 2-D electrophoresis at the pH ranges 3–10 and 4–7, respectively. Then in gel tryptic digests were analysed by MALDI-MS. Notably, sample-matrix preparations consisted of either a thin-layer α-ciano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA) matrix deposition or a matrix-layer 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB). This enabled an identification of 90 proteins. The herein reported method enhanced identification of proteins by 32% when compared with previously published studies of mouse serum proteins, using the same approaches. Furthermore, experimental improvements of matrix preparations enabled automatic identification of mouse proteins, even when one of the two matrices failed. Conclusion We report a simple and reliable protocol for serum proteome analysis that combines an optimized resolution of 2-D gels spots and improved sample-matrix preparations for MALDI-MS analysis. The protocol allowed automated data acquisition for both CHCA and DHB and simplified the MS data acquisition therefore avoiding time-consuming procedures. The simplicity and reliability of the developed protocol may be applied universally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stella Ritorto
- Department of Drug Research and Medical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hanover, Germany.
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21
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Avirutnan P, Zhang L, Punyadee N, Manuyakorn A, Puttikhunt C, Kasinrerk W, Malasit P, Atkinson JP, Diamond MS. Secreted NS1 of dengue virus attaches to the surface of cells via interactions with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E. PLoS Pathog 2008; 3:e183. [PMID: 18052531 PMCID: PMC2092380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 10/19/2007] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is a secreted glycoprotein that is absent from viral particles but accumulates in the supernatant and on the plasma membrane of cells during infection. Immune recognition of cell surface NS1 on endothelial cells has been hypothesized as a mechanism for the vascular leakage that occurs during severe DENV infection. However, it has remained unclear how NS1 becomes associated with the plasma membrane, as it contains no membrane-spanning sequence motif. Using flow cytometric and ELISA-based binding assays and mutant cell lines lacking selective glycosaminoglycans, we show that soluble NS1 binds back to the surface of uninfected cells primarily via interactions with heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E. DENV NS1 binds directly to the surface of many types of epithelial and mesenchymal cells yet attaches poorly to most peripheral blood cells. Moreover, DENV NS1 preferentially binds to cultured human microvascular compared to aortic or umbilical cord vein endothelial cells. This binding specificity was confirmed in situ as DENV NS1 bound to lung and liver but not intestine or brain endothelium of mouse tissues. Differential binding of soluble NS1 by tissue endothelium and subsequent recognition by anti-NS1 antibodies could contribute to the selective vascular leakage syndrome that occurs during severe secondary DENV infection. Dengue virus (DENV) is a mosquito-transmitted virus that infects humans and has become a global emerging infectious disease threat. Four serotypes of DENV exist, and the most severe cases are associated with secondary infection with a different virus serotype. Clinical deterioration is characterized by bleeding and selective vascular leakage from endothelium in specific tissue sites. An increased understanding of how DENV proteins contribute to this phenotype is vital to developing novel vaccines and identifying individuals at risk for severe disease. DENV nonstructural protein-1 (NS1) is one such protein: during infection, it is secreted and accumulates in the supernatant and on the surface of cells. In this study, we demonstrate that soluble DENV NS1 attaches to subsets of cells, including some but not all endothelial cells, primarily via an interaction with specific glycosaminoglycans (heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate E). This was confirmed in tissue binding studies as DENV NS1 bound to lung and liver but not intestine or brain endothelium. Our findings suggest that the selective vascular leakage that occurs in severe DENV infection may be related to the relative ability of endothelial cells in different tissues to bind soluble NS1 and to be targeted by cross-reactive anti-NS1 antibodies during secondary infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panisadee Avirutnan
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Nuntaya Punyadee
- Medical Molecular Biology Unit, Office for Research and Development, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ananya Manuyakorn
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chunya Puttikhunt
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Watchara Kasinrerk
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
- Department of Medical Technology, Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Prida Malasit
- Medical Biotechnology Unit, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - John P Atkinson
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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22
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Chen J, Jones CL, Liu J. Using an enzymatic combinatorial approach to identify anticoagulant heparan sulfate structures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:986-93. [PMID: 17884631 PMCID: PMC4809194 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2007.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) represents a major class of glycans that perform central physiological functions. Emerging HS and glycosaminoglycan microarray techniques are used to interrogate the structure and function relationship to develop novel therapeutic agents. Availability of HS with specific sulfation patterns has been a limiting factor and impedes the accuracy of HS glycomics studies. Although organic synthesis provides oligosaccharides, these may not fully represent the biological functions of polysaccharides. Here, we present a study for developing an enzyme-based approach to synthesize a polysaccharide library with different sulfation patterns. Using different combinations of biosynthetic enzymes, we synthesized eight unique polysaccharides. We discovered that polysaccharides without the iduronic acid residue displayed strong binding affinity to antithrombin and high anti-Xa and anti-IIa activities. The enzyme-based synthetic approach could become a general method for discovering new HS structures with unique biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jian Liu
- Corresponding author: Jian Liu, Rm 309, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-843-6511; Fax: 919-843-5432;
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23
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Wille I, Rek A, Krenn E, Kungl AJ. Biophysical investigation of human heparan sulfate D-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase-3A: a mutual effect of enzyme oligomerisation and glycosaminoglycan ligand binding. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2007; 1774:1470-6. [PMID: 17936096 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2007.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2007] [Revised: 07/10/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
3-O-sulfation of heparan sulfate (HS) is the rarest modification within heparan sulfate biosynthesis resulting in unique biological activities. Heparan sulfate d-glucosaminyl 3-O-sulfotransferase-3A (3-OST-3A) (EC 2.8.2.23) generates a binding site for the envelope glycoprotein D (gD) of herpes simplex virus 1. We have expressed the sulfotransferase domain of the human heparan sulfate 3-OST-3A isoform in Escherichia coli and subsequently purified the active enzyme which was found to be present as an oligomer under nonreducing conditions. The activity of the enzyme was tested by a novel gD-dependent gel mobility assay. A biophysical characterisation of 3-OST-3A was performed to study ligand binding and ligand-induced structural changes. Interestingly, the natural substrate HS did not cause a secondary structural change in the enzyme, whereas heparin and chondroitin sulfate did, both of which also exhibited similar high affinity binding to 3-OST-3A compared to HS as detected by isothermal fluorescence titrations. In cross-link assays, only HS was found to induce high molecular aggregates of 3-OST-3A whereas other GAG ligands did not or even inhibited enzyme oligomerisation like the K5 polysaccharide, which was nevertheless found to bind to the enzyme. We therefore conclude that since 3-OST-3A is able to bind also non-substrate GAG ligands with high affinity, discrimination among ligands is triggered by protein oligomerisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iris Wille
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, A-8010 Graz, Austria
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24
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Cadwallader AB, Yost HJ. Combinatorial expression patterns of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases in zebrafish: I. The 3-O-sulfotransferase family. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:3423-31. [PMID: 17075882 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is an unbranched chain of repetitive disaccharides, which specifically binds ligands when attached to the cell surface or secreted extracellularly. HS chains contain sulfated domains termed the HS fine structure, which gives HS specific binding affinities for extracellular ligands. HS 3-O-sulfotransferases (3-OST) catalyze the transfer of sulfate groups to the 3-O position of glucosamine residues of HS, a rare, but essential HS chain modification required for HS fine structure. We report here the first characterization and developmental expression analysis of the 3-OST gene family in a vertebrate. There are eight 3-OST genes in zebrafish: seven genes with homology to known 3-OST genes in mouse and human, as well as a novel, 3-OST-7. A phylogenetic comparison of human, mouse, and zebrafish indicates the 3-OST family can be subdivided into two distinct subgroups. We examined the mRNA expression patterns in several tissues/organs throughout early zebrafish development, including early cleavage stages, somites, brain, internal body organ primordial, and pectoral fin development. The 3-OST gene family has both specifically expressed and ubiquitously expressed genes, suggesting in vivo functional differences exist between members of this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Cadwallader
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, Center for Children, Department of Oncological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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25
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Liu J, Pedersen LC. Anticoagulant heparan sulfate: structural specificity and biosynthesis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2006; 74:263-72. [PMID: 17131147 PMCID: PMC1876722 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-006-0722-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 10/11/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) is present on the surface of endothelial and surrounding tissues in large quantities. It plays important roles in regulating numerous functions of the blood vessel wall, including blood coagulation, inflammation response, and cell differentiation. HS is a highly sulfated polysaccharide containing glucosamine and glucuronic/iduronic acid repeating disaccharide units. The unique sulfated saccharide sequences of HS determine its specific functions. Heparin, an analog of HS, is the most commonly used anticoagulant drug. Because of its wide range of biological functions, HS has become an interesting molecule to biochemists, medicinal chemists, and developmental biologists. In this review, we summarize recent progress toward understanding the interaction between HS and blood-coagulating factors, the biosynthesis of anticoagulant HS and the mechanism of action of HS biosynthetic enzymes. Furthermore, knowledge of the biosynthesis of HS facilitates the development of novel enzymatic approaches to synthesize HS from bacterial capsular polysaccharides and to produce polysaccharide end products with high specificity for the biological target. These advancements provide the foundation for the development of polysaccharide-based therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Rm 309, Beard Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
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26
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Muñoz E, Xu D, Kemp M, Zhang F, Liu J, Linhardt RJ. Affinity, kinetic, and structural study of the interaction of 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 with heparan sulfate. Biochemistry 2006; 45:5122-8. [PMID: 16618101 PMCID: PMC4129659 DOI: 10.1021/bi052403n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The 3-O-sulfonation of glucosamine residues in heparan sulfate (HS) by 3-O-sulfotransferase (3-OST) is a key substitution that is present in HS sequences of biological importance, in particular HS anticoagulant activity. Six different isoforms of 3-OST have been identified that exhibit different substrate specificity. In this paper the affinity and kinetics of the interaction between 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 (3-OST-1) and HS have been examined using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). 3-OST-1 binds with micomolar affinity to HS (K(D) = 2.79 microM), and this interaction is apparently independent of the presence of the coenzyme, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). A conformational change in the complex has also been detected, supporting data from previous studies. Selected 3-OST-1 mutants have provided valuable information of amino acid residues that participate in 3-OST-1 interaction with HS substrate and its catalytic activity. The results from this study contribute to understanding the substrate specificity among the 3-OST isoforms and in the mechanism of 3-OST-1-catalyzed biosynthesis of anticoagulant HS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert J. Linhardt
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: (518) 276-3404. Fax: (518) 276-3405.
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27
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Ten Dam GB, Kurup S, van de Westerlo EMA, Versteeg EMM, Lindahl U, Spillmann D, van Kuppevelt TH. 3-O-sulfated oligosaccharide structures are recognized by anti-heparan sulfate antibody HS4C3. J Biol Chem 2005; 281:4654-62. [PMID: 16373349 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m506357200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies against heparan sulfate (HS) are useful tools to study the structural diversity of HS. They demonstrate the large sequential variation within HS and show the distribution of HS oligosaccharide sequences within their natural environment. We analyzed the distribution and the structural characteristics of the oligosaccharide epitope recognized by anti-HS antibody HS4C3. Biosynthetic and synthetic heparin-related oligosaccharide libraries were used in affinity chromatography, immunoprecipitation, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to identify this epitope as a 3-O-sulfated motif with antithrombin binding capacity. The antibody binds weakly to any N-sulfated, 2-O- and 6-O-sulfated hexa- to octasaccharide fragment but strongly to the corresponding oligosaccharide when there is a 3-O-sulfated glucosamine residue present in the sequence. This difference was highlighted by affinity interaction and immunohistochemistry at salt concentrations from 500 mm. At physiological salt conditions the antibody strongly recognized basal lamina of epithelia and endothelia. At 500 mm salt conditions, when 3-O sulfation is required for binding, antibody recognition was more restricted and selective. Antibody HS4C3 bound similar tissue structures as antithrombin in rat kidney. Furthermore, antithrombin and antibody HS4C3 could compete with one another for binding to heparin. Antibody HS4C3 was also able to inhibit the anti-coagulant activities of heparin and Arixtra as demonstrated using the activated partial thromboplastin time clotting and the anti-factor Xa assays. In summary, antibody HS4C3 selectively detects 3-O-sulfated HS structures and interferes with the coagulation activities of heparin by association with the anti-thrombin binding pentasaccharide sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerdy B Ten Dam
- Department of Biochemistry, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chen J, Avci FY, Muñoz EM, McDowell LM, Chen M, Pedersen LC, Zhang L, Linhardt RJ, Liu J. Enzymatic redesigning of biologically active heparan sulfate. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:42817-25. [PMID: 16260789 PMCID: PMC4140617 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m504338200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate carries a wide range of biological activities, regulating blood coagulation, cell differentiation, and inflammatory responses. The sulfation patterns of the polysaccharide are essential for the biological activities. In this study, we report an enzymatic method for the sulfation of multimilligram amounts of heparan sulfate with specific functions using immobilized sulfotransferases combined with a 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate regeneration system. By selecting appropriate enzymatic modification steps, an inactive precursor has been converted to the heparan sulfate having three distinct biological activities, associated with binding to antithrombin, fibroblast growth factor-2, and herpes simplex virus envelope glycoprotein D. Because the recombinant sulfotransferases are expressed in bacteria, and the method uses a low cost sulfo donor, it can be readily utilized to synthesize large quantities of anticoagulant heparin drug or other biologically active heparan sulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Fikri Y. Avci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Eva M. Muñoz
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Lynda M. McDowell
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Miao Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Lars C. Pedersen
- Laboratory of Structural Biology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Robert J. Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Biology and Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: Rm. 309, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599. Tel.: 919-843-6511; Fax: 919-843-5432;
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29
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Chen J, Liu J. Characterization of the structure of antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate generated by heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase 5. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1725:190-200. [PMID: 16099108 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2005] [Revised: 06/21/2005] [Accepted: 06/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The 3-O-sulfation of glucosamine is a key modification step during the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate (HS). Both heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase -1 (3-OST-1) and 3-O-sulfotransferase-5 (3-OST-5) transfer sulfate to the 3-OH group of glucosamine to generate antithrombin-binding heparan sulfate (HS(act)). Here, we reported the isolation and characterization of the antithrombin-binding HS oligosaccharides generated by 3-OST-5 (3-OST-5 oligo(act)). (3)H-labeled HS of Chinese hamster ovary cells was exhaustively modified by 3-OST-1 to remove the 3-OST-1 modification sites followed by antithrombin-affinity fractionation. The non-antithrombin-binding fraction of 3-OST-1 pretreated HS was further modified by 3-OST-5 to generate additional antithrombin-binding HS, which was designated as 3-OST-5 HS(act). Structural analysis of 3-OST-5 HS(act) revealed that the antithrombin-binding site of 3-OST-5 HS(act) is located within a domain clustered with N-sulfated glucosamine units. We also isolated 3-OST-5 antithrombin-binding oligosaccharides (3-OST-5 oligo(act)) from high pH nitrous acid degraded 3-OST-5 HS(act). A disaccharide analysis revealed that 3-OST-5 oligo(act) were composed of multiple 3-O-sulfated glucosamine units. Our results provide additional insights on the relationship between the anticoagulant activity and structure of HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Chen
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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30
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Xu D, Tiwari V, Xia G, Clement C, Shukla D, Liu J. Characterization of heparan sulphate 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 6 and its role in assisting the entry of herpes simplex virus type 1. Biochem J 2005; 385:451-9. [PMID: 15303968 PMCID: PMC1134716 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Heparan sulphate (HS) 3-O-sulphotransferase transfers sulphate to the 3-OH position of the glucosamine residue of HS to form 3-O-sulphated HS. The HS modified by 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 3 binds to HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus type 1) gD (envelope glycoprotein D), and the resultant 3-O-sulphated HS serves as an entry receptor for HSV-1. In the present paper, we report the isolation and characterization of a novel HS 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform, designated HS 3-O-sulphotransferase isoform 6 (3-OST-6). Mouse 3-OST-6 gene was identified in the EST (expressed sequence tag) database and cloned into pcDNA3.1/Myc-His vector. A CHO (Chinese-hamster ovary) cell line that stably expresses 3-OST-6 (3OST6/CHO cells) was prepared. The disaccharide analysis of the HS isolated from 3OST6/CHO cells revealed that 3-OST-6 exhibits HS 3-O-sulphotransferase activity. Furthermore, 3OST6/CHO cells were susceptible to infection by HSV-1, but not by other alphaherpesviruses examined, suggesting that 3-OST-6 produces a specific entry receptor for HSV-1. Our results indicate that a new member of 3-OST family generates an entry receptor for HSV-1. The findings add to the growing body of evidence that HSV-1 entry is mediated by 3-O-sulphated HS generated by multiple members of 3-O-sulphotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Xu
- *Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Vaibhav Tiwari
- †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
| | - Guoqing Xia
- *Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
| | - Christian Clement
- †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
| | - Deepak Shukla
- †Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
- ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, U.S.A
| | - Jian Liu
- *Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed at Room 309, Beard Hall, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, U.S.A. (email )
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31
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Whitelock JM, Iozzo RV. Heparan Sulfate: A Complex Polymer Charged with Biological Activity. Chem Rev 2005; 105:2745-64. [PMID: 16011323 DOI: 10.1021/cr010213m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John M Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia.
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32
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Edavettal SC, Lee KA, Negishi M, Linhardt RJ, Liu J, Pedersen LC. Crystal structure and mutational analysis of heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:25789-97. [PMID: 15060080 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m401089200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfate interacts with antithrombin, a protease inhibitor, to regulate blood coagulation. Heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 performs the crucial last step modification in the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate. This enzyme transfers the sulfuryl group (SO(3)) from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to the 3-OH position of a glucosamine residue to form the 3-O-sulfo glucosamine, a structural motif critical for binding of heparan sulfate to antithrombin. In this study, we report the crystal structure of 3-O-sulfotransferase isoform 1 at 2.5-A resolution in a binary complex with 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate. This structure reveals residues critical for 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate binding and suggests residues required for the binding of heparan sulfate. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis analyses suggest that residues Arg-67, Lys-68, Arg-72, Glu-90, His-92, Asp-95, Lys-123, and Arg-276 are essential for enzymatic activity. Among these essential amino acid residues, we find that residues Arg-67, Arg-72, His-92, and Asp-95 are conserved in heparan sulfate 3-O-sulfotransferases but not in heparan N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase, suggesting a role for these residues in conferring substrate specificity. Results from this study provide information essential for understanding the biosynthesis of anticoagulant heparan sulfate and the general mechanism of action of heparan sulfate sulfotransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne C Edavettal
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Natural Products, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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